Journal of Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Host selection and cocoon web variation induced by the parasitoid wasp Acrotaphus chedelae","authors":"G. M. Xavier,&nbsp;R. R. Moura,&nbsp;A. M. Penteado-Dias,&nbsp;M. O. Gonzaga","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parasitoid wasp adult females need to select optimally sized hosts to ensure sufficient nourishment for their larvae. Ichneumonid polysphinctine spider-ectoparasitoids have commonly been observed attacking medium-sized host spiders. This behavior may result from a trade-off between ensuring enough mass for larvae and avoiding larger, more dangerous spiders. However, exceptions to this tendency have been documented. <i>Acrothapus chedelae</i>, for example, seems to mainly target medium-small individuals of <i>Argiope argentata</i>. We hypothesized that medium-small spiders can be optimal hosts if they provide enough mass for the wasp larvae. Instead, a higher incidence of parasitoids was noted in small spiders. Despite this, the hypothesis was supported since spiders in this category had body masses significantly greater than those of adult wasps. This mass surplus is likely crucial for larval development, given the energy expenditure required until pupation and the possibility that some host spiders may not acquire enough prey during the brief period of parasitoidism. This study advances our theoretical understanding of size biases in host selection by parasitoid wasps. Most previous studies have focused solely on parasitoid-host size relationships, often overlooking the mass available in the hosts and the energy requirements for larval development. Finally, we also described the variation in cocoon webs and their construction induced by <i>A. chedelae</i> larva on female <i>A. argentata</i> spiders.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"327 1","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body size, not habitat or sex, best explains the extent of ultraviolet fluorescence in African dwarf chameleons (Bradypodion)","authors":"J. M. Barends,&nbsp;W. K. Stanton-Jones,&nbsp;G. J. Alexander,&nbsp;K. A. Tolley","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It has been hypothesized that biofluorescence is a trait linked to intraspecific signaling in many taxa, especially those with enhanced modes of conspecific signaling in complex habitats. Chameleons possess bone-based fluorescent tubercles (FTs) on their head ornaments that purportedly facilitate intraspecific signaling. We investigated the hypothesis that dwarf chameleons (<i>Bradypodion</i>) use biofluorescence for signaling by testing if the number of FTs associated with their ornaments can be explained by sexual dimorphism or ecological variation in five species from various habitats (i.e. fynbos, Afrotemperate forest, and shrublands). If the trait is used for signaling, we would expect males to have more FTs than females due to sexual selection, and/or forest species/populations to have more FTs than open-habitat species/populations via natural selection because forests are expected to be the most conducive terrestrial environment for fluorescent signals. Our results revealed that the number of FTs was greater for the larger sex (regardless of the direction of size dimorphism) but was not significantly different between sexes when adjusted for body size or head area. Forest species had more FTs than smaller-bodied fynbos species but fewer than the large-bodied shrublands species in absolute number, but there were no differences in FTs across species from different habitats when corrected for size and phylogeny. Moreover, there were no differences in FTs between natural and urban populations when correcting for body or head size. These findings suggest that larger-bodied species have more FTs than smaller-bodied species regardless of the conduciveness of their habitats toward facilitating biofluorescence. Therefore, FT trait magnitude is likely explained best by chameleon size rather than natural or sexual selection for increased signaling capability between sexes, species, or populations. We interpret these findings to suggest that it is unlikely that <i>Bradypodion</i> use biofluorescence as a signaling mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"327 1","pages":"28-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing predation pressure of Vespa velutina on local fauna through DNA metabarcoding","authors":"C. Herrera,&nbsp;M. Leza,&nbsp;J. A. Jurado-Rivera","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The invasive yellow-legged hornet (<i>Vespa velutina nigrithorax</i> Buysson, 1905) is a social hymenopteran native to Asia and an invasive species in Europe. This species poses a significant threat to local ecosystems and economies across Europe due to its predation on a wide range of insects, mainly honeybees. Despite its presence on the European continent for nearly 20 years, there is limited information about its trophic spectrum. This study aims to unravel the qualitative prey spectrum of <i>V. velutina</i> within the local entomofauna using DNA metabarcoding tools. Meconium samples were collected from yellow-legged hornet nests removed in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) and DNA barcodes were amplified and sequenced using an arthropod-specific mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) primer set. Results showed that