Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory activities of arthropod peptides: a systematic review.","authors":"Ariane Teixeira Dos Santos, Gabriela Silva Cruz, Gandhi Rádis Baptista","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0152","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peptides obtained from different animal species have gained importance recently due to research that aims to develop biopharmaceuticals with therapeutic potential. In this sense, arthropod venoms have drawn attention, not only because of their toxicity but mainly for the search for molecules with various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of the present study is to gather data available in the literature on new peptides derived from arthropod species with anti-inflammatory potential. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies on peptides from arthropods that display anti-inflammatory activity were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The bibliographic research started in 2020 and searched papers without a limit on the publication date. The articles were analyzed using a search string containing the following terms: \"Peptides\" and \"Anti-inflammatory\", in combinations such as \"Ant\", \"Bee\", \"Wasp\", \"Crab\", \"Shrimp\", \"Scorpion\", \"Spider\", \"Tick\" and \"Centipedes\". Besides, a search was carried out in the databases with the terms: \"Peptides\", \"Antitumor\", or \"Anticancer\", and \"Arthropods\". Articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria totalized 171, and these served for data extraction. Additionally, the present review included anti-inflammatory peptides with anticancer properties. Peptides with confirmed anti-inflammatory activity were from insects (ants, bees, and wasps), crustaceans (shrimp and crabs), arachnids (scorpions, spiders, and ticks), and centipedes. These arthropod peptides act mainly by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines as analyzed <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Some showed significant antineoplastic activity, working in essential cellular pathways against malignant neoplasms.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8564866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39890754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Widow spiders in the New World: a review on <i>Latrodectus</i> Walckenaer, 1805 (Theridiidae) and latrodectism in the Americas.","authors":"Marjolly Brigido Caruso,&nbsp;Pedro Santana Sales Lauria,&nbsp;Claudio Maurício Vieira de Souza,&nbsp;Luciana Lyra Casais-E-Silva,&nbsp;Russolina Benedeta Zingali","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humankind has always been fascinated by venomous animals, as their toxic substances have transformed them into symbols of power and mystery. Over the centuries, researchers have been trying to understand animal venoms, unveiling intricate mixtures of molecules and their biological effects. Among venomous animals, <i>Latrodectus</i> Walckenaer, 1805 (widow spiders) have become feared in many cultures worldwide due to their extremely neurotoxic venom. The <i>Latrodectus</i> genus encompasses 32 species broadly spread around the globe, 14 of which occur in the Americas. Despite the high number of species found in the New World, the knowledge on these spiders is still scarce. This review covers the general knowledge on <i>Latrodectus</i> spp. from the Americas. We address widow spiders' taxonomy; geographical distribution and epidemiology; symptoms and treatments of envenomation (latrodectism); venom collection, experimental studies, proteome and transcriptome; and biotechnological studies on these <i>Latrodectus</i> spp. Moreover, we discuss the main challenges and limitations faced by researchers when trying to comprehend this neglected group of medically important spiders. We expect this review to help overcome the lack of information regarding widow spiders in the New World.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8553018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39864242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammation: improving understanding to prevent or ameliorate kidney diseases.","authors":"Sheila Marques Fernandes,&nbsp;Mirian Watanabe,&nbsp;Maria de Fátima Fernandes Vattimo","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory processes are believed to play an important role in immune response to maintain tissue homeostasis by activating cellular signaling pathways and releasing inflammatory mediators in the injured tissue. Although acute inflammation can be considered protective, an uncontrolled inflammation may evolve to tissue damage, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammation can be considered the major factor involved in the pathological progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Functional characteristics of this organ increase its vulnerability to developing various forms of injuries, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In view of translational research, several discoveries should be considered regarding the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process, which results in the validation of biomarkers for early detection of kidney diseases. Biomarkers enable the identification of proinflammatory mediators in kidney affections, based on laboratory research applied to clinical practice. Some inflammatory molecules can be useful biomarkers for the detection and diagnosis of kidney diseases, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1 and interleukin 18.