Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"ARTIFICIAL TEAR SOLUTIONS AND PROTECTION OF THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM FROM DESICCATION","authors":"J. Ubels, Mark D. Aupperlee, D. Meadows","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120015899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120015899","url":null,"abstract":"Desiccation of the ocular surface in dry environments is one of the factors contributing to discomfort in dry eye patients. An in vivo desiccation model was used to test efficacy of artificial tear products for prevention of ocular surface damage during extended desiccating exposure. One drop of an artificial tear or a lens rewetting solution was placed on the eye of an anesthetized rabbit and the eye was held open with a speculum for 2 hr. Desiccated eyes were held open for 2 hr without application of a tear solution. Eyes were stained with 1% methylene blue in BSS. Naïve control eyes were stained with methylene blue without prior desiccation. The percentage of corneal area stained was scored and a 8-mm button of central cornea was extracted in acetone:saturated sodium sulfate (7:3). Absorbance of extracts was measured at 660 nm. Extract analysis showed that four of the five tear products tested offered complete protection from desiccation (not different from naïve control), while one solution, which was hypotonic, offered partial protection (uptake different from desiccated and naïve corneas). The lens rewetting solution, which contains EDTA, did not protect the cornea from desiccation. This in vivo model is useful in evaluating artificial tear solutions for their ability to protect the corneal epithelium from damage during prolonged desiccating exposure. This method can be used to test toxicity of tear solution components, for preclinical evaluation of new tear formulas and may be useful for prediction of product efficacy in clinical use.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"80 1","pages":"273 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90564269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinformatics: WWW Resources","authors":"Siu-shing Tang, D. Helmeste","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120004327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120004327","url":null,"abstract":"Genome research relies heavily on the World Wide Web (WWW or the Web). The genome research community was indeed an early adopter of the Web and computer technology. There are two good reasons for this. Firstly, there are immense amounts of genetic sequence and data generated rapidly and continuously from many areas of the world. Secondly, researchers have a need for early access to this ever changing database. Distributed computing offered by the Internet provides an ideal platform for the retrieval, exchange, and computing of this voluminous, heterogeneous, and constantly evolving genetic information. Many newcomers to bioinformatics are baffled when they encounter the unfamiliar terminology and methods of computer sciences and the Web. This is particularly true for physicians or pharmacologists without a background in computer science. This chapter provides an overview of the Web resources on bioinformatics and explains commonly encountered concepts and terminology in computer and information technology.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"26 1","pages":"67 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82859932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"POPULATION DIFFERENCES IN PREVALENCE TO Hev B 1 OR Hev B 6.02 ARE NOT DEPENDENT ON DERMAL PENETRATION","authors":"M. Howell, B. Hayes, B. Meade","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120015901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120015901","url":null,"abstract":"Health care workers (HCW) and spina bifida (SB) patients comprise two populations, which are particularly affected by latex allergy and demonstrate different profiles of sero-reactivity to individual latex proteins, with SB patients more frequently having antibodies to Hev b 1 and 3 and HCW to Hev b 5, 6, and 7. Given that HCW have extensive dermal exposure to latex proteins through the use of latex gloves, these studies were conducted to evaluate the percutaneous penetration of Hev b 1 and Hev b 6.02 as a potential factor in the divergent antibody responses observed in HCW and SB patients. Hairless guinea pig skin was used in in vitro flow through cells for percutaneous penetration studies and for immunohistological evaluation of protein localization in the skin. Skin samples were separated into intact and abraded exposure groups based on barrier integrity as measured by a 3H2O barrier test, and radioactive counts were determined for both skin and receptor fluid. Little protein penetration (less than 3%) was observed into or through intact skin samples following exposure to either protein. As expected, the degree of penetration through abraded samples was found to correlate significantly with the degree of abrasion for both proteins. Minimal disruption of the stratum corneum (less than 4% 3H2O penetration) was required to permit up to 50% Hev b 1 penetration. This was in contrast to the relationship observed for Hev b 6.02 where abrasion resulting in greater than 8% 3H2O penetration was required to permit more than 40% penetration of Hev b 6.02. Immunohistochemistry revealed Hev b 1 and Hev b 6.02 localized primarily in the stratum corneum when skin samples were intact and extending into the viable epidermis when abraded. These studies demonstrate that greater than 40% of Hev b 1 and Hev b 6.02 penetrate abraded skin with less abrasion required to achieve a higher degree of penetration with Hev b 1. Other factors including the amounts of individual proteins in latex products and physiological factors other than bioavailability through the skin must be considered in understanding the divergent antibody responses in HCW and SB patients.