Journal of Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Cognition in spiders: Small brains on eight legs gain traction","authors":"X. J. Nelson","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Largely due to the work of arachnologist Robert Jackson, spiders are now considered as excellent animals in which to investigate sensory detection, perceptual processes and cognition—topics which are reviewed here. Spider sensory systems include, among others, mechanoreception of touch, substrate and airborne vibrations, as well as chemoreception (taste and smell) and, in some groups, exceptional vision. Some of these sensory systems are believed to be the most acute of any animal. This is mirrored in spider behaviour, which includes complex communication and signalling behaviour and eavesdropping to improve outcomes of future behaviour. Spiders also exhibit learning and reversal learning, significant problem-solving ability, basic numerical ability, and possibly the ability to ‘plan’ ahead. I discuss the implications of having a small brain on the trade-offs made by spiders regarding behavioural decisions, as well as evolutionary trade-offs with respect to their ecology and even their morphology. Spiders make for particularly interesting study organisms due to the diversity of habitats in which they live and their foraging ecology. Some spiders are active cursorial hunters while others are sit-and-wait predators, and this has significant ramifications on the problems that they must overcome and on the sensory systems that they employ. Spiders also display extreme size differences between species and have the largest sexual size dimorphism (with females typically being larger) of any terrestrial animal. Furthermore, upon emerging from the eggsac, the fully formed spiderlings must hunt and behave as adults do, but may be orders of magnitude smaller. These attributes make spiders an appropriate group for studies of comparative cognition and to ascertain trade-offs in cognition or behavioural flexibility due to miniaturization. This century will surely see an increase in spider cognition studies and a concomitant increase in the awareness of the sensory and cognitive abilities of these fascinating animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 2","pages":"93-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permission to bite: White-footed mice show no increased grooming response to tick infestation","authors":"J. E. Brown,&nbsp;P. Chuard,&nbsp;E. T. Machtinger","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The presence of parasites can significantly influence animal behavior. Specifically, grooming behavior may have evolved in part as a response to the physical and psychological challenges induced by parasitism. Grooming behaviors, which can be individual or social, help remove parasites, maintain hygiene, and offer stress relief. These interactions underscore the adaptive coping strategies of animals for environmental challenges, highlighting the role of parasites in shaping animal behavior and survival. A continual rise in human cases of vector-borne disease demands a more detailed understanding of how ticks interact with their host species that usually serve as pathogen reservoirs. White-footed mice (<i>Peromyscus leucopus</i>) are one of the most frequently studied hosts of blacklegged ticks (<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>); however, interactions between white-footed mice and ticks are not easily observed. This study aimed to quantify activity patterns in white-footed mice and to assess their behavioral responses to parasitism by blacklegged ticks within a controlled setting using Ethovision® software. White-footed mice were infested with nymphal blacklegged ticks or evaluated without tick infestation over 4 days. The mean number of ticks on the mice after the infestation period was 19.6 ± 5.9, and the mean number of ticks that attached and fed through the duration of the trial on the infested mice out of these was 8.6 ± 4.4. Grooming frequency was not significantly affected by tick parasitism, regardless of the number of attached ticks. While this study was the first to quantify behavior in lab-reared white-footed mice in response to blacklegged tick parasitism, further work is needed to determine how wild-caught white-footed mouse behavior might differ.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 2","pages":"140-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population genetics and the role of dispersal barriers in the Antarctic springtail Kaylathalia klovstadi (Collembola, Isotomidae)","authors":"S. Boschi,&nbsp;C. Cucini,&nbsp;E. Cardaioli,&nbsp;F. Frati,&nbsp;F. Nardi,&nbsp;A. Carapelli","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Isolation and extreme environmental conditions have significantly impacted terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity in Antarctica, with glacial cycles further limiting animal diversity to a small number of species. Among these, springtails are relatively abundant, though their taxonomic diversity remains low. Antarctic glaciers may serve as major dispersal barriers, leading to high levels of genetic divergence among isolated populations. In Victoria Land (continental