Journal of Tropical Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Diversity and Species Composition of Midgut Symbiotic Bacteria in <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> Mosquitoes in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka.","authors":"Randi Hathnagoda, Pinidi Gunathilake, Thilini Buddhinee, Pabasara Welgama, Hasini Gunarathna, Harshani Perera, Koshila Ranasinghe","doi":"10.1155/2024/1832200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1832200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquitoes, notorious for their deadly impact as disease vectors, also hold economic value owing to their roles in disease transmission. The present study focuses on the importance of understanding mosquito gut microbiota for implementing innovative vector control strategies, thereby mitigating disease transmission. The study was conducted in the Gampaha Medical Office of Health (MOH) area of Sri Lanka with the focus of elucidating the microbial diversity within the midgut of <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, a crucial step to support ongoing paratransgenesis efforts. Sampling was performed by utilizing standard mosquito sampling techniques and their midgut homogenates were plated on Plate Count Agar to isolate bacteria, which were then identified through biochemical tests. Subsequently, the most abundant bacterial families were subjected to DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and gene sequencing for species identification. The study revealed the presence of four bacterial families (Staphylococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, Neisseriaceae, and Moraxellaceae) in adult mosquitoes, while larvae harbored an additional family, Micrococcaceae. Interestingly, the relative distribution of midgut bacteria varied significantly among field-caught larval and adult strains from different study areas (chi-square = 1.673; <i>P</i> < 0.05), indicating similar bacterial flora across mosquito life stages and geographical locations. Of particular interest is the identification of <i>Lysinibacillus sphaericus</i>, a bacterium with potential for paratransgenesis applications. Given the high mosquito density in the study area, leveraging paratransgenesis for <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> control is recommended. Furthermore, insights into gut microbes could inform the integration of gut microflora from modified strains into existing Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) approaches in Sri Lanka.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2024 ","pages":"1832200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11458302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthelmintic Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of <i>Khaya grandifoliola</i> Stem Bark against <i>Heligmosomoides polygyrus</i>: <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Silico</i> Approaches.","authors":"Noumedem Anangmo Christelle Nadia, Mahdi Yaghoobi, Yamssi Cédric, Masoud Besati, Yungong Misparine Kiki, Ngouyamsa Nsapkain Aboubakar Sidiki, Mounvera Abdel Azizi, Vincent Khan Payne, Haibo Hu","doi":"10.1155/2024/6735764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6735764","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Parasitic infection remains a serious health trade for humans and livestock. The purpose of this study was to present scientific proof of the anthelmintic properties of &lt;i&gt;Khaya grandifoliola&lt;/i&gt;, which the native population uses to cure helminthiasis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method: &lt;/strong&gt;Fresh &lt;i&gt;Heligmosomoides polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; eggs were isolated from faecal samples of experimentally infected mice. The faecal material was cultured, and L1 and L2 larval stages were recovered after 48 and 120 hours, respectively. Using the worm microtracker, the anthelminthic efficacy of the extracts against &lt;i&gt;H. polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; was assessed. Two different extracts (aqueous and ethanol extracts) were prepared. For the ovicidal and larvicidal activities, 100 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;L of various concentrations of plant extracts, levamisole and 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were introduced into a 96-well microplate titer followed by the addition of 100 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;L of embryonated eggs (60 eggs) for the ovicidal activity and 100 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;L of &lt;i&gt;L&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; or &lt;i&gt;L&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; larvae (50 larvae) for the larvicidal activity. The movement of the worm was monitored for 24 hours in the worm microtracker at 27°C. The Glide module of the Schrodinger Maestro software was used to perform docking studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;For the aqueous extracts, the highest percentage of inhibition of hatching was 42.77 ± 12% at 7.5 mg/mL. The IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values for the ethanol (0.36 mg/mL) extract showed that the ethanol extract had a good inhibitory effect on the ability of parasites to hatch from eggs. The inhibition percentage of L1 larvae motility at 7.5 mg/mL was 98.0 ± 1.66% and 83.33 ± 1.66% for ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The negative controls, distilled water and 1.5% DMSO, had no inhibitory impact on larvae. On L1-larvae, the drug of choice levamisole (positive control) had the highest percentage effect (100.0%). Six compounds had the highest docking score and their interactions with the receptor as well. Grandiamide A interacts most with tyrosine, glycine, phenylalanine, asparagine, and serine, and its benzene ring and oxygens inhibit these receptors. Carbonyl and hydroxyl (OH) groups connect grandiamide D to asparagine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine, respectively. By donating hydrogen to the receptor through OH groups, D-glucopyranose-6-phosphate also forms relatively strong hydrogen bonds with its oxygen-bound phosphorus and the receptor. 