Journal of Tropical Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors: Insights From a Cohort Study.","authors":"Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu, Abdulgafar Olayiwola Jimoh, Sa'adatu Haruna Shinkafi, Albashir Tahir, Ahmed Subeh Alshrari, Muhammad Tukur Umar, Abdulmajeed Yunusa, Nura Bello, Nura Abubakar","doi":"10.1155/jotm/3879562","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/3879562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a critical global health issue, particularly in high-burden regions with substantial global morbidity and mortality. Despite the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine in inducing immunity, a subset of vaccinated individuals fails to achieve adequate immunity. This study investigated the factors influencing immunological response to the hepatitis B vaccine among Nigerian adults. A cohort study was conducted at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, involving 307 participants aged 19-60 who had not previously received the hepatitis B vaccine. Data were collected using structured questionnaires assessing demographic characteristics, medical history, and lifestyle factors. Participants received GeneVac-B, a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, and 0-, 1-, and 2-month schedule anti-HB levels were measured post-vaccination using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (AccuDiag ELISA, Diagnostic Automation/Cortez Diagnostics, Inc., USA) to classify vaccine response. The association between demographic and lifestyle factors and vaccine response was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 25). Of the 307 participants, 209 received the first vaccine dose, and 192 completed all three doses. Anti-HB quantification revealed that 94.3% of the participants achieved protective immunity (≥ 10 IU/L), while 5.7% were classified as nonresponders (< 10 IU/L). Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in the immune response based on gender (<i>p</i> = 0.031), with females exhibiting higher mean anti-HB levels than males. Negative correlations were observed between age and vaccine response (<i>ρ</i> = -0.296, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and between body mass index (BMI) and response, although the latter was not statistically significant (<i>ρ</i> = -0.131, <i>p</i> = 0.071). Prior tuberculosis, malaria, measles, smoking, and alcohol use showed no significant impact on the immune response, although recurrent malaria, measles, and smoking were associated with slightly lower mean antibody levels. The study indicates gender and age significantly influence hepatitis B vaccine response, with females and younger individuals demonstrating stronger immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"3879562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11968161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends of Colistin MIC Among <i>Acinetobacter Baumannii</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> at a First-Class Hospital in Vietnam.","authors":"Tuan Huu Ngoc Nguyen, Huy Quang Nguyen, Ngan Thi Thu Le, Han To Ngoc Nguyen, Hung Cao Dinh, Tam Ngoc Nguyen, Ha Minh Nguyen","doi":"10.1155/jotm/6165665","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/6165665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> <i>A. baumannii</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> belong to the multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria group, posing significant challenges in treatment. Colistin is considered the last-line antibiotic for treating this bacterium. It is essential to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to adjust the appropriate dosage. <b>Method:</b> A cross-sectional descriptive study using data from January 2020 to December 2024 was conducted. <b>Results:</b> The infections caused by <i>A. baumannii</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> showed an increasing trend over the years, accounting for 17.4% and 9.6% of common multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. <i>A. baumannii</i> exhibited higher resistance rates than <i>P. aeruginosa</i> with multiple tested antibiotics. Although no Colistin-resistant strains were observed for either bacterium of interest during the observation period, both bacteria of interest showed a statistically significant change during the survey period (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, the MIC value of ≤ 0.75 μg/mL was the most prevalent over 80% from 2020 to 2021, but its percentage declined strongly by 60%-65% in the next 3 years (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Meanwhile, the MIC value of 1.0 μg/mL became the most common over 70% with a statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Regarding the MIC value based on infection types, the MIC value for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> causing septicemia was considerably concentrated at 1.0 μg/mL at 84.6%, while its percentage was lower in <i>A. baumannii</i> at 37.9% (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Looking into MIC values based on carbapenem-resistant proportions, the MIC values from 1.0 to 2.0 μg/mL were higher in imipenem-resistant strains of both bacteria of interest compared with nonresistant strains (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). This difference was also observed in meropenem-resistant <i>A. baumannii</i> but was not demonstrated in <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. <b>Conclusions:</b> Although no colistin-resistant strains were observed, <i>A. baumannii</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> showed statistically significant changes in the most prevalent colistin MIC values, which have been approaching the resistance threshold over the years. It is essential to implement control measures of colistin usage before bacteria become completely resistant.