Antarctica), the Tucker Glacier has been proposed as an example of such a barrier; however, different species or taxa may respond differently to the same geographical features. In this study, we tested whether geographic distance, major glacier tongues, and seawater channels influence the distribution of <i>Kaylathalia klovstadi</i> (Collembola; Isotomidae) in Northern Victoria Land. We conducted mitochondrial DNA haplotype analysis on fragments of cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit 1 (<i>cox1</i>) and ATP synthase 6 (<i>atp6</i>) in 62 individuals from six <i>K. klovstadi</i> populations. Our analysis provides new insights into the genetic diversity and distribution patterns of <i>K. klovstadi</i> by incorporating additional sampling sites, specimens, and molecular markers. We challenge previous views regarding the role of the Tucker Glacier as a significant physical barrier to springtail dispersal in Northern Victoria Land. Our findings suggest that the impact of physical barriers on the genetic diversity of Antarctic Collembola, including the species studied here, requires a more careful evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 2","pages":"109-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary niche partitioning of two sympatric mesocarnivores in a cool temperate forest ecosystem: The influence of seasonal variation and apex carnivores","authors":"T. Wang,&nbsp;D. Zhang,&nbsp;X. Mai,&nbsp;H. Li,&nbsp;H. Wang","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Characterizing the dietary niche partitioning of sympatric mesocarnivores is fundamental for understanding their mechanisms of coexistence and ecosystem function. By utilizing scat DNA and DNA metabarcoding, our study revealed a detailed picture of the trophic interaction between two mesocarnivores in a cool temperate forest ecosystem in Northeast China. Both red foxes (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) and leopard cats (<i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i>) consumed a diverse range of prey (52 prey taxa from 11 orders) dominated by Rodentia (56.5–64.9%). Bipartite trophic network analysis suggested that both predators are generalists and have a high degree of niche overlap (Pianka's index = 0.77). However, diet patterns differed between the predators. Both predators consumed more diverse prey during the snow-free period than during the snow-covered period, which resulted in lower niche overlap between the predators (Pianka's index = 0.43). Another important source of diet niche partitioning was the proportion of large prey consumed, with red foxes consuming more ungulates than leopard cats do throughout the year in regions with two apex carnivores, tigers (<i>Panthera tigris</i>) and leopards (<i>P. pardus</i>). The presence of apex carnivores provides more stable carrion resources, which facilitates dietary niche partitioning and the coexistence of mesocarnivores. Our study provides important clues about the strategies of dietary niche partitioning between sympatric mesocarnivores, which is critical for understanding coexistence within carnivore communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 2","pages":"148-161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy budget and reproductive performance of striped hamsters in response to variations in food quality","authors":"Z. Zhao,&nbsp;K. Zhang,&nbsp;Y. Du,&nbsp;J. Cao,&nbsp;Z. J. Zhao","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The phenotypic plasticity of the digestive system is important to cope with the variations in food quality for wild small mammals, in particular for the lactating females because they must increase food intake to meet the highest energy requirements of offspring. This study aimed to investigate the energy budget and reproductive performance of striped hamsters (<i>Cricetulus barabensis</i>) fed on a high-fiber or high-fat diet across lactation. Body mass, food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), milk energy output (MEO), and litter size and mass were measured at peak lactation. The body composition, digestive enzymes activity, as well as the hypothalamus-driven gene expression relating to orexigenic or anorexigenic neuropeptides was determined at weaning. The food intake at peak lactation was not significantly changed in the females fed on a high-fiber diet, while it was decreased in those fed on a high-fat diet compared with the females fed a control diet. The females fed a high-fiber diet did not change RMR, but decreased MEO, and had smaller litters with lower masses. The females fed a high-fiber diet had a larger stomach, small and large intestine, and caecum, in parallel with increases in maltase and aminopeptidase activity, but these females did not show significant changes in amylase, lipase, lactase, or chymotrypsin compared with the females fed a control diet. The mRNA expression of AgRP was increased, and POMC was decreased in the hamsters fed a high-fiber diet compared with control ones. The high-fat group did not vary from the control group in almost all of the parameters. These findings suggest that the adaptive modulations in the digestive enzyme activity may be maximized at peak lactation, creating a hard limitation for SusEI in response to a high-fiber diet, which may be independent of either orexigenic or anorexigenic neuropeptides.