1-O-deacetylkhayanolide E interacts most with serine and glutamic acid. The carbamic acid benzyl ester of carbamic acid [(1S)-1-phenyl-2-[(4-methylphenyl) sulfinyl] ethyl] interacts most with the receptor with carbonyl groups and with asparagine and serine. With its abundant hydroxide, D-mannitol acts as a hydrogen donor and acceptor and interacts most strongly with amino acids such as glycine, asparagine, aspartic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;K. gr","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6735764"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11268970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141759548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Urine POC-CCA Test Accuracy in the Detection of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Getaneh Alemu, Endalkachew Nibret","doi":"10.1155/2024/5531687","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5531687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Schistosomiasis is a common public health problem throughout the world and <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> is the most prevalent species in Africa. Most endemic countries use the Kato-Katz (KK) stool smear examination for diagnosis, mapping, and monitoring of intervention programs. However, its poor sensitivity calls for an urgency to evaluate and use more accurate diagnostic tools, of which detection of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine seems promising.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Studies published until May 2022 were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, and grey literature for systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guideline. Eligible studies were selected based on preset inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of included studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochrane <i>Q</i> test and <i>I</i> ² test statistics. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4.1 and Meta-DiSc 1.4 software programs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-seven studies published in 29 papers and enrolling 21159 study participants were included for analysis. Overall analysis of Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) test against KK reference standard revealed a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.85-0.87) and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.65-0.67), respectively. Subgroup analysis among 24 studies comparing single POC-CCA with test single KK revealed a high sensitivity (0.88) but low specificity (0.66). Based on findings of 24 studies, the area under the curve (AUC) for the systematic receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was 0.7805, indicating that the POC-CCA test effectively separates those with the disease from those who do not have it. Higher sensitivity estimates of 0.93 and 0.90 were reported when comparisons were made between test results of 2 urine and 1 stool samples, and 3 urine and 3 stool samples, respectively. Single POC-CCA test resulted in a pooled sensitivity estimate of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.78-0.84) as evaluated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reference test.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The POC-CCA test has higher sensitivity than KK and may serve as a routine diagnostic alternative for disease diagnosis, mapping, and monitoring of interventions. However, its accuracy should further be evaluated at different transmission settings and infection intensity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5531687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11262874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141748493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens from Community-Acquired Pneumonia at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia.","authors":"Feyissa Hamde, Bayissa Chala, Mesfin Bekele, Abebe Mekuria Shenkutie, Rajiha Abubeker, Ketema Tafess","doi":"10.1155/2024/8710163","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/8710163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It also contributes significantly to hospital admissions, particularly in low-income countries such as Ethiopia, where it accounts for major public health problems. This could be attributed to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in CAP patients. This study aimed to identify and assess the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from CAP patients at the Adama Hospital Medical College in Adama City, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 10, 2022, to November 30, 2023. Demographic, clinical data, and sputum samples were collected from patients with CAP (<i>n</i> = 369). Sputum samples were subjected to standard microbiological procedures, including culture, Gram staining, and a panel of different biochemical tests for the identification of pathogenic bacterial isolates. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for drug susceptibility testing. Descriptive statistics were computed by using SPSS (version 26). Of the 369 patients with CAP, bacterial pathogens were identified in 31.7% (<i>n</i> = 117, 95% CI: 27.0%-36.7%). The most common isolates were <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> (<i>n</i> = 15; 12.8%), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>n</i> = 15; 12.8%), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (<i>n</i> = 12; 10.3%), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>n</i> = 11; 9.4%), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>n</i> = 11; 9.4%), <i>Enterobacter species</i> (<i>n</i> = 11; 9.4%), and <i>Citrobacter species</i> (<i>n</i> = 11; 9.4%). Among the identified isolates, resistance rates were high in Enterobacteriaceae, followed by Gram-positive bacteria, and non-Enterobacteriaceae. Overall, 68 (58.1%) of the identified bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), with <i>K. pneumoniae</i> accounting for the highest proportion of multidrug resistant isolates (91.7%), while <i>P. aeruginosa</i> accounted for the lowest proportion (9.1%) of MDR isolates. This study revealed a high prevalence (31.7%) of bacterial pathogens in CAP patients and higher (58.1%) MDR bacterial pathogens. Therefore, regular surveillance and monitoring systems are warranted for assessing predominant pathogens and antibiotic resistance patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2024 ","pages":"8710163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141723824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In Vitro</i> Anthelmintic Activities of <i>Khaya anthotheca</i> and <i>Faidherbia albida</i> Extracts Used in Chad by Traditional Healers for the Treatment of Helminthiasis and <i>In Silico</i> Study of Phytoconstituents.","authors":"Baigomen Christalin, Masoud Besati, Noumedem Anangmo Christelle Nadia, Mahdi Yaghoobi, Yamssi Cédric, Claire Ciancia, Mounvera Abdel Azizi, Gamago Nkadeu Guy-Armand, Vincent Khan Payne, Haibo Hu","doi":"10.1155/2024/8564163","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/8564163","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Helminthiasis is endemic in Chad and constitutes a public health problem, particularly among school-age children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of extracts of &lt;i&gt;Khaya anthotheca&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Faidherbia albida&lt;/i&gt; used in Chad by traditional healers for the treatment of helminthiasis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The anthelmintic activity was assessed against &lt;i&gt;Heligmosomoides polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Caenorhabditis elegans&lt;/i&gt; larvae using the Worm Microtracker. Embryonated eggs, L1, L2, and L3 larvae of &lt;i&gt;H. polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; were obtained after 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days of coproculture and L4 larvae of &lt;i&gt;C. elegans&lt;/i&gt; culture using standard procedures. One hundred microliters of extracts at various concentrations, with albendazole and distilled water were, put in contact with 100 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;L of &lt;i&gt;H. polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; suspension (containing 50 parasites at various developmental stages) in a microplate and incubated for 20 h at 25°C in the Worm Microtracker. The same procedure was adopted for &lt;i&gt;C. elegans&lt;/i&gt;, but with 180 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;L of OP50. 19 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;L of &lt;i&gt;C. elegans&lt;/i&gt; suspension (containing 50 larvae) was put in contact with 1 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;L of extract at various concentrations and incubated in the Worm Microtracker. Docking studies were carried out using the Schrodinger Maestro software's Glide module. The score function in the software was used to rank and group distinct possible adduct structures generated by molecular docking.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of &lt;i&gt;F. albida&lt;/i&gt; at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL showed the same activity as albendazole (100 ± 0.00) on hatching. The IC50s of the aqueous extracts of the two plants (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;: 0.6212 mg/mL and 0.71 mg/mL, respectively) were comparable on egg hatching of &lt;i&gt;H. polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; with no significant difference (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; ≥ 0.05) with respect to the ethanol extracts (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;: 0.70 mg/mL and 0.81 mg/mL, respectively). There was no significant difference between the percentage inhibition of extracts and albendazole on the L1 larvae of &lt;i&gt;H. polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; ≥ 0.05). The aqueous extracts acted more effectively than the ethanol extracts on the L1 larvae of &lt;i&gt;H. polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; with an IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; of 0.5588 and ∼9.858&lt;i&gt;e&lt;/i&gt; - 005 mg/ml, respectively, for &lt;i&gt;K. anthotheca&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;F. albida&lt;/i&gt;. The