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"102 1","pages":"293 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80565342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk assessment and risk communication","authors":"A. Dayan","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120004326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120004326","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this chapter is to discuss the general principles of risk assessment and risk communication as they relate to the use of excipients in drug products.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"35 1","pages":"51 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74814497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATING PRODUCTS FOR THEIR POTENTIAL TO CAUSE DERMAL AND OCULAR IRRITATION AND CORROSION","authors":"S. Gad","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120014094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120014094","url":null,"abstract":"Among the most fundamental assessments of the safety of a product or, indeed, of any material that has the potential to be in contact with a significant number of people in our society, are tests in animals that seek to predict potential eye and skin irritation or corrosion (that is, local tolerance to chemicals in the most common body regions to exposure). As in all the other tests in what is called range-finding, tier 1, or acute battery studies, the tests used here are both among the oldest designs and are currently undergoing the greatest degree of scrutiny and change. All currently established test methods for these endpoints use the same model—the rabbit (almost exclusively the New Zealand White). These tests have become the first focus point of concern and protest by those concerned with the humane treatment and rights of animals. Because of this, the design and technique used in these tests have been modified. Also, alternatives have been developed that use models other than the rabbit or other mammals, and await regulatory recognition.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"29 1","pages":"213 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78240859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE PROTECTIVE POTENCY OF VITAMINS E AND C IN METHANOL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND RETINOTOXICITY","authors":"N. El‐Sayed, K. Gaafar, A. El-Ansary, Amal Osman","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120015902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120015902","url":null,"abstract":"The protective effects of vitamins E and C against methanol-induced free radical production with its subsequent tissue injury in liver and retina of male albino rats were assessed. The rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) antioxidant (Ao) control group receiving 5 mg of each vitamin, E and C, (3) daily ip-injected methanol (2 mL/kg b.wt.) group, killed after three and six doses, and (4) Ao/methanol group administered the vitamins 3 weeks prior to and along with methanol injection and killed as the latter group [Sharpe et al. Methanol Optic Neuropathy: A Histopathological Study. Neurology 1982, 32 (10), 1093–1100]. Methyl alcohol drastically altered the Ao defense system and energy status of rat liver, where highly significant depletion of glutathione levels and inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity, concurrent with significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances indicating marked elevation in lipid peroxidation. These effects were reversed when the vitamins were administered denoting their role in promoting the Ao defense system. Furthermore, they also increased the methanol-induced depletion in adenylate energy charge, phosphate potential, and ATP values. The amelioration in the energy status as a result of vitamins E and C supplementation suggests that their role as Aos is effective in relieving the impaired oxidative phosphorylation in order to increase the energy demand under physiologically stressful conditions. Histopathological and ultrastructural results of rat retina confirmed the protective effect of Ao vitamins. As compared to the methanol-intoxicated group, the protected group showed preservation of the membranous structures of the retinal cells, especially mitochondria that assumed their normal shape. This may be attributed to the inhibition of free radical production and lipid peroxidation and subsequently minimum degree of tissue damage. Amelioration of mitochondrial structure reflected the improvement of impaired oxidative phosphorylation of intoxicated animals with an approximately normal level of energy demand. This suggests that Ao vitamins may alter the retinotoxic effects of methanol by promoting the internal Ao defense system and preserving the energy status of the animal.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"1962 1","pages":"307 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91294662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous corticosteroid-induced glaucoma","authors":"Nara Branco, B. Branco, J. Mallon, H. Maibach","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120004323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120004323","url":null,"abstract":"Corticoids play an important role in the treatment of inflammatory or immune-mediated skin diseases. Dermatologists traditionally avoid even shortterm cutaneous corticosteroid (except hydrocortisone) in the treatment of eyelid dermatitis, even though some patients with chronic eyelid dermatitis resolve after short-term higher potency cutaneous corticoids (personal observation). These patients usually present with itching and red eyelids (e.g., atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, rosacea, seborrhea, and psoriasis) (1). Topical application of corticosteroids to the skin may cause open-angle glaucoma, for example, after long term corticoids ointment application to the periorbital region for treatment of atopic dermatitis or vitiligo vulgaris (2). Even cosmetic products such as facial lotions and creams with corticosteroid components, may cause ocular hypertension after prolonged application to the periocular region (3,4). The ability of certain topically applied corticosteroids to raise intra-ocular pressure (IOP) in susceptible individuals, particularly in open angle glaucoma patients, require care in the ophthalmologic and dermatologic