Journal of Wildlife Management最新文献

{"title":"Predictors of female American black bear body mass in an anthropogenic landscape","authors":"Shelley L. Nelson,&nbsp;Patrick C. Carr,&nbsp;Anthony McBride,&nbsp;Lise M. Aubry","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22577","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22577","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic pressure, such as urbanization and habitat loss, can wield many effects on wildlife that radiate through ecosystems. Large carnivores tend to experience these effects more severely than other species, diminishing their viability and altering ecosystem function by suppressing their role as an apex predator. Yet opportunistic carnivores that rely on an omnivorous diet can sometimes take advantage of anthropogenic food and improve their fitness prospects. We quantified the effect of phenotypic and ecological factors on female body mass of the American black bear (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) in New Jersey, USA. Habitat and reliable mast crops in New Jersey keep adult female black bear body mass and reproduction higher than many parts of the United States, and historically, female black bears in the mid-Atlantic states tend to be larger than in other parts of their range. We used data collected from den surveys (<i>n</i> = 317) in northern New Jersey from 1984 to 2019 to examine the shared roles of climate, anthropogenic pressure (human food subsidies, harvest), habitat composition and configuration, natural food availability (hard mast production), and bear characteristics (age, history of human–black bear conflict) on female black bear body mass using generalized linear mixed models. Adult female body mass was heaviest with increased availability of cultivated crop and within low-intensity developed land covers, suggesting anthropogenic food subsidies found in these 2 land cover types are contributing to female overall body mass. A history of conflict with humans explained heavier females, and a quadratic effect of age on body mass supported a senescent decline in adult female body mass later in life. Our results suggest that access to specific land cover types (i.e., crops, low-intensity developments) that provide a diversity of food (e.g., corn, soft and hard mast) and support low human densities, explains female black bear body mass in a fragmented landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.22577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140172850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical communication for environmental action By Sean D. Williams (Ed.), Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2023. pp. 320. $36.95 (paperback). ISBN: 9781438491288","authors":"Ashley B. Williams","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22566","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22566","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140125484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecology and management of black-tailed and mule deer of North America By James R. Heffelfinger, Paul R. Krausman (Eds.), Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 2023. pp. 506. $140.00 (hardcover). ISBN 9781032407609","authors":"Ryan A. Long","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22574","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22574","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140125483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of insecticide spray drift on arthropod prey resources of birds in grasslands in Minnesota","authors":"Katelin M. Goebel,&nbsp;David E. Andersen,&nbsp;Pamela J. Rice,&nbsp;Nicole M. Davros","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22572","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22572","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soybean aphid (<i>Aphis glycines</i>) insecticides are used throughout the Upper Midwest and Great Plains regions of North America, including the farmland region of Minnesota, USA, to combat insect pests. These broad-spectrum, foliar spray insecticides have the potential to drift beyond target fields into nearby grassland cover where birds and other insectivores forage. Arthropods serve important roles in grassland ecology and are susceptible to mortality and sublethal effects from exposure to these pesticides. Our objective was to assess effects of soybean aphid insecticides on grassland arthropods, especially those that are important in grassland bird diets. We measured the abundance, consumable biomass, and family richness of insects and spiders in grasslands adjacent to soybean fields in an agricultural landscape. Soybean fields were treated with chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin, which were the 2 most common foliar pesticides used to control soybean aphids in Minnesota. We compared measures at focal sites to samples collected at reference sites adjacent to corn fields not sprayed for aphids during 3 periods in mid-to-late summer: 1–3 days before spraying, 3–5 days post-spraying, and 19–21 days post-spraying. The abundance of arthropods in focal grasslands was lower 3–5 days after pesticide applications. Coleoptera family richness at focal sites was also lower than at reference sites 3–5 days after pesticide applications. These measures 19–21 days after application were similar to pre-spraying levels, indicating that arthropod populations rebounded during this period. Measures of consumable dry biomass, bird prey abundance, bird prey biomass, family richness of Araneae, family richness of Hemiptera, and family richness of Orthoptera were not different between focal and reference sites after spraying. Our results reveal that reductions in arthropod food abundance for grassland birds are associated with pesticide applications up to 5 days after spraying. We suggest that natural resource managers factor proximity to row crop fields and susceptibility to pesticide drift into decisions about where to add grassland cover to landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.22572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140107814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canadian murre harvest management in the face of uncertainty: a potential biological removal approach","authors":"Amelia R. Cox,&nbsp;Christian Roy,&nbsp;Alan Hanson,&nbsp;Gregory J. Robertson","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22573","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22573","url":null,"abstract":"<p>How to manage harvest under great uncertainty is a fundamental question for many wildlife managers, particularly when resources necessary to estimate abundance or population trends are limited. The large Newfoundland and Labrador murre hunt is the only licensed harvest of seabirds in Canada. Though harvest of thick-billed murres (<i>Uria lomvia</i>) and