aqueous extracts of &lt;i&gt;K. anthotheca&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;F. albida&lt;/i&gt; on L3 larvae of &lt;i&gt;H. polygyrus&lt;/i&gt; had inhibitory percentages of 92.6 ± 0.62 and 91.37 ± 0.8 at 2.5 mg/mL which were lower than albendazole (100 ± 0.00). The aqueous extracts of &lt;i&gt;K. anthotheca&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;F. albida&lt;/i&gt; on &lt;i&gt;C. elegance&lt;/i&gt; showed IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; of 0.2775 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;g/mL and 0.5115 &lt;i&gt;µ&lt;/i&gt;g/mL, respectively, and were more effective than the ethanol extracts. Examining &lt;i&gt;K. anthotheca&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;F. albida&lt;/i&gt; through the interaction with the protein receptor and its results also confirmed our assumption ","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2024 ","pages":"8564163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11226339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Review of Neglected Tropical Diseases Diagnosed on Histopathological Specimens in the Free State Province, South Africa, 2015-2020.","authors":"Danita Linda le Grange, She'neze Fatima Pillay, Liska Budding, Cornel van Rooyen, Jacqueline Goedhals","doi":"10.1155/2024/5076288","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5076288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a heterogeneous group of medical conditions that commonly occur in underprivileged populations. NTDs are primarily diagnosed in tropical areas. Although South Africa is not situated in a tropical region, the high poverty rate makes the country susceptible to some NTDs. Limited data are available on the burden of NTDs in the Free State province of South Africa. This study aimed to determine the number of NTDs diagnosed on histopathological specimens in the public sector of the Free State province over a six-year period and to evaluate the patient demographics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective, descriptive study was performed. All NTDs diagnosed in histopathological specimens from public sector hospitals in the province submitted to the Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, and University of the Free State between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2020 were included in the study. The demographic information, biopsy site, and referring hospital were noted for each case identified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 72 NTDs were diagnosed. The five most common diagnoses were echinococcosis (<i>n</i> = 33; 45.8%), bilharzia (<i>n</i> = 13; 18.1%), leprosy (<i>n</i> = 9; 12.5%), mycetoma (<i>n</i> = 8; 11.1%), and intestinal worms (<i>n</i> = 5; 6.9%). Ten (30.3%) patients diagnosed with echinococcosis came from the Free State's neighbouring country, Lesotho.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Echinococcosis was the most prevalent NTD diagnosed in central South Africa. We recommend that the South African Department of Health add echinococcosis to the principal NTDs of significance in South Africa, alongside soil-transmitted helminths, schistosomiasis, leprosy, and rabies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5076288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11219199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature's Solution to <i>Aedes</i> Vectors: <i>Toxorhynchites</i> as a Biocontrol Agent.","authors":"Punya Ram Sukupayo, Ram Chandra Poudel, Tirth Raj Ghimire","doi":"10.1155/2024/3529261","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/3529261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review summarizes the predatory potential of <i>Toxorhynchites</i> mosquitoes as biological control agents for <i>Aedes</i> vectors. A single larva can consume hundreds of mosquito larvae during its development, with preference for larger prey and higher consumption rates at higher prey densities. Studies suggest <i>Toxorhynchites</i> can significantly reduce <i>Aedes</i> populations. Beyond direct predation, they may indirectly influence prey behavior and adult mosquito lifespan. Despite the demonstrably positive effects of <i>Toxorhynchites</i> species as biocontrol agents, there are acknowledged limitations that require further investigation. These limitations include potential variations in effectiveness across diverse habitats and mosquito developmental stages. Additionally, long-term ecological sustainability and potential ramifications warrant further research. Future efforts should prioritize optimizing rearing and release strategies to enhance effectiveness. Exploring the potential for combined control methods with other biocontrol agents or traditional methods is also crucial. Finally, investigating the influence of environmental factors on predation rates can further refine and optimize the application of <i>Toxorhynchites</i> in mosquito control programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2024 ","pages":"3529261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11213640/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141469089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Tanzania: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Semvua B Kilonzo, Igembe Nkandala, Ladius Rudovick, Hyasinta M Jaka, Mariam M Mirambo, Stephen E Mshana, Violet D Kajogoo, Elichilia R Shao","doi":"10.1155/2024/4178240","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/4178240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, African