practice. Other","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"52 365 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83742471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botanical extracts","authors":"A. Khaiat","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120004329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120004329","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of the word “cosmeceuticals” is very much linked to the U.S. FDA definition of drugs and cosmetics in the 1938 FD&C Act. One can only speculate as to why 60 years of scientific knowledge and research have been ignored by the FDA in not revising the definition! The European Commission has been wiser and its 1976 definition of cosmetics was modified in 1993 to acknowledge the fact that everything put on the skin or hair may have a physiological effect (1). It puts the responsibility on the industry to ascertain product safety and efficacy (claims justification) (2). Natural extracts, whether from animal, botanical, or mineral origin, have been used as “active ingredients” of drugs or cosmetics for as long as human history can go. Oils, butter, honey, beeswax, lead, and lemon juice were common ingredients of the beauty recipes from ancient Egypt. Many botanical extracts are used today in traditional medicine and large pharmaceutical companies are rediscovering them. The major differences between the drug and the cosmetic approach rely on the intent (i.e., “cure or prevention of a disease” vs. “beautifying”) as well as how the extract is considered. In the cosmetic industry, the botanical extract is the active ingredient. It may contain hundreds of chemical structures and it has a proven activity. In the drug industry, you need to know the chemical structure of the active ingredient within the extract, very often to synthesize it, to purify it, sometimes to discover that isolation and purification leads to a loss in the biological activity, or to realize that, despite all the skills of organic chemists, nature is not easy to reproduce.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"56 1","pages":"109 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86485315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PHOTODAMAGE AND DRY SKIN","authors":"J. Leyden, R. Lavker","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120014096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120014096","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 40 years, considerable evidence has been accumulated from a wide range of experimental studies in animals and humans to clearly indicate that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sun exposure has multiple profound effects on skin. Both acute and chronic effects are well described. Ultraviolet radiation is responsible for skin cancer, photoaging, and photosensitivity diseases. In addition, profound immunological effects have been identified which account in part for the beneficial effects of UVR in many diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, mycosis fungoid, and vitiligo. Ultraviolet light is artificially divided into very short wave UVC (none currently reaches the earth’s surface), UVB (290 to 320 nm), and UVA, which is divided into UVA II (320 to 340 nm) and UVA I (340 to 400 nm). Ultraviolet A makes up approximately 95% of the UVR to which we are exposed. Until relatively recently, the main focus of research had been directed toward UVB and its role in cancer and immune modulation; UVB wavelengths are far more energetic than UVA and clearly are the dominant factor in squamous cell formation and play an important role in basal cell cancer. In the past decade, in vivo studies in human volunteers have shown that repeated low doses of UVA II and I comparable to those obtained during everyday activities can also have profound effects in skin. Table 1 summarizes the work of many investigators and indicates all wavelengths have profound biological effects on all components and cell types in skin.","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"59 1","pages":"255 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88173307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure assessment","authors":"David J. George, A. Shipp","doi":"10.1081/CUS-120004325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/CUS-120004325","url":null,"abstract":"Excipients embrace a diverse group of chemicals that are incorporated into pharmaceutical dosage forms for a variety of purposes. Typically, products contain multiple excipients (Table 1). Each excipient has been selected for its functionality, and it has been deemed safe in the particular application and compatible with other components of the formulation. Pharmaceutical excipients are, by design, devoid of significant pharmacological or toxicological activity at the doses used in drug product formulations, and they are completely lacking predictable teratogenic and carcinogenic potential. The safety of individual excipients is paramount. Compounds with narrow safety margins are seldom, if ever, employed as excipients. Thus, excipients are exceptionally safe, but similar to all chemicals, cannot be assumed to be toxicologically inert in every situation (l–4). Examples of the potential toxicity of representative excipients are provided in Table 2. The dose of an excipient administered to humans is usually selected initially as some fraction of a safe animal dose. However, the dose levels of an excipient used in chronic animal toxicity studies are selected based partly on the projected human dose and dosage schedule. Accordingly, beyond acute animal toxicology studies, the testing of new excipients usually occurs concurrently in humans and animals; the results from animal studies help guide the design of human studies and vice versa (5,6). Therefore, in the early stages of development, a provisional human exposure assessment is usually undertaken. This assessment undergoes","PeriodicalId":17547,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology-cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":"21 1","pages":"31 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87448045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}