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 2","pages":"173-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrapopulational variation in head shape correlates with soil structure heterogeneity in a head-first burrowing amphisbaenian, Trogonophis wiegmanni","authors":"M. Kirchner,&nbsp;J. Ortega,&nbsp;R. García-Roa,&nbsp;J. Müller,&nbsp;J. Martín","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Morphological traits of animals have evolved to solve ecological requirements, the optimization of locomotion in each environment being one of the most frequent selective forces shaping morphology. Amphisbaenians are strictly fossorial reptiles that have evolved various snout shapes for burrowing head-first underground, yet the evolutionary and ecological origins of these different morphologies are little known. Here, we used a geometric morphometric approach to investigate head shape intrapopulational variation in the round-snouted checkerboard worm lizard (<i>Trogonophis wiegmanni</i>). We took 2D photographs of live animals in a North African island population. At each capture site, we also measured microhabitat characteristics and soil compaction, and took soil samples to analyze soil physical structure. While we detected no signal of sexual dimorphism in head shape and overall head disparity was low, we found significant relationships between the head shape of <i>T. wiegmanni</i> and some characteristics of vegetation and soil. Relatively more tapered snouts and narrower heads occurred in sites with taller bushes and soils containing higher amounts of clay (i.e. harder substrates that are more difficult to excavate). We hypothesise that differences in head shape due to microhabitat and soil variation might be considered a scenario under which different amphisbaenian head morphologies initially evolved.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 2","pages":"130-139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of mate guarding intensity in crickets as a possible adaptation to sexual conflict over sperm transfer","authors":"Bert Foquet,&nbsp;Jack T. McKermitt,&nbsp;John Hunt,&nbsp;Ben M. Sadd,&nbsp;Scott K. Sakaluk","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mate guarding is a common behavioral adaptation in males to ensure mating or to hinder current partners from remating with rival males. In the decorated cricket, <i>Gryllodes sigillatus</i>, males transfer a spermatophore to females at mating, comprising a sperm-containing ampulla enveloped in a large gelatinous mass, the spermatophylax, that serves as a nuptial food gift for the female. Males guard the female while she feeds on the nuptial gift and while sperm are evacuated from the ampulla into her reproductive tract. Mate guarding behavior functions to prevent competitors from mating with the female but may also represent a behavioral counter-adaptation to the propensity of females to cease nuptial feeding and to terminate sperm transfer prematurely. Using an experimental evolution approach, we tested the prediction that males would guard females more vigorously in response to an experimentally intensified sexual conflict. We recorded the intensity of male mate guarding from replicate lines reared for 25 generations at either an elevated or a reduced intensity of sexual conflict by imposing male- and female-biased adult sex ratios each generation, respectively. We observed the evolution of higher intensity mate guarding behavior in one of the four male-biased selection lines, but in none of the female-biased lines; previous work has revealed that the males in this specific line also produce less manipulative food gifts, suggesting the existence of alternative mating strategies. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between the behavioral investment in mate guarding and the duration of the sperm transfer from the ampulla. As such, this provides a possible mechanism through which more intense mate guarding could increase male fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter use of kill and scavenging sites by wolves in human-modified landscapes","authors":"O. Gallo,&nbsp;J. Ursitti,&nbsp;P. Ciucci","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding feeding behaviour of large carnivores is crucial for unveiling how adaptations to human-modified landscapes can alter their behaviour and ecological role. In this study, we investigated wolf feeding activity during winter through interpretative field surveys of 454 clusters of GPS locations obtained from 8 wolves in the Abruzzo, Lazio, and Molise national Park (central Italy, 2008–2011). Using generalized linear mixed models, we explored spatio-temporal use of feeding sites (i.e. kill and scavenging sites) accounting for the effect of ecological and anthropogenic factors. We detected feeding activity in 18.1% of the investigated GPS clusters, with 51.5% of the inspected feeding sites indicating scavenging on domestic prey. Wolves used feeding sites for an average of 2.4 days and revisited them about 3 (±2.7) times before being abandoned. Prey type (wild vs. domestic) and wolf category (i.e. solitary floaters, newly established