Journals Online, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases for studies conducted up to March 1, 2023, that estimated the prevalence of HBV in Tanzania based on HBV surface antigen measurements. The DerSimonian-Laird random effects model was used to estimate the overall prevalence of HBV with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential sources of heterogeneity were also investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-one studies with a total sample size of 37,988 were included in the meta-analysis. The overall average HBV prevalence estimate in Tanzania was 6.91% (95% CI = 5.18-8.86%). Subgroup analysis revealed the highest prevalence in the northern zone (9.32%, 95% CI; 2.24-20.36%), among the blood donors (18.72%, 95% CI: 17.43-20.05%) and among the community volunteers (8.76%, 95% CI: 4.55-14.15%). The lowest prevalence was observed in the lake zone at 4.66% (95% CI: 3.49-5.99) and in pregnant women at 4.72% (95% CI: 3.42-6.21). The overall between-study variability showed significant heterogeneity (<i>I</i> ² = 97.41%, <i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results showed that Tanzania is a country with moderately high HBV endemicity, with large interregional differences and significantly high numbers of HBV infections within the community. This underscores the need for immediate development of targeted prevention strategies and further epidemiological studies to better understand the pattern of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2024 ","pages":"4178240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11222000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141498349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vivo Antidiarrheal Potential of the Leaf Extract of Maytenus addat (Loes.) Sebsebe and Its Major Compound","authors":"Bonsa Mogose, Daniel Bisrat, Kaleab Asres","doi":"10.1155/2024/5922487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5922487","url":null,"abstract":"Diarrhea continues to be one of the top causes of death in children under the age of five, particularly in developing nations. In Ethiopian traditional medicine, a variety of medicinal plants are used to treat diarrhea. One of these plants is <i>Maytenus addat</i> (Loes.) Sebsebe (fam. Celastraceae), which is endemic to the Afromontane forests, especially along forest margins, of Ethiopia. The air-dried powdered leaves of <i>M. addat</i> were macerated with 80% methanol to yield a crude extract. Additionally, the powdered plant material underwent sequential solvent extraction using chloroform, methanol, and water to obtain solvent fractions. The 80% methanol leaf extract, solvent fractions, and an isolated compound from <i>M. addat</i> were evaluated for their antidiarrheal activity using castor oil-induced diarrheal model, anti-enteropooling test, and charcoal meal test in mice. The results showed that the 80% methanolic leaf extract significantly reduced the onset of diarrhea, the weight of feces, and the frequency of defecation in all the tested doses. The methanol and water fractions of the hydroalcoholic extract also exhibited dose-dependent antidiarrheal activity, with the methanol fraction showing the highest activity at 400 mg/kg dose. Subsequently, the most active methanol fraction was subjected to C-18 solid phase extraction, resulting in the isolation of a 3-hydroxyflavone, identified as quercetin by ESI-qToF-MS, ¹H, and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. Quercetin demonstrated a strong antidiarrheal activity in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the present study provided evidence that the leaves of <i>M. addat</i> possess genuine antidiarrheal activity upholding the traditional medicinal use of the plant for the treatment of diarrhea. The findings also suggest that quercetin is responsible, in full or in part, for the activity of the plant.","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141153549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology and Treatment of Snakebite Envenomation in West Africa: Case of Benin","authors":"Ayékotchami Jacques Dossou, Adandé Belarmain Fandohan, Timothy Omara, Jean-Philippe Chippaux","doi":"10.1155/2024/8357312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8357312","url":null,"abstract":"Snakebite envenomation (SBE) constitutes a public health, social, and economic problem affecting poor communities in intertropical and subtropical regions. This review sought to synthesize literature on snakebite envenomation in Benin to highlight research perspectives and strategies for better management of the menace. A literature search performed in multidisciplinary electronic databases showed that the prevalence of SBE is high in Benin, but the incidences, associated morbidities, and mortalities are greatly underestimated. Most snake envenomations are by <i>Echis ocellatus</i> in Northern Benin during the rainy season. Adults involved in agricultural activities are the most affected. The absence of antivenin serum in the most affected areas explains the preference for alternative and traditional medicine as the first-line treatment for SBE in Benin. In conclusion, it would be imperative to revitalize the snakebite reporting system in order to have better epidemiological data and to develop a sustainable national strategy for the control and management of snakebite envenomation.","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140574239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}