Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal最新文献

{"title":"The Dynamic Change in Wage Gap Between Urban Residents and Rural Migrants in Chinese Cities","authors":"Dandan Zhang, Xin Meng, Dewen Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1706289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1706289","url":null,"abstract":"Although a significant wage gap has been found in many previous studies between urban workers and rural migrants in Chinese cities, it is still not clear how such a wage gap may evolve over time. This paper uses both a dynamic wage decomposition method and economic assimilation model with pooled cross-sectional data from the China Household Income Project Survey (CHIPS) of 1999 and 2002 to investigate the change in the wage gap between urban workers and rural migrants over time and its determinants in Chinese cities. The estimation results show that (1) there is a widening on-average wage gap between urban workers and rural migrants across the two surveyed years in Chinese cities, mainly caused by the decline in the return to education for rural migrants; (2) rural migrants can catch up with the wage level of their urban counterparts as the time they reside in the host cities increases, but because of the decline in the speed of catching-up over time, rural migrants cannot obtain wages comparable totheir urban counterparts in their life time, and more importantly well-educated rural migrants do not seem to have a significant advantage in this wage assimilation process than the lowlypoorly-educated ones. Both findings suggest that there might be discrimination against well-educated rural migrants which prevents them from obtaining a fair wage in the Chinese urban labour market.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123359846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Essays on Health and Labor Outcomes","authors":"I. Breunig","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1785633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1785633","url":null,"abstract":"This dissertation is composed of three essays which examine the effects of health on labor market outcomes. Chapter 1 reviews the literature on health and the labor market. It also emphasizes the inherent endogeneity of health when included in models for labor market outcomes. It goes on to highlight the empirical methods most often used to accommodate that endogeneity. In chapter 2, I use 2000 to 2007 data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to examine the role of health status in decisions to transition to self-employment. Much of the past literature has incorporated health status in models for self-employment in a perfunctory fashion. I account for unobserved heterogeneity and endogenous initial conditions using a discrete factor random effects model. Three hypotheses for the direct effect of health on the self-employment decision are put forth. The indirect effect that health may have in determining one’s valuation of health insurance coverage is controlled for in the model. Regression results indicate that individuals who experience any sort of functioning limitation, or who report relatively poorer health, are more likely to transition to self-employment over wage-employment, holding all else constant. Although the magnitude of the impact of health status varies between two sub-groups of the population studied. Chapter 3 examines the extent to which a spouse’s ill-health influences the labor supply decisions of the older men and women. Spouses’ ill-health is likely to affect their partner’s labor supply decision in off-setting ways. I control for the income effect due to the increase in the probability of an ill spouse to leave the labor force. Therefore, my estimates reflect the direct impact of a spouse’s ill-health on the partner’s labor supply decision through its effect on the partner’s reservation wage. However, it is likely that spouses’ earnings are endogenous in these models due to unobserved characteristics common to husbands and wives. I find that the estimated effect of a wife’s ill health on their partner’s labor supply decision is dependent on whether I instrument the spouse’s earnings. I also find that the estimated effect of husbands’ and wives’ ill health on their partners’labor supply decision is dependent on the health measure used in the models.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"338 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122833727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Labour Market Discrimination Against Roma in South East Europe","authors":"M. Fischer, Susanne Milcher","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1739103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1739103","url":null,"abstract":"This paper lies in the tradition of decomposition analysis of wage differentials based on the model set forth in Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973), and aims to measure labour market discrimination against Roma in South East European countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia and Kosovo). We use microdata from 2004 UNDP household survey and a Bayesian approach, proposed by Keith and LeSage (2003), for the decomposition analysis of wage differentials. Statistical inference for both discrimination and characteristics effects estimates are based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation. Variance estimates derived from this method of estimation are known to reflect the true posterior variance when a sufficiently large sample of MCMC draws is carried out. The results provide clear evidence for labour market discrimination against Roma in Albania and Kosovo, but not so in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Serbia. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in how individual characteristics are valued between Roma and non-Roma.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121323650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Return to Education in Vietnam: Wage Versus Employment Effect","authors":"R. Oostendorp, D. Quang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1799945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1799945","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have identified the impact of trade liberalization in developing countries on the return to education within a Mincerian framework through a difference-in-difference estimator or with industry-level measures of trade openness. These studies have typically estimated the return to education in terms of changes in wages rather than employment, effectively ignoring the fact that trade liberalization affects not only wages but also employment opportunities. In this paper we use four large-scale representative household surveys from Vietnam for the period 1998-2006 to estimate the impact of trade liberalization on the return to education taking into account both changes in wages and employment. The results show that the impact was large in Vietnam but is severely underestimated if changes in employment opportunities are ignored.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130426170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labor Market Institutions and Labor Market Performance: What Can We Learn from Transition Countries?","authors":"H. Lehmann, A. Muravyev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1681525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1681525","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the relationship between labor market institutions and policies and labor market performance using a new and unique dataset that covers the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which in the last two decades experienced radical economic and institutional transformations. We document a clear trend towards liberalization of labor markets, especially in the countries of the former Soviet Union, but also substantial differences across the countries studied. Our econometric analysis implies that institutions matter for labor market outcomes, and that deregulation of labor markets improves their performance. The analysis also suggests several significant interactions between different institutions, which are in line with the idea of beneficial effects of reform complementarity and broad reform packages. Finally, we show that there are important advantages of focusing on a broader set of labor market outcomes, and not only on the unemployment rate, which until now has been the main approach in the empirical literature.