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8525891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39660138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic analysis of Red Sea <i>Conus taeniatus</i> venom reveals potential biological applications.","authors":"Maged M A Fouda,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdel-Wahab,&nbsp;Amal Mohammadien,&nbsp;Mousa O Germoush,&nbsp;Moustafa Sarhan","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diverse and unique bioactive neurotoxins known as conopeptides or conotoxins are produced by venomous marine cone snails. Currently, these small and stable molecules are of great importance as research tools and platforms for discovering new drugs and therapeutics. Therefore, the characterization of <i>Conus</i> venom is of great significance, especially for poorly studied species.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we used bioanalytical techniques to determine the venom profile and emphasize the functional composition of conopeptides in <i>Conus taeniatus</i>, a neglected worm-hunting cone snail.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proteomic analysis revealed that 84.0% of the venom proteins were between 500 and 4,000 Da, and 16.0% were > 4,000 Da. In <i>C. taeniatus</i> venom, 234 peptide fragments were identified and classified as conotoxin precursors or non-conotoxin proteins. In this process, 153 conotoxin precursors were identified and matched to 23 conotoxin precursors and hormone superfamilies. Notably, the four conotoxin superfamilies T (22.87%), O1 (17.65%), M (13.1%) and O2 (9.8%) were the most abundant peptides in <i>C. taeniatus</i> venom, accounting for 63.40% of the total conotoxin diversity. On the other hand, 48 non-conotoxin proteins were identified in the venom of <i>C. taeniatus</i>. Moreover, several possibly biologically active peptide matches were identified, and putative applications of the peptides were assigned.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study showed that the composition of the <i>C. taeniatus</i>-derived proteome is comparable to that of other <i>Conus</i> species and contains an effective mix of toxins, ionic channel inhibitors and antimicrobials. Additionally, it provides a guidepost for identifying novel conopeptides from the venom of <i>C. taeniatus</i> and discovering conopeptides of potential pharmaceutical importance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8525892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39660140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>De novo</i> venom gland transcriptomics of <i>Calliophis bivirgata flaviceps</i>: uncovering the complexity of toxins from the Malayan blue coral snake.","authors":"Praneetha Palasuberniam,&nbsp;Kae Yi Tan,&nbsp;Choo Hock Tan","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Malayan blue coral snake, <i>Calliophis bivirgata flaviceps</i>, is a medically important venomous snake in Southeast Asia. However, the complexity and diversity of its venom genes remain little explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address this, we applied high-throughput next-generation sequencing to profile the venom gland cDNA libraries of <i>C. bivirgata flaviceps</i>. The transcriptome was <i>de novo</i> assembled, followed by gene annotation, multiple sequence alignment and analyses of the transcripts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 74 non-redundant toxin-encoding genes from 16 protein families were identified, with 31 full-length toxin transcripts. Three-finger toxins (3FTx), primarily delta-neurotoxins and cardiotoxin-like/cytotoxin-like proteins, were the most diverse and abundantly expressed. The major 3FTx (Cb_FTX01 and Cb_FTX02) are highly similar to calliotoxin, a delta-neurotoxin previously reported in the venom of <i>C. bivirgata</i>. This study also revealed a conserved tyrosine residue at position 4 of the cardiotoxin-like/cytotoxin-like protein genes in the species. These variants, proposed as Y-type CTX-like proteins, are similar to the H-type CTX from cobras. The substitution is conservative though, preserving a less toxic form of elapid CTX-like protein, as indicated by the lack of venom cytotoxicity in previous laboratory and clinical findings. The ecological role of these toxins, however, remains unclear. The study also uncovered unique transcripts that belong to phospholipase A₂ of Groups IA and IB, and snake venom metalloproteinases of PIII subclass, which show sequence variations from those of Asiatic elapids.