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6165665"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11930383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol for an Exploratory RCT of the Traumatic Stress Relief Intervention With Persons With Lived Experience of Leprosy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","authors":"Safa Kemal Kaptan, Marekegn Habtamu, Solomon Getahun, Beletshachew Tadesse, Ayse Akan, Adeline Pupat, Cécile Bizouerne, Nusrat Husain","doi":"10.1155/jotm/1307578","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/1307578","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), such as leprosy, significantly impact mental health and overall well-being. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of a mental health intervention targeting individuals affected by leprosy in Ethiopia. The intervention utilizes the Traumatic Stress Relief (TSR) program to target symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression, and to improve overall mental health. <b>Methods:</b> This exploratory randomized controlled trial (RCT) will recruit participants with lived experiences of leprosy. Participants will receive four group sessions of a low-intensity TSR intervention. The intervention will be administered by a pair of trained facilitators, including one mental health practitioner and one community member with lived experience of leprosy. Data will be collected through self-report questionnaires to assess changes in PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and depression. In addition, interviews will provide further insights into participants' experiences and the acceptability of the intervention. <b>Discussion:</b> This exploratory trial will provide insights into the feasibility of mental health interventions for individuals affected by leprosy. The findings will inform the design of future trials to evaluate the effectiveness of such programs on a larger scale and in more diverse contexts. <b>Trial Registration:</b> The UK's Clinical Study Registry: ISRCTN868254411.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1307578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11925633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence Rate, Survival Rate, and Predictors for Virological Failure Among Adult TB/HIV Coinfected Clients.","authors":"Nurye Seid Muhie","doi":"10.1155/jotm/2011556","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/2011556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Tuberculosis increases human immunodeficiency virus replication and accelerates human immunodeficiency virus progression in both tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfected patients. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence rate, survival rate, and predictors for virological failure among adult tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus coinfected clients. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the University of Gondar Compressive Specialized Hospital from March 2017 to 2022. Secondary data sources were extracted based on inclusion criteria for adult tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus coinfected patients. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for adult tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus coinfected patients data. <b>Result:</b> The overall incidence rate of virological failure was 9.23 per 1000 person-months observations. Out of 148 coinfected patients, about 24.3% had virological failure. More than half of the patients, 52.7% and 54.1% in this study had a CD4 cell count ≥ 200/mm³ and a weight < 50 kg, respectively. Gender (hazard ratio = 1.3291, 95% CI: 1.1878-1.4873), bedridden functional status (hazard ratio = 4.7174; 95% CI: 1.2263-14.1470), WHO clinical Stage IV (hazard ratio = 1.1122, 95% CI: 1.2072-5.9693), patients with opportunistic infections (hazard ratio = 1.2849, 95% CI: 1.4289-3.8504), cotrimoxazole preventive therapy users (hazard ratio = 0.2039, 95% CI: 0.0496-0.8386), patients disclosure status (hazard ratio = 0.1609, 95% CI: 0.0279-0.9286), baseline viral load count < 1000 (hazard ratio = 0.0819, 95% CI: 0.3619-0.8447), and CD4 cell count ≥ 200 (hazard ratio = 0.2728, 95% CI: 0.0749-0.9924) were significant predictors at 5% level of confidence for time to virological failure. <b>Conclusion:</b> The incidence and survival rate of virological failure were high. The current study revealed that male coinfected patients, bedridden functional status, WHO clinical Stage IV, and opportunistic infections other than tuberculosis were associated with a higher time to virological