Journal of Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Evolution of mate guarding intensity in crickets as a possible adaptation to sexual conflict over sperm transfer","authors":"Bert Foquet,&nbsp;Jack T. McKermitt,&nbsp;John Hunt,&nbsp;Ben M. Sadd,&nbsp;Scott K. Sakaluk","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mate guarding is a common behavioral adaptation in males to ensure mating or to hinder current partners from remating with rival males. In the decorated cricket, <i>Gryllodes sigillatus</i>, males transfer a spermatophore to females at mating, comprising a sperm-containing ampulla enveloped in a large gelatinous mass, the spermatophylax, that serves as a nuptial food gift for the female. Males guard the female while she feeds on the nuptial gift and while sperm are evacuated from the ampulla into her reproductive tract. Mate guarding behavior functions to prevent competitors from mating with the female but may also represent a behavioral counter-adaptation to the propensity of females to cease nuptial feeding and to terminate sperm transfer prematurely. Using an experimental evolution approach, we tested the prediction that males would guard females more vigorously in response to an experimentally intensified sexual conflict. We recorded the intensity of male mate guarding from replicate lines reared for 25 generations at either an elevated or a reduced intensity of sexual conflict by imposing male- and female-biased adult sex ratios each generation, respectively. We observed the evolution of higher intensity mate guarding behavior in one of the four male-biased selection lines, but in none of the female-biased lines; previous work has revealed that the males in this specific line also produce less manipulative food gifts, suggesting the existence of alternative mating strategies. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between the behavioral investment in mate guarding and the duration of the sperm transfer from the ampulla. As such, this provides a possible mechanism through which more intense mate guarding could increase male fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter use of kill and scavenging sites by wolves in human-modified landscapes","authors":"O. Gallo,&nbsp;J. Ursitti,&nbsp;P. Ciucci","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding feeding behaviour of large carnivores is crucial for unveiling how adaptations to human-modified landscapes can alter their behaviour and ecological role. In this study, we investigated wolf feeding activity during winter through interpretative field surveys of 454 clusters of GPS locations obtained from 8 wolves in the Abruzzo, Lazio, and Molise national Park (central Italy, 2008–2011). Using generalized linear mixed models, we explored spatio-temporal use of feeding sites (i.e. kill and scavenging sites) accounting for the effect of ecological and anthropogenic factors. We detected feeding activity in 18.1% of the investigated GPS clusters, with 51.5% of the inspected feeding sites indicating scavenging on domestic prey. Wolves used feeding sites for an average of 2.4 days and revisited them about 3 (±2.7) times before being abandoned. Prey type (wild vs. domestic) and wolf category (i.e. solitary floaters, newly established breeding pairs, pack members) affected both prey handling time and recurrency of feeding site use. Pack members (≥3 wolves) spent relatively more time at feeding sites, especially those featuring large prey, and visited them more frequently compared to solitary floaters and wolf pairs. Although wolves used feeding sites mostly during the night, nocturnality significantly decreased with increasing distance to roads but not to settlements. We also revealed that time of cluster formation, number of visits, and mean slope best predict the presence of a feeding site at a GPS cluster. Despite the inclusion of scavenging sites and domestic prey, and limited to prey ≥15 kg, our predictive model would have revealed 62% of the feeding sites in the GPS clusters we investigated, while reducing of about 59% the field time required for ground truthing GPS clusters.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"65-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Don't mind the cat: Potential for intraguild interactions with lions does not affect spotted hyaena habitat selection","authors":"S. Périquet,&nbsp;N. Courbin,&nbsp;E. Banda,&nbsp;A. J. Loveridge,&nbsp;D. W. Macdonald,&nbsp;E. Revilla,&nbsp;H. Fritz,&nbsp;M. Valeix","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous work has focused on how prey availability and fear of people affect apex predators' habitat selection, but few have studied the effects of intraguild interactions. Patterns of co-occupancy between sympatric carnivores have started to be well described, but understanding the underlying habitat selection processes is lacking. We evaluated whether the risk of encountering African lions (<i>Panthera leo</i>) influences habitat selection by spotted hyaenas (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>, hyaena hereafter) using GPS-collar data and two approaches: (1) resource selection functions considering the static long-term risk of encountering lions, and (2) step selection functions considering the dynamic, immediate risk of encountering lions. We explored