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121278679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Economic Family in Global Context: A Case Study of Migrant Domestic Workers in Egypt","authors":"Chantal Thomas","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1639120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1639120","url":null,"abstract":"This essay links a particular legal case study with a broader set of questions about the “family” in global political and economic context. Part I of this essay clarifies the analytic links between the household, the market and globalization. By studying Egypt, the essay focuses on one part of this global sociolegal continuum and draws out the special significance of transnational background rules and conditions for the “developmental state.” Part II presents my case study of the legal framework affecting labor conditions of sub-Saharan African women who are migrant domestic workers in Egypt, and particularly the legal framework that affects their ability to bargain in securing livelihood strategies. Domestic and international law fail to provide adequate assistance and support for these efforts, but they indelibly construct the environments for them: “foreground” rules of employment and contract law (but not family law) affect the bargaining environment for migrant domestic workers; “background” rules, most importantly those related to sovereignty and immigration, also crucially influence the bargaining environment. Part III returns to the conceptual landscape, connecting this study with critical understandings of the “economic family” and current quandaries in “global governance” studies. In conclusion, the household is not only an economically significant site, but is also linked to patterns of globalization: governance of the household constitutes an aspect of “global governance,” and vice versa. Such a conclusion may require rethinking some assumptions about gender roles and power dynamics that have characterized legal theories of the family.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127687621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labor Contract Formation, Tenuous Torts, and the Realpolitik of Justice Sotomayor on the 50th Anniversary of the Steelworkers Trilogy: Granite Rock v. Teamsters","authors":"D. L. Gregory, Rowan Reynolds, Nadav Zamir","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1845845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1845845","url":null,"abstract":"Since its passage in 1947, the Supreme Court has understood Section 301(a) of the Labor-Management Relations Act as a Congressional mandate to create a body of federal common law regulating private sector labor management disputes arising out of collective bargaining agreements. In light of this established labor law jurisprudence and the 50th anniversary of the landmark Steel Workers Trilogy, this past Term Granite Rock v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters opted for stability, declining to recognize a federal tort claim arising under Section 301(a). The Court was anything but definitive, deeming it \"premature\" to consider the tort dimension. This article focuses especially on why the Court should have taken the opportunity to define whether Section 301(a)’s scope extended to tort claims.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127712634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing Financial Frictions and Unemployment into a Small Open Economy Model","authors":"Lawrence J. Christiano, M. Trabandt, Karl Walentin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1680651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1680651","url":null,"abstract":"The current …nancial crisis has made it abundantly clear that business cycle modeling no longer can abstract from …nancial factors. It is also becoming increasingly clear that the stylized modeling of labor markets without explicit unemployment that is the current standard approach has its limitations. Some questions which the dominating extant business cycle models are mute on, but that we would like to answer are: How important are …nancial and labor market frictions for the business cycle dynamics of a","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121818799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Bond Trades to Pay for Third-Party Research","authors":"D. Johnsen","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1647277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1647277","url":null,"abstract":"An increasingly important question is how money managers can best equip themselves with the investment research necessary to fulfill fiduciary obligations to their baby boom clients, who will inevitably shift from equities to fixed income securities as they near and enter retirement. Rather than reflecting a conflict of interest, this essay argues that managers’ use of client commissions to pay for investment research is both legally permissible and in their account holders’ best interest. For over three decades Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act has given managers a safe harbor from fiduciary suits and other legal actions when they use client commissions to acquire research on equity agency trades. Starting in 2001, however, the SEC began interpreting the safe harbor to protect “certain riskless principal” trades by brokers that do not hold or trade fixed income securities for their own account – known as “non-positioning brokers” – and on which the mark-up or mark-down can be stated as a commission equivalent. It has since found that the safe harbor applies to research provided by non-positioning brokers on agency trades in fixed income securities disclosed through a trade reporting system adequate to ensure proper transparency. Trade reporting systems for fixed income securities have evolved dramatically in recent years, and several non-positioning fixed income brokers have stepped in to fill the void, greatly expanding the opportunities money managers have to obtain research through fixed income trades.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123141428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Circuit Breakers Trip: Resetting the CFAA to Combat Rogue Employee Access","authors":"Obie C. Okuh","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1712950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1712950","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the narrow question of whether the Computer Fraud & Abuse Act (18 U.S.C. § 1030 et. seq) should be available to a private-sector employer as a vehicle to litigate classic employee misappropriation cases when such employee’s conduct does not result in damage to the employer’s electronic system, computer's circuitry or programming, or interruption of service. The current circuit split regarding the construction and application of the CFAA’s access authorization provisions to employment cases has meant that an employer’s likely recovery under the statute depends in most instances upon factors external to the employee’s alleged conduct and more on whether and to what extent the court in a particular jurisdiction is willing to voyage into the subjective mindset of the employee during the alleged conduct.After examining legislative history of the CFAA, this article argues that the original intent of Congress was to target legislation against outside hackers, and employees of the company were not originally contemplated within the reach of the statute. However, as computer crimes became more sophisticated, Congress took steps to increase protection for owners of commercial information by factoring employee access into the CFAA provisions, albeit without crafting the amendments properly. Further, the article explains the theoretical underpinnings of the circuit split and argues that the split reflects divergent views on how to apply theories of contract, agency, and code-based approaches to the concept of “authorization” within the cyber security and computer information system context. While proffering a draft amendment to the statute, this article concludes by urging law makers or courts to 1) eliminate or exempt the “exceeding authorization” analysis when applying the statute to classic employee misappropriation cases; 2) end inquiries that focus on the employee’s subjective intent at the time of the access or the employee’s subsequent use of the information obtained; and 3) focus strictly on the unauthorized nature of the employee’s intrusion upon the employer’s protected computer information – this strict approach should render an employer’s inability to prove the employee’s breach of explicit contractual prohibition or a trespass of system code an automatic bar to recovery under the statute.","PeriodicalId":177971,"journal":{"name":"Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127917707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}