failure while patients disclosed the disease to a family member, cotrimoxazole preventive therapy users, baseline viral load < 1000 copies/mL, and CD4 cell count ≥ 200/mm³ had significantly lower time to virological failure. Therefore, public health organizations should be given special attention based on these important predictors to improve their health and prolong the lives of coinfected patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2011556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11846676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143483571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seropositive Rubella and Toxoplasmosis Among Females Attending Saudi Hospital.","authors":"Nabeel H Alhussainy, Faten A Al Braikan","doi":"10.1155/jotm/4201991","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/4201991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> and rubella virus are significant health concerns among women. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the prevalence of their antibodies. <b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to explore the prevalence of rubella and toxoplasmosis immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies among females who attended different clinics in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. <b>Method:</b> A retrospective observational study was conducted among nonpregnant women who attended various clinics at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study included 540 female participants who visited various clinics, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 31.92 (6.175) years and a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 32 (8). These women were tested for rubella and toxoplasmosis IgG and immunoglobulin M (IgM) from January 2021 to June 2022. ELISA test for detecting antitoxoplasmosis and antirubella IgG and IgM antibodies was conducted using kits manufactured by Abbott, located at Max-Planck-Ring 2, 65,205 Wiesbaden, Germany. <b>Results:</b> The majority of the participants were from Saudi Arabia (78.1%). Most females (73.3%) had positive results for rubella IgG, while only 5.6% tested positive for toxoplasmosis IgG. A significantly higher percentage of positive rubella-G antibodies was seen between those with positive toxoplasmosis IgG and those with negative toxoplasmosis IgG (93.3% vs. 76.4%, <i>p</i>=0.032). Non-Saudi females had a significantly higher rate of positive toxoplasmosis IgG than Saudi women (15.4% vs. 2.9%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusion:</b> The study revealed a high prevalence of rubella antibodies and a low prevalence of toxoplasmosis antibodies among females living in Saudi Arabia, with a higher prevalence of toxoplasmosis antibodies seen among non-Saudi females. A significant association between the prevalence of rubella and toxoplasmosis antibodies was found. Therefore, raising awareness about the risks and prevention measures of toxoplasmosis is crucial, emphasizing hygiene practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"4201991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11842137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>: Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Biofilm-Forming Isolates From Pediatric Bacteremia in Pakistan.","authors":"Maleeha Nisar, Hazir Rahman, Saghir Ahmad, Tabassum Tabassum, Khalid J Alzahrani, Fuad M Alzahrani, Khalaf F Alsharif","doi":"10.1155/jotm/8755082","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/8755082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> is an important cause of nosocomial infections in children. The study undertaken identified antibiotic resistance markers among biofilm-forming <i>S. epidermidis.</i> <b>Methods:</b> A total of 105 bacteremia-positive samples from hospitalized children were processed for identification of <i>S. epidermidis</i> using species-specific <i>rdr</i> gene. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was checked through Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. 96-well microtiter plate assays and PCR were used for biofilm production and antibiotic-resistant genes, respectively. <b>Results:</b> Among 105 clinical isolates, <i>rdr</i> gene was detected in 34 (32.38%) isolates. The <i>rdr</i> detected isolates exhibited biofilm formation (<i>n</i> = 34; 100%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pattern was observed among <i>S. epidermidis</i>, while the frequency of MDR was higher in very strong biofilm-forming <i>S. epidermidis</i> (<i>n</i> = 18; 52.9%, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.002) as compared to weak biofilm-forming <i>S. epidermidis</i> (<i>n = </i>6; 17.6%). All <i>S. epidermidis</i> strains were resistant to cefoxitin, penicillin, and augmentin (<i>n</i> = 34; 100%). High resistance was observed against erythromycin (<i>n</i> = 29; 85.29%) and ciprofloxacin (<i>n</i> = 25; 73.5%). <i>S. epidermidis</i> displayed complete susceptibility (<i>n</i> = 34; 100%) toward vancomycin, tetracycline, and linezolid. Among the <i>S. epidermidis</i> isolates, the methicillin resistance gene (<i>mecA</i>, <i>n</i> = 29; 85.2%, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.000), the erythromycin resistance gene (<i>msrA</i>, <i>n</i> = 19; 55.7%) and the beta-lactamase resistance gene (<i>blaZ</i>, <i>n</i> = 17; 50%) were detected. Detection of <i>mecA</i> (<i>n</i> = 17; 94.4%), <i>msrA</i> (<i>n</i> = 8; 44.4%) and <i>blaZ</i> (<i>n</i> = 11; 61.1%) significantly (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.0052) correlated with very strong biofilm-forming <i>S. epidermidis</i>. <b>Conclusion:</b> Biofilm formation is significantly associated with antibiotic resistance. The study's result will help to understand the molecular mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in biofilm-forming <i>S. epidermidis</i> among pediatric patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8755082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11832270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative Hemoglobin Level Predicts Surgical Site Infections in Trauma Orthopedic Surgery: A Cohort Study.","authors":"Williams Walana, Fredrick Gyilbagr, Alexis D B Buunaaim","doi":"10.1155/jotm/7737328","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/7737328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Surgical site infections resulting from trauma orthopedic surgery increase morbidity and mortality rates and generate additional costs for the healthcare system. Preoperative and postoperative blood parameters have been described as risk predictors for surgical site infection in other surgical areas. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of preoperative and postoperative hematological parameters in predicting the risk of surgical site infections in trauma orthopedic surgery. <b>Methods:</b> Data on patients' demographics were collected from their medical records and the operation reports. Preoperative and postoperative blood samples were collected for a complete blood count assay. The blood cell parameters as predictors of surgical site infection after trauma orthopedic surgery were determined by the Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test to assess the differences in the median between the dependent and independent variables. <i>p</i> value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. <b>Results:</b> Out of the 210 patients who were followed postsurgery, 14 (6.7%) developed surgical site infection following trauma orthopedic surgery. The mean age of the study participants was 33.08 ± 19.23 (Mean ± SD), with a range of 86 to 0.67 years old. Low preoperative hemoglobin level was identified as a predictor of surgical site infection following trauma orthopedic surgery (<i>p</i>=0.019). None of the postoperative blood parameters measured was significantly associated with surgical site infections after trauma orthopedic surgery in Northern Ghana. <b>Conclusion:</b> In conclusion, our study demonstrates that preoperative hemoglobin level is a useful hematological parameter for predicting surgical site infection following trauma orthopedic surgery. These inexpensive and common hematological parameters could assist in guiding preventive efforts to reduce surgical site infections and improve outcomes for vulnerable patients undergoing trauma orthopedic surgery. Assessing preoperative hemoglobin levels is crucial in identifying patients at increased risk of developing surgical site infections. Preoperative optimization, including incorporating hemoglobin levels into predictive risk models can help to assess these at-risk persons better. Educate patients on the need to optimize their hemoglobin levels before surgery and discuss potential interventions, including iron supplementation or transfusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7737328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11824301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143414642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in HIV Diagnosis Algorithm: Experience of the Confirmation Laboratory.","authors":"Özgür Appak, Derya Özarslan, Arzu Nazlı, Ayca Arzu Sayiner","doi":"10.1155/jotm/5111633","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/5111633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm used in HIV diagnosis and to propose an effective new algorithm for rapid diagnosis. In accordance with CDC algorithm, our laboratory uses Architect HIVAg/Ab for screening and Geenius HIV1/2 and Artus HIVirus-1 QS-RGQ for confirmation. The Geenius test was used as a reflex and the HIV-1-RNA required clinician order. The HIVAg/Ab test was performed in 82,882 sera and found to be reactive in 262 (0.3%). HIV-antibody confirmatory testing was performed on 79% of samples with a reactive screening test, and the presence of HIV-1 antibodies was confirmed in 51% (105/206). Half of the samples with positive-screening but negative-antibody confirmatory results were tested for HIV1-RNA, and viremia was detected in 5, confirming acute HIV1 infection. HIV1-RNA was not ordered for 49 samples with positive-screening and negative antibody-confirmation tests, and 16 of these were considered false-reactive by the clinician. The Geenius assay result was indeterminate in 1.45% (3/206) of the samples. In the algorithm, the number of Geenius tests would have been reduced by 25% if HIV-1-RNA had been applied as a reflex test to HIV-Ag/Ab positive samples and Geenius testing had been performed on