breeding pairs, pack members) affected both prey handling time and recurrency of feeding site use. Pack members (≥3 wolves) spent relatively more time at feeding sites, especially those featuring large prey, and visited them more frequently compared to solitary floaters and wolf pairs. Although wolves used feeding sites mostly during the night, nocturnality significantly decreased with increasing distance to roads but not to settlements. We also revealed that time of cluster formation, number of visits, and mean slope best predict the presence of a feeding site at a GPS cluster. Despite the inclusion of scavenging sites and domestic prey, and limited to prey ≥15 kg, our predictive model would have revealed 62% of the feeding sites in the GPS clusters we investigated, while reducing of about 59% the field time required for ground truthing GPS clusters.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"65-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Don't mind the cat: Potential for intraguild interactions with lions does not affect spotted hyaena habitat selection","authors":"S. Périquet,&nbsp;N. Courbin,&nbsp;E. Banda,&nbsp;A. J. Loveridge,&nbsp;D. W. Macdonald,&nbsp;E. Revilla,&nbsp;H. Fritz,&nbsp;M. Valeix","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous work has focused on how prey availability and fear of people affect apex predators' habitat selection, but few have studied the effects of intraguild interactions. Patterns of co-occupancy between sympatric carnivores have started to be well described, but understanding the underlying habitat selection processes is lacking. We evaluated whether the risk of encountering African lions (<i>Panthera leo</i>) influences habitat selection by spotted hyaenas (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>, hyaena hereafter) using GPS-collar data and two approaches: (1) resource selection functions considering the static long-term risk of encountering lions, and (2) step selection functions considering the dynamic, immediate risk of encountering lions. We explored the interplay between the risk of encountering lions, vegetation type and moonlight illumination, and examined individual variation in habitat selection. As expected, hyaenas did not avoid areas intensively used by lions, and there was even a positive effect of the long-term risk of encountering lions on habitat selection by hyaenas. As in other study sites, this likely arises because hyaenas select the same areas as lions. At the finer scale, unexpectedly, hyaenas did not generally move away from lions. We believe this occurs because hyaenas can sometimes be attracted to lions because of scavenging opportunities or because they outnumber lions and are likely to win an aggressive encounter. These two circumstances can lead to highly contrasting outcomes and highlight the high dynamics of intraguild interactions. This also illustrates the limits of GPS-based studies that lack crucial information about the context of interactions. While at the population level, we detected a selection for open vegetation areas, which are rich in prey in the study ecosystem and potentially good hunting grounds for cursorial predators, such as hyaenas; our results show a very high inter-individual heterogeneity underlying this population level result. Our work therefore illustrates the importance of investigating individual habitat selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some corners are more equal than others: Beetles linger longer in acute-angled corners than in obtuse-angled ones","authors":"K. Hanna,&nbsp;A. Tsveiman,&nbsp;I. Scharf","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability of animals to find shelter is vital for survival, providing protection from predators and harsh conditions. In lab studies, animals often favor walls and corners, suggesting a natural inclination toward enclosed spaces for safety reasons. Here, we investigated how shelter characteristics, specifically its size and corner angles, affect usage by the red flour beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i>, a cosmopolitan pest of stored products, as well as the beetle's movement. The beetles remained longer in narrow shelters than in medium-sized shelters, with no significant difference from wide shelters. They spent less time in obtuse-angled corners than in right-angled ones, and more time in acute-angled corners than in right-angled ones, indicating their ability to differentiate among corners and choose suitable ones. Next, we examined whether movement through a corridor is delayed more strongly by the presence of obstacles forming acute angles with walls than by obstacles forming obtuse angles. Although there was no difference in the proportion of arrivals at the destination cell or the time required to cross the corridor, acute-angled obstacles caused a higher frequency of reentries into the origin cell, possibly due to the beetles' tendency to follow walls. This research may have applied importance, such as enhancing our understanding of beetle movement, strategies to delay their arrival in new areas, and the optimal placement of traps.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 2","pages":"162-172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}