The Mark of SlaveryPub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.4324/9780203422977_chapter_2
{"title":"Reimagined Communities","authors":"","doi":"10.4324/9780203422977_chapter_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203422977_chapter_2","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that the social relations of disability had a profound and long overlooked effect on slave families, communities, and culture. Dismissed and deemed worthless by slaveholders, enslaved people with disabilities occupied a marginalized but uniquely empowered social space. They often escaped sale and provided important labor to their families and communities, representing stability and social cohesion to vulnerable communities threatened by separation and disruption. Shared experiences of disability banded smaller groups of enslaved people together, sometimes across different types of impairment. Broader understandings of certain conditions such as blindness and dwarfism as markers of spiritual power meant that disability figured prominently in healing practices like conjuration and suggest how perceptions of the body played a role in African cultural retentions.","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115443397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Cannibals All!”","authors":"Jenifer L. Barclay","doi":"10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that pro- and antislavery advocates mobilized disability rhetoric behind political discourse to garner support and deride opponents. John C. Calhoun, George Fitzhugh, and others constructed proslavery arguments based on benevolent masters’ supposed care of dependent, disabled bondpeople. Others absorbed medical discourses of black defectiveness, cited suspect U.S. Census records as evidence that freedom would lead to insanity and physical degeneration for blacks, and made disability central to their rationalizations of racial slavery and inequality. Abolitionists and fugitive slaves also deployed sentimentalized and often gendered disability rhetoric to underscore the brutalities of slavery. Their persistent reliance on constructing and sentimentalizing disability in their efforts to denounce slavery, however, left them and their audiences with a stigmatized view of race.","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125229637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Dose of Law","authors":"Jenifer L. Barclay","doi":"10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that disability was central to the production of racialized medical knowledge in the antebellum years. As white southern physicians professionalized, they constructed racial discourses that dovetailed with disabling legal fictions of blackness. The criminal, property, and manumission laws of slavery analogized blackness and disability by overemphasizing the state of enslaved people’s bodies, while slave codes metaphorically “handicapped” blacks in society through pass laws, literacy laws, and the denial of citizenship rights. Samuel Cartwright, Josiah Nott, and others borrowed from this legal lexicon and invented new conditions and theories of black abnormality. Enslaved women, sexuality, reproductive health, and the imagined link between hereditary defects and racial inferiority played a major role in these conversations and positioned physicians as “experts” of black bodies.","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128511265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“One Hell of a Metaphor”","authors":"Jenifer L. Barclay","doi":"10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that disparaging ideas of disability amplified perceptions of racial difference in blackface minstrelsy and freak shows, which shored up fragile notions of whiteness to wide audiences. This is evident in Thomas “Daddy” Rice’s 1829 creation of Jim Crow when he witnessed an enslaved, physically disabled man dancing and singing “Jump Jim Crow” and in P. T. Barnum’s 1835 promotion of the nation’s first “freak,” Joice Heth—an elderly, disabled enslaved woman who was supposedly an astonishing 161 years old and the former nursemaid of George Washington. Thomas “Japanese Tommy” Dilward—one of only two black men to perform in blackface before the Civil War—epitomized the linkages between blackface and freak shows as a dwarf who gained fame as a cross-dressing, gender-bending fiddler.","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"3 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113932169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Mark of SlaveryPub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043727.003.0007
Jenifer L. Barclay
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Jenifer L. Barclay","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043727.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043727.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The complexities of life for slaves with disabilities continued into the Civil War as some became “contraband.” With emancipation, the experiences of freedpeople with disabilities, including veterans, grew more obscure. The use of disability as a marker of inferiority, however, expanded in potent new ways by drawing on the ideology of ableism during Reconstruction to legitimize white dominance. Using the lens of intersectionality, it is clear how the antebellum era’s multitude of disabling narratives of race substantiated the racial order of society and established an enduring set of foundational myths, beliefs, and practices about race. Over time, overt analogies between blackness and disability gave way to more subtle suggestions of black inferiority and “damage imagery” that echoed well into the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116609564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disability, Embodiment, and Slavery in the Old South","authors":"Jenifer L. Barclay","doi":"10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.6","url":null,"abstract":"Centering on disabled people’s experiences of complex embodiment under slavery, this chapter highlights the shifting boundaries of “unsoundness.” Enslaved people experienced congenital disabilities but also acquired impairments as a result of labor accidents, punishments, and aging. Bondpeople were valuable “property” as laborers and potential reproducers of future generations of slaves, so the condition of their bodies and minds were central to slaveholders’ pursuit of economic gain. This emphasis on sound bodies and minds dominated the historical record left by slaveholders and, in turn, shaped scholarship about the institution. Clinical and detached assessments of “slave health” and assumptions about labor potential obscure the point that many people navigated a lifetime of enslavement with various disabilities.","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"92 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130707646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114558868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"INDEX","authors":"","doi":"10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122959807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of Illustrations","authors":"","doi":"10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"39 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120917386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"","doi":"10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/j.ctv1k03s94.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":177582,"journal":{"name":"The Mark of Slavery","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125482438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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