the interplay between the risk of encountering lions, vegetation type and moonlight illumination, and examined individual variation in habitat selection. As expected, hyaenas did not avoid areas intensively used by lions, and there was even a positive effect of the long-term risk of encountering lions on habitat selection by hyaenas. As in other study sites, this likely arises because hyaenas select the same areas as lions. At the finer scale, unexpectedly, hyaenas did not generally move away from lions. We believe this occurs because hyaenas can sometimes be attracted to lions because of scavenging opportunities or because they outnumber lions and are likely to win an aggressive encounter. These two circumstances can lead to highly contrasting outcomes and highlight the high dynamics of intraguild interactions. This also illustrates the limits of GPS-based studies that lack crucial information about the context of interactions. While at the population level, we detected a selection for open vegetation areas, which are rich in prey in the study ecosystem and potentially good hunting grounds for cursorial predators, such as hyaenas; our results show a very high inter-individual heterogeneity underlying this population level result. Our work therefore illustrates the importance of investigating individual habitat selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monkeying around with bat scapulae: Old World fruit bats show arboreal adaptations of primates lacking in New World fruit bats","authors":"R. A. Adams,&nbsp;R. T. Carter,&nbsp;A. J. Hardgrave","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Comparative analysis of nonflight morphologies can give important insight into the early ancestral origin of bats by revealing locomotor adaptations that may have predated wings. Because the scapula of bats is not directly involved in flight mechanics but does retain a primary role in walking and climbing, morphological analysis may help resolve if the ancestor to bats was arboreal or terrestrial as well as if bats are indeed monophyletic. We compared the scapulae of species representing the body mass range of Old World fruit bats (Pteropodidae) with those spanning the body mass range and diverse diets of New World fruit bats (Phyllostomidae), with a focus on the subfamily Stenodermatinae whose members have very similar niches to pteropodids. Because we were interested in scapular traits associated with climbing versus walking, we analyzed characters known to differentiate arboreal from terrestrial primates, in both contemporary and extinct lineages. We hypothesized that the scapulae of both fruit bat families would show similar adaptations, either for terrestrial or arboreal locomotion, especially if they were derived monophyletically. We found that pteropodids scapulae showed overall adaptations associated with climbing and suspensory locomotion similar to arboreal primates, whereas phyllostomids possessed character states indicating terrestrially adapted scapular morphology. Comparing the scapulae of contemporary species with the scapulae from full-bodied fossil bats from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs showed alignments that may depict the evolutionary underpinnings of each group's adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"54-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dichromatism increases with altitude in birds with ultraviolet sensitive vision","authors":"D. A. Villar,&nbsp;Jorgelina Marino,&nbsp;Andrew G. Gosler","doi":"10.1111/jzo.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The harsher environment of higher altitudes increases selection for biparental care and increases extrinsic mortality, both of which are expected to reduce the strength of sexual selection. The intensity of sexual selection is often studied using sexual dimorphism as a proxy, especially sexual dichromatism. In birds, multiple studies have shown that sexual dichromatism decreases with increasing altitude. However, those studies have either used small datasets or have used human scoring of sexual dichromatism, potentially missing out on significant levels of cryptic dichromatism. This study includes the measure of subjective sexual dichromatism of the Vorobyev-Osorio colour discrimination model of sexual dichromatism in 758 species of bird with UV-sensitive visual systems and tests whether a relationship exists between altitude and sexual dichromatism. We found a significant positive relation between altitude and sexual dichromatism when accounting for the UV-sensitive vision of Passeriformes, Charadriiformes, Psittaciformes and Struthioniformes, but not when dichromatism is measured using human scoring. This suggests that there might be a greater selection pressure for females to select high-quality males in harsher, higher altitude, environments and that this signalling is primarily done in the ultraviolet range. We suggest that macroecologists should pay closer attention to the receiver psychology of signals even when studying a large number of species and that not doing so could lead to misleading or spurious macroecological and/or macroevolutionary patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"77-88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population dynamics and morphometrics of Nile monitors along a