a fraction of the detected diet is unique to each nest and revealed a preference for Apidae, Calliphoridae, Vespidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae insect prey. The study also identified the potential impacts of <i>V. velutina</i> on local insect populations with diverse functional roles, highlighting the ecological implications of this invasive species. The implementation of advanced molecular techniques allowed us to assess the dietary diversity of <i>V. velutina</i> and its potential role in shaping local entomofaunal communities. This research enhances our understanding of predator–prey interactions in invaded ecosystems and underscores the importance of DNA metabarcoding tools for studying the foraging behavior of invasive species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 4","pages":"329-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive effects of body size, food abundance and mating status on reproductive attributes in tortoise beetle","authors":"R. S. Tiwari,&nbsp;B. Yadav,&nbsp;S. Singh,&nbsp;D. D. Chaudhary","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70029","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In numerous studies, it has been seen that the reproductive attributes of an insect may vary according to their body size, food fluctuation in the environment and their mating status. However, studies on the interactive effects of such biotic factors on mating behaviour and reproductive attributes are lacking. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the interactive effects of body size variation, different food conditions and the mating status on specific reproductive attributes such as sexual maturity, time to commencement of mating (TCM), latent period (LP), mating duration (MD), fecundity and per cent egg viability of spotted tortoise beetle, <i>Aspidomorpha miliaris</i> (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). For this, small- and large-sized females were raised in different feeding conditions (limited and unlimited food) from emergence to sexual maturity and then allowed to mate once, twice, or multiple times with males of intermediate size. Results revealed a significant influence of body size on sexual maturity, as well as mating status on the time to commence mating and showed a significant interactive effect of food conditions and mating status on latent period and mating duration, as well as body size, food conditions, and mating status on fecundity and per cent egg viability of adult females. In the present study, small females attained sexual maturity earlier than large females. Fecundity and per cent egg viability were recorded at maximum in multiply mated large females in the unlimited food treatment. Food conditions substantially influenced fecundity, which was zero in females with limited food conditions. Therefore, this study suggests that multiply mated larger females with unlimited food have better reproductive outputs. It was also concluded that the interactive effect of biotic factors had a significant impact on reproductive outputs together with different sexual behaviours.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 4","pages":"352-363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Born in heterogenous landscapes: birth timing, body mass and early development of roe deer fawns in contrasting habitats","authors":"M. Brunot,&nbsp;N. Morellet,&nbsp;M. Balandier,&nbsp;P. Marchand,&nbsp;J.-M. Gaillard,&nbsp;B. Cargnelutti,&nbsp;A. Bonnet,&nbsp;Y. Chaval,&nbsp;M. Pellerin,&nbsp;A. J. Mark Hewison","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although the widespread effects of climate change impact almost all ecosystems, we lack a detailed understanding of how wildlife that thrive in human-dominated environments are able to adjust their life history to modifications in land use of their natural habitat. In particular, spatial variation in environmental conditions is predicted to influence body development during the crucial early life phase, with marked impacts on individual performance and population dynamics for long-lived species. Large herbivores have increased substantially in number and distribution over the last half century across Europe. The synanthropic roe deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) has been particularly successful, gradually colonizing agricultural landscapes. However, little is known about how habitat heterogeneity in this heavily human-impacted environment impacts demographic performance. Specifically, we predicted that fawns born in predominantly cultivated local habitats would achieve faster early development due to the food subsidies obtained from agricultural crops by their mothers. Contrary to our expectations, fawns in semi-natural forest were around 10% heavier at birth than those born in more mixed (by 0.163 ± 0.058 kg) and open (by 0.169 ± 0.006 kg) agricultural habitats. However, the body mass of all fawns subsequently increased at a similar average rate (0.148 ± 0.058 kg/day) over the first 20 days of life, irrespective of their habitat. This habitat-dependent variation in early life mass appeared to be driven by reproductive phenology, as (1) early-born fawns were heavier than late-born fawns, and (2) mothers living in forest gave birth around 10 days earlier than those living in the mixed and open sectors. Semi-natural habitats might thus be the more suitable for fawn