RNA negative samples. A retrospective analysis showed that the HIV diagnostic algorithm was not fully implemented. An important factor was that clinicians did not order HIV-1-RNA-PCR from ELISA reactive and Geenius test negative patients. Requesting HIV-1 RNA PCR as a reflex test is thought to prevent patient losses and shorten the turnaround time of the HIV diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"5111633"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11824811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143414639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor Residual Spraying With Fludora Fusion for Malaria Control in Pyrethroid-Resistant Areas of Gujarat, India: A Community-Randomized Trial.","authors":"Raghavendra Kamaraju, Chandra Sekhar Pant, Sreehari Uragayala, Rajendra Kumar Baharia, Harish Chandra Srivastava, Rajpal Singh Yadav","doi":"10.1155/jotm/9237780","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/9237780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has necessitated a need to evaluate new insecticide molecules with different modes of action. In the present study, Fludora Fusion 562.5 WP-SB (clothianidin 50% + deltamethrin 6.25% AI/kg) was evaluated for its efficacy and residual action for the control of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vector, <i>Anopheles culicifacies</i> (Diptera: Culicidae), during May 2017 to February 2018 in Gujarat state, India. <b>Methods:</b> Fludora Fusion at the dose of 225 mg AI/m² and bendiocarb at a dose of 400 mg AI/m² as a positive control were sprayed in 5 villages each in districts of Kheda, Vadodara, and Panchmahal. The persistence of their efficacy on different local surfaces was determined against <i>An. culicifacies</i>. Entomological indices such as indoor resting density, human landing collections, pyrethrum spray collections, and exit trap collections were monitored to assess the impact of spraying. <b>Results:</b> The observed residual action of Fludora Fusion on mud and cement surfaces was for 6 months and bendiocarb for 3-4 months on both surfaces. Indoor resting densities and parous rate of <i>An. culicifacies</i> were significantly lower in houses sprayed with Fludora Fusion compared to bendiocarb-sprayed houses. Daily entomological inoculation rate (EIR) declined from 1.275 during prespray period to 0.5225 in the Fludora Fusion arm and 0.3802 in the Ficam arm in postspray period, indicating a reduction in the malaria transmission potential of <i>An. culicifacies</i> in both arms. <b>Conclusion:</b> Based on the residual action of the Fludora Fusion on most common sprayed surfaces and its effects on the elements of vectorial capacity, Fludora Fusion at 225 mg/m² dose was found effective for more than 6 months and could be a potential option for the control of resistant mosquito vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9237780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11824840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143414641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects and Mechanisms of Silibinin on Influenza A/H1N1 Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model.","authors":"Mohsen Keshavarz, Mohsen Ghorbani, Forough Shamsizadeh, Haideh Namdari, Vahid Salimi, Farhad Rezaei","doi":"10.1155/jotm/6618423","DOIUrl":"10.1155/jotm/6618423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid extracted from milk thistle. It has potent immunomodulatory effects and can inhibit the replication of influenza A virus (IAV). The present study aimed to determine the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion patterns in mice before and after silibinin treatment. For this, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were collected from the thoracic cavity 5 days after the intervention, and viral quantification was performed using TaqMan Real-time PCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in serum and BAL samples. Finally, pathological damage to lung tissue was assessed by pathologists. The results reveal that silibinin pretreatment exhibits a dose-dependent immunomodulatory effect on IFN-γ and IL-10 levels. After the virus challenge, silibinin reduced immune cell infiltration in mouse BAL fluid. These data similarly suggest a remarkable immunomodulatory effect of silibinin. Silibinin also decreased lung damage following the virus challenge in the post-treatment group, but its lung protective properties seem to be due to a different mechanism than when it was administered before infection. Finally, high doses of silibinin (post-treatment) significantly reduced viral load in BAL fluid compared to the virus challenge group. These results support the idea that therapies aimed at moderating immune and inflammatory responses are essential to decrease the mortality rate caused by IAV infection. Silibinin has strong immunomodulatory properties, can inhibit IAV infection, and reduces lung tissue damage in a dose-dependent manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":17527,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Medicine","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6618423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11756948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}