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The venom gland transcriptome of <i>C. bivirgata flaviceps</i> from Malaysia was <i>de novo</i> assembled and annotated. The diversity and expression profile of toxin genes provide insights into the biological and medical importance of the species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8476087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39491560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scorpion species of medical importance in the Brazilian Amazon: a review to identify knowledge gaps.","authors":"Jonas Gama Martins,&nbsp;Gabrielle Cristina Santos,&nbsp;Rudi Emerson de Lima Procópio,&nbsp;Eliane Candiani Arantes,&nbsp;Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0012","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scorpionism is a relevant medical condition in Brazil. It is responsible for most accidents involving venomous animals in the country, which leads to severe symptoms that can evolve to death. In recent years, an increase of almost 50% in the incidence of scorpionism has been observed in the Northern Region, where the highest severity of envenoming has been notified since the beginning of the 21^st century. This review aims to provide an in-depth assessment of public data and reports on symptoms and epidemiology of envenoming, ecological aspects of scorpions, and characterization of venoms and toxins to access the gaps that need to be filled in the knowledge of the scorpion species of medical importance from the Brazilian Amazon. A systematic search using the string words \"Amazon\" and \"scorpion\" was performed on 11 databases. No restriction on date, language or status of the publication was applied. Reports not related to the Brazilian Amazon were excluded. Therefore, 88 studies remained. It is shown that populations of scorpions of medical importance, even of the same species, may present significant toxic variations peculiar to some regions in the Brazilian Amazon, and commercial scorpion antivenoms were not able to shorten the intensity and duration of neurological manifestations in patients stung by <i>T. silvestris, T. apiacas</i> or <i>T. obscurus</i>. It is also highlighted that the toxins responsible for triggering these alterations have not been elucidated yet and this is a fruitful field for the development of more efficient antivenoms. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of scorpions of the genus <i>Tityus</i> in the Brazilian Amazon was revised and updated. The cumulative and detailed information provided in this review may help physicians and scientists interested in scorpionism in the Brazilian Amazon.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8452272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39494340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Armed stem to stinger: a review of the ecological roles of scorpion weapons.","authors":"Yuri Simone, Arie van der Meijden","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scorpions possess two systems of weapons: the pincers (chelae) and the stinger (telson). These are placed on anatomically and developmentally well separated parts of the body, that is, the oral appendages and at the end of the body axis. The otherwise conserved body plan of scorpions varies most in the shape and relative dimensions of these two weapon systems, both across species and in some cases between the sexes. We review the literature on the ecological function of these two weapon systems in each of three contexts of usage: (i) predation, (ii) defense and (iii) sexual contests. In the latter context, we will also discuss their usage in mating. We first provide a comparative background for each of these contexts of usage by giving examples of other weapon systems from across the animal kingdom. Then, we discuss the pertinent aspects of the anatomy of the weapon systems, particularly those aspects relevant to their functioning in their ecological roles. The literature on the functioning and ecological role of both the chelae and the telson is discussed in detail, again organized by context of usage. Particular emphasis is given on the differences in morphology or usage between species or higher taxonomic groups, or between genders, as such cases are most insightful to understand the roles of each of the two distinct weapon systems of the scorpions and their evolutionary interactions. We aimed to synthesize the literature while minimizing conjecture, but also to point out gaps in the literature and potential future research opportunities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8425188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39422661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isobolographic analysis reveals antinociceptive synergism between Phα1β recombinant toxin and morphine in a model of cancer pain in C57BL/6J mice.","authors":"Caio Tavares Aoki,&nbsp;Rodrigo Andrade Moura,&nbsp;Luana Assis Ferreira,&nbsp;Mariana Garcia Mendes,&nbsp;Duana Carvalho Santos,&nbsp;Marcio Junior Rezende,&nbsp;Marcus Vinícius Gomez,&nbsp;Célio José Castro-Junior","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i><i>Phoneutria nigriventer</i></i> venom contains Phα1β. This toxin and its recombinant form have a remarkable analgesic potential that is associated with blockage of voltage-gated calcium channels and TRPA1 receptors. Although morphine is a mainstay drug to treat moderate and severe pain related to cancer, it has serious and dose-limiting side effects. Combining recombinant Phα1β and morphine to treat pain is an interesting approach that has been gaining attention. Therefore, a quantitative and reliable method to establish the strength of the antinociceptive interaction between these two substances is necessary. The present study was designed to investigate the nature of the functional antinociceptive (analgesic) interaction between Phα1β recombinant toxin and morphine in a model of cancer pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Melanoma was produced by intraplantar inoculation of B16-F10 cells into the right paw of C57BL/6J mice. Von Frey filaments measured the paw-withdrawal threshold after intrathecal administration of morphine, recombinant Phα1β, and their combination. Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed using Hargreaves apparatus. The degree of interaction was evaluated using isobolographic analysis. Spontaneous and forced motor performance was assessed with the open-field and rotarod tests, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Co-administration of recombinant Phα1β and morphine synergistically reverses the melanoma-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. The potency of the mixture, measured as the effective dose to reach 50% of maximum possible effect (MPE) in ameliorating mechanical hyperalgesia, was about twice fold higher than expected if the interaction between morphine and recombinant Phα1β was merely additive. Treatment with the combination at doses necessary to reach 50% of MPE caused no spontaneous nor forced motor alterations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combinatorial use of recombinant Phα1β and morphine allows significant and effective dose reduction of both agents, which has translational potential for opioid-sparing approaches in pain management related to cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8388195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39408788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute kidney injury caused by venomous animals: inflammatory mechanisms.","authors":"Naila Albertina de Oliveira,&nbsp;Simone Cristina Cardoso,&nbsp;Dulce Aparecida Barbosa,&nbsp;Cassiane Dezoti da Fonseca","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Either bites or stings of venomous animals comprise relevant public health problems in tropical countries. Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by animal toxins is related to worse prognostic and outcomes. Being one the most important pathways to induce AKI following envenoming due to animal toxins, inflammation is an essential biological response that eliminates pathogenic bacteria and repairs tissue after injury. However, direct nephrotoxicity (i.e. apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms of toxins), pigmenturia (i.e. rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis), anaphylactic reactions, and coagulopathies could contribute to the renal injury. All these mechanisms are closely integrated, but inflammation is a distinct process. Hence, it is important to improve our understanding on inflammation mechanisms of these syndromes to provide a promising outlook to reduce morbidity and mortality. This literature review highlights the main scientific evidence of acute kidney injury induced by bites or stings from venomous animals and their inflammatory mechanisms. It included observational, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort human studies available up to December 2019. Descriptors were used according to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), namely: \"Acute kidney injury\" or \"Venom\" and \"Inflammation\" on Medline/Pubmed and Google Scholar; \"Kidney disease\" or \"Acute kidney injury\" on Lilacs and SciELO. The present review evidenced that, among the described forms of renal inflammation, it can occur either directly or indirectly on renal cells by means of intravascular, systemic and endothelial hemolysis, activation of inflammatory pathway, as well as direct action of venom cytotoxic components on kidney structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8394371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39408789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Through DNA sensors and hidden mitochondrial effects of SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Vitor Pedro Targhetta,&nbsp;Mariana Abrantes Amaral,&nbsp;Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic brought attention to studies about viral infections and their impact on the cell machinery. SARS-CoV-2, for example, invades the host cells by ACE2 interaction and possibly hijacks the mitochondria. To better understand the disease and to propose novel treatments, crucial aspects of SARS-CoV-2 enrolment with host mitochondria must be studied. The replicative process of the virus leads to consequences in mitochondrial function, and cell metabolism. The hijacking of mitochondria, on the other hand, can drive the extrusion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the cytosol. Extracellular mtDNA evoke robust proinflammatory responses once detected, that may act in different pathways, eliciting important immune responses. However, few receptors are validated and are able to detect and respond to mtDNA. In this review, we propose that the mtDNA and its detection might be important in the immune process generated by SARS-CoV-2 and that this mechanism might be important in the lung pathogenesis seen in clinical symptoms. Therefore, investigating the mtDNA receptors and their signaling pathways might provide important clues for therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8383803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39375994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}