early development, despite the availability and abundance of energetically rich food resources for lactating mothers in open and mixed habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 3","pages":"277-288"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and development of the baculum in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)","authors":"T. Berghäuser,&nbsp;J. Wölfer,&nbsp;C. Böhmer,&nbsp;J. A. Nyakatura","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The baculum is a morphologically highly diverse genital bone found in most male eutherian mammals. Its exact function is still debated, but its role during mating and/or copulation might be linked to, among others, support during intromission or sexual selection. Less is known about how the shape of the baculum develops throughout ontogeny. Differences between juveniles and adults could reveal morphological changes related to sexual maturity and, in turn, provide evidence for a functional role in sexual reproduction. In this paper, we investigated the postnatal development of baculum shape in the harbour seal (<i>Phoca vitulina</i>) by using μCT scans of 298 specimens, ranging from juveniles to 28 years of age. We applied a 3D geometric morphometrics approach to analyse how the shape and centroid size of the baculum change throughout ontogeny. We found that in the first 3 years of life, barely any changes happen to size, but before reaching sexual maturity, both shape and size change immensely within a short period of time. After becoming fully grown around the age of seven, we did not find any further major changes in these attributes. The postnatal development of the baculum appears to be linked to changes in hormone levels, which would explain the rapid changes during puberty. The largest shape variation is characterized by an increase in bone curvature from juveniles to adults, while the baculum appears to be most robust (in terms of relative thickness) during puberty, which is difficult to explain. Still, the relatively small shape variation after reaching sexual maturity indicates that the shape of the baculum is functionally constrained in the context of sexual reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 4","pages":"381-391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permission to bite: White-footed mice show no increased grooming response to tick infestation","authors":"J. E. Brown,&nbsp;P. Chuard,&nbsp;E. T. Machtinger","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The presence of parasites can significantly influence animal behavior. Specifically, grooming behavior may have evolved in part as a response to the physical and psychological challenges induced by parasitism. Grooming behaviors, which can be individual or social, help remove parasites, maintain hygiene, and offer stress relief. These interactions underscore the adaptive coping strategies of animals for environmental challenges, highlighting the role of parasites in shaping animal behavior and survival. A continual rise in human cases of vector-borne disease demands a more detailed understanding of how ticks interact with their host species that usually serve as pathogen reservoirs. White-footed mice (<i>Peromyscus leucopus</i>) are one of the most frequently studied hosts of blacklegged ticks (<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>); however, interactions between white-footed mice and ticks are not easily observed. This study aimed to quantify activity patterns in white-footed mice and to assess their behavioral responses to parasitism by blacklegged ticks within a controlled setting using Ethovision® software. White-footed mice were infested with nymphal blacklegged ticks or evaluated without tick infestation over 4 days. The mean number of ticks on the mice after the infestation period was 19.6 ± 5.9, and the mean number of ticks that attached and fed through the duration of the trial on the infested mice out of these was 8.6 ± 4.4. Grooming frequency was not significantly affected by tick parasitism, regardless of the number of attached ticks. While this study was the first to quantify behavior in lab-reared white-footed mice in response to blacklegged tick parasitism, further work is needed to determine how wild-caught white-footed mouse behavior might differ.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 2","pages":"140-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual variation in riverscape habitat use by a diadromous fish before oceanic migration","authors":"R. Futamura,&nbsp;K. Morita,&nbsp;Y. Kanno,&nbsp;A. Terui,&nbsp;A. Okuda,&nbsp;O. Kishida","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70026","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many animals reap significant benefits from migration, yet they face high mortality rates during the journey. As the mortality during migration typically operates more strongly on smaller migratory individuals (migrants), small pre-migrants among migratory animals tend to grow better than larger ones prior to migration, enabling them to attain a larger body size. A common growth strategy for smaller pre-migrants is extending their growth period compared to larger ones. Although this tactic has been documented in previous studies, the landscape-scale habitat utilization that allowed smaller pre-migrants to stay longer prior to migration remains largely unknown. Here, we focused on