gradient of urbanization in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","authors":"E. E. Z. Genevier,&nbsp;C. Price,&nbsp;N. Evans,&nbsp;J. P. Streicher,&nbsp;C. T. Downs","doi":"10.1111/jzo.13258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.13258","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Globally, with the continuous increase in human populations, land use is changing at an unprecedented rate. Little is known about how African reptiles respond to urbanization. We used mark-resight and baited camera traps to compare population density and demographics of Nile monitors (<i>Varanus niloticus</i>) on a gradient of land use, namely a golf course, a farm and a nature reserve in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, during 2022–2023. We also collected detailed morphometrics on 112 Nile monitors throughout KwaZulu-Natal. We compared morphometric data on limbs, head, body and mass to establish whether the different ecological factors in urban and rural environments and associated behavioural shifts have resulted in unique phenotypes. No significant morphometric differences were found, but urban individuals were generally smaller and lighter than their rural counterparts. Population size estimates varied between sites. Overall, population size estimates increased with anthropogenic disturbance between our three focal sites, while the mean estimated snout-vent length decreased. The naïve presence of competing diurnal mammals did not follow a specific pattern. The overall insignificant variations in morphometrics in urban and rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal suggest that Nile monitors have adapted to urban mosaic landscapes with natural and managed (e.g. gardens, parks, golf courses, etc.) green spaces but are not as successful as some urban-exploiting varanids globally. Future research should investigate Nile monitor interactions with people and pets as well as conflict mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"23-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.13258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining alterations in fGCM concentrations post-defaecation across three animal feeding classes (ruminants, hindgut fermenters and carnivores)","authors":"K. R. Osburn,&nbsp;B. Crossey,&nbsp;T. L. Majelantle,&nbsp;A. Ganswindt","doi":"10.1111/jzo.13257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.13257","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantification of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) is a popular non-invasive technique for monitoring wildlife's response to stressors, demanding an understanding of the stability of fGCM concentrations post-defaecation to ensure comparability of determined fGCM values across samples. To provide species-specific recommendations for the duration within which sampling can take place, we measured the rate at which the fGCM concentrations of nine different species changed throughout a 7-day period post-defaecation. In this study, we explored the temporal dynamics of fGCM concentrations in nine species across three feeding classes (ruminants, hindgut fermenters and carnivores): impala (<i>Aepyceros melampus</i>), giraffe (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>), blue wildebeest (<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>), plains zebra (<i>Equus quagga</i>), African elephant (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>), white rhino (<i>Ceratotherium simum</i>), cheetah (<i>Acinonyx jubatus</i>), spotted hyena (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>) and leopard (<i>Panthera pardus</i>). Utilizing enzyme immunoassays already established for each of the focal species, we identified broader feeding class-specific patterns. All herbivores exhibited a significant decrease in fGCM concentrations over time, starting from 6 h (impala) to 48 h (giraffe, blue wildebeest, white rhino and African elephant) post-defaecation. For carnivores, concentrations remained fairly comparable for 12–24 h, after which fGCM concentrations either decreased (spotted hyena), increased (leopard) or remained stable (cheetah), with notable variation in triplicate concentrations (cheetah and leopard). These findings offer insights into scheduling faecal sampling for endocrine monitoring, particularly from free-roaming wildlife, to ensure comparability of determined hormone metabolite concentrations. Furthermore, the species-specific variation in fGCM concentration post-defaecation demonstrated in this study underlines the necessity to investigate every new species to ensure accurate and comparable results. Future studies ought to investigate how the mass of collected material, sex and drying methodologies affect the measurement of fGCMs post-defaecation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"326 1","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.13257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of Zoology: Highlights of the year 2024","authors":"E. Z. Cameron","doi":"10.1111/jzo.13260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.13260","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"325 2","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disruption and irruption shape genetic variation and population structure of the common rock-rat in north-western Australia","authors":"C. H. Wale,&nbsp;S. McConnell,&nbsp;S. van Leeuwen,&nbsp;M. A. Cowan,&nbsp;P. B. S. Spencer,&nbsp;R. A. How,&nbsp;L. H. Schmitt","doi":"10.1111/jzo.13253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.13253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Endemic rodents constitute 19% of Australian terrestrial mammal species and this proportion is higher in arid zones and the north. We report substantial genetic diversity and population structure in the common rock-rat <i>Zyzomys argurus</i>, a saxicoline murid whose range extends across northern Australia and into the continent's interior. Samples of 686 individuals from 68 locations, encompassing the western half of the species' range, provide one of the most geographically and numerically extensive genetic studies of an Australian rodent. The Great Sandy Desert, a prominent feature over the last 0.5 my bp acts as a significant barrier to gene flow. Continental islands, formed during the past 10 000 years following the end of the most recent Pleistocene glacial maximum, have populations with lower heterozygosity and marked differentiation from each other and the adjacent mainland. On the mainland, despite considerable differentiation between locations, there is only weak evidence for isolation by distance and where it occurs it is associated with drainage basins. In the Pilbara, analyses of genetic structure within localized sub-locations, just a few kilometres apart, indicate considerable variation between them (<i>F</i>_<i>ST</i>) and inbreeding within (<i>F</i>_<i>IS</i>). We interpret this in the context of cyclonic and other extreme rainfall events that occur episodically, leading to boom-bust population cycles. Populations decline into refugia of isolated rock patches during extended periods of poor resources with consequent low genetic diversity (<i>H</i>_<i>e</i>) and large differentiation from others. Populations that irrupt after major episodic rainfall increases resource states, have a more extensive distribution with greater heterozygosity because of gene flow between previously isolated refugia and less differentiation between the locations. These observations have conservation significance for threatened congeneric species and other Australian arid rodents by demonstrating, in this common exemplar, the reduced evolutionary potential imposed by both transient isolation due to climatic variation and longer term disruptions by geographic barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"325 4","pages":"334-349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.13253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional niche partitioning allows coexistence of multiple snake species","authors":"K. Sawada,&nbsp;Y. Watanabe,&nbsp;K. Kobayashi,&nbsp;Y. Magome,&nbsp;H. Abe,&nbsp;T. Kamijo","doi":"10.1111/jzo.13259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.13259","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Investigations on resource use by predators are important for understanding the mechanisms of biological coexistence. Although time, habitat, and diet are considered the three major dimensions for niche partitioning, studies that comprehensively investigate these dimensions in predator guilds are limited. Snakes are one of the predators whose populations have been reported to be declining worldwide. While diet has been considered as a fundamental variable that allows snakes to coexist, the importance of spatiotemporal resources has also been noted especially in temperate regions. To clarify the coexistence mechanisms of terrestrial snakes, we assessed the niche partitioning patterns of snakes on Sado Island, a Japanese island rich in snake species, from the perspectives of spatiotemporal and dietary resources. Specifically, we investigated the daily and seasonal occurrences as temporal niches, landscape-level distribution as a spatial niche, and stomach content as a dietary niche. We found that niche partitioning in all three major resources occurred among snake species on the island. Daily occurrence was partitioned into three groups: completely diurnal, nocturnal, and active during both periods. Seasonal occurrence was partitioned into three groups: widely active from spring to autumn, mainly active in summer, and mainly active in autumn. Distribution was partitioned into two groups: mainly distributed in lowlands and distributed even in mountainous areas. Food habits were partitioned into three groups: rodents, frogs, and earthworms as main prey, respectively. Our results provide empirical evidence that snakes can coexist through multidimensional niche partitioning, and that spatiotemporal resources are also an important force in terrestrial snake coexistence. Furthermore, we suggest that snakes on the island coexist through subtle differences along the three major niche axes, and that conservation of a variety of niches, rather than a single niche, will increase the species diversity of local snakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17600,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoology","volume":"325 4","pages":"323-333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jzo.13259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143866008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}