two distinct riverscape habitats (nursery habitat and transitional habitat) and investigated where smaller pre-migrants of masu salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus masou</i>) stayed longer than larger ones prior to oceanic migration. We conducted an individual monitoring survey on their habitat utilization in two distinct migration years. We found that in 1 year, smaller pre-migrants stayed longer in the transitional habitat compared to the nursery habitat, whereas in the other year, they stayed longer in the nursery habitat compared to the transitional habitat. This suggests that smaller pre-migrants can adjust their duration of stay in each riverscape habitat. Our findings highlight the importance of conserving the entire pre-migration habitat to enhance the resilience of migratory animals in the face of rapid environmental changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 4","pages":"320-328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the behavioral responses of nektonic and benthic tadpoles elicited by the presence of a predatory nektonic fish","authors":"Y. C. M. de Souza,&nbsp;F. S. Annibale,&nbsp;F. Nomura,&nbsp;D. C. Rossa-Feres","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Different defensive strategies are used by tadpoles to avoid or escape from predators, and it is possible that differences in the microhabitat of prey and predators influence the defensive strategies used by tadpoles. Therefore, we experimentally tested whether the presence of a nektonic fish predator (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) reduces the time of displacement, increases the latency to start foraging, and reduces the amount of food consumed by nektonic (<i>Scinax fuscovarius</i>) and benthic (<i>Physalaemus nattereri</i>) tadpoles. Contrary to our expectations, the presence of the predator did not affect the behavior of the nektonic tadpoles. Conversely, however, benthic tadpoles reduced their displacement time in the presence of the predator. It is possible that, due to the ability of nektonic predators to occupy the entire water column, they may trigger defensive behaviors in benthic prey, while the silvery coloring of nektonic tadpoles would reduce their detectability by aquatic predators. Thus, nektonic tadpoles were less reactive toward the presence of predators, despite sharing the same microspatial niche, whereas benthic tadpoles seem to be more reactive toward predators, despite the fact that they do not share their microspatial niche.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 3","pages":"268-276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144740464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition between native ungulates: negative effects of sika deer (Cervus nippon) on foraging behavior, physiological stress, and population characteristics of Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus)","authors":"H. Takada,&nbsp;N. Tezuka,&nbsp;R. Yano,&nbsp;A. Washida,&nbsp;T. Hasegawa,&nbsp;K. Yamazaki","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70023","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jzo.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In coevolved native ungulate assemblages, the mechanisms underlying competition remain unclear because, to date, little direct evidence of competition exists. In high-elevation areas in Japan, the number of native Japanese serows (<i>Capricornis crispus</i>) has been decreasing as the number of native sika deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) increases. Here, we assessed the effects of deer on vegetation, vigilance and foraging behavior, physiological stress, and relative abundance and ratio of young individuals of serows throughout the warm season across two study sites with different deer densities and similar landscapes in high-elevation areas of Mount Asama, Central Japan. The abundance and diversity of palatable forage for serows (i.e., herbaceous forbs) were significantly lower in areas with abundant deer, suggesting that deer abundance reduced the vegetation quality for serows. Serow vigilance rate was significantly greater in areas with abundant deer, suggesting that the increased probability of encountering deer or of intraspecific aggression increased vigilance. Serow bite rate was significantly lower and their step rate was greater in areas with abundant deer, suggesting that lower availability of herbaceous forbs and higher vigilance reduced serow foraging efficiency. Levels of serow fecal cortisol metabolites were significantly greater in areas with abundant deer, suggesting that deer abundance and decreased foraging efficiency increased physiological stress of serows. The relative abundance and ratio of young individuals of serow populations were significantly lower in areas with abundant deer, suggesting that deer abundance negatively affected the serow population through both exploitative and interference competition. This is a rare case to show direct evidence and mechanisms of interspecific competition in native ungulate assemblages. Human alteration of ecosystem processes, such as the elimination of top predators and decreased human hunting pressure on deer, may determine changes in ecological relationships between serow and deer.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 4","pages":"403-413"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}