common murres (<i>Uria aalge</i>) has declined considerably since the 1960−1970s from &gt;500,000 birds taken annually to approximately 100,000 annually in recent years, potential murre colony declines across the North Atlantic have again triggered concerns over the sustainability of murre harvest in Canada. The effect of current harvest is difficult to assess because there is considerable uncertainty in recent population size, trend, demographic rates, licensed harvest, fisheries bycatch, and illegal harvest. To assess the situation, we simulated the population size necessary to sustain current levels of approximated anthropogenic mortality using a potential biological removal approach, which simplifies and constrains population processes to a few key variables. Based on these simulations, the Canadian licensed harvest of thick-billed murre is consistent with conservation management objectives, as is common murre licensed harvest and fisheries bycatch. Adding estimated illegal harvest resulted in unstainable mortality levels in both species. While wildlife managers will need to formally assess the relative costs and benefits of reducing uncertainty in this system through improved harvest and population monitoring, illegal harvest and commercialization need to be addressed to manage Canadian murre populations. Potential biological removal approaches can be a useful framework to assess harvest management decisions for marine birds and other data-limited species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.22573","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140107923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An adaptation of dual-frame sampling for estimating bat population trends in multi-hibernacula systems","authors":"Theodore J. Weller,&nbsp;Katrina J. Smith,&nbsp;Shawn C. Thomas,&nbsp;James A. Baldwin","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22571","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22571","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reliable estimates of population trends are important for prioritizing and implementing wildlife management actions. Abundance estimates are the most informative metric of population status but are difficult and costly to achieve for rare or elusive species. For bat species that are highly mobile and nocturnal, abundance estimates are usually only possible at their roosts. Although they are relatively easy to census in individual roosts, it is often unclear whether observed trends are representative of broader populations trends. Dual-frame sampling is useful for monitoring wildlife populations that exhibit site fidelity and are highly visible but where the proportion of the population in known sites is unknown. We adapted a dual-frame sampling approach to estimate abundance of Townsend's big-eared bats (<i>Corynorhinus townsendii</i>) hibernating in a system of &gt;800 caves at Lava Beds National Monument (LBNM) in northern California, USA, in 2013–2022. Beginning with a list of opportunistically discovered hibernacula, we expanded inference to the entire system by randomly selecting sites and stratifying survey effort according to number of bats observed during previous counts. Following 4 years of surveys, we began substituting survey-informed estimates for some site types to improve efficiency of the monitoring effort. We estimated that a mean of 2,216 ± 112 (SE) bats hibernated at the study site annually and observed fluctuations of up to 22% around the mean population estimate and as much as 21% from the previous year. Despite annual fluctuations, we did not detect a trend in the number of hibernating bats at LBNM over the study period, underlining the challenges of detecting population trends in long-lived species not exposed to pronounced stressors. Because our analytical approach generates reliable estimates of trend while accommodating annual variability in survey effort among years, it should be attractive to wildlife managers faced with shifting priorities and resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140018381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific resource use by wild turkeys in response to hunting activity","authors":"Alaina P. Roth,&nbsp;Patrick H. Wightman,&nbsp;Nicholas M. Masto,&nbsp;Jay R. Cantrell,&nbsp;Charles Ruth,&nbsp;Bradley S. Cohen,&nbsp;Michael J. Chamberlain,&nbsp;Bret A. Collier","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22567","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22567","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hunting causes direct mortality and potentially disrupts normal activities of game and non-game species. As spatial (i.e., selection of hunting areas) and temporal (i.e., only diurnally present) patterns of hunters can become predictable, hunted species may respond accordingly. Risk becomes more dynamic and complex for species that are hunted concurrent with their breeding cycle, and growing literature has noted that wild turkey (<i>Meleagris gallopavo</i> spp.) behaviors can be altered by hunting activity. We allocated global positioning system (GPS) units to 1,500 wild turkey hunters and affixed GPS transmitters to 175 wild turkeys during 2014–2018 on the Webb Wildlife Management Area Complex in South Carolina, USA. We evaluated whether wild turkeys shifted resource selection as a function of hunter resource selection during the progression of hunting seasons. Male wild turkeys avoided areas where stationary hunting bouts occurred during the early hunting season (and selected for these areas before hunting began), whereas females were more likely to select those areas avoided by males by the end of the hunting season. For every 15% increase in predicted probability of an area being hunted, male wild turkeys were 4.16 times less likely to select that area, whereas female wild turkeys were 1.08 times more likely to select that area relative to pre-season periods when hunters were not on the landscape. Hunting activity induced immediate responses by male wild turkeys as they sought refuge away from hunted areas. Coupled with recent research suggesting hunters are more influential than natural predators in reducing the frequency of male vocalizations and eliciting fleeing and avoidance behavior, our results indicate hunting activity could affect distribution and courtship behaviors of male wild turkeys during their breeding season.</p>","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140018106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The basics of scientific writing one more time","authors":"Paul R. Krausman","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22570","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22570","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ever since Leopold (<span>1933</span>:414) included a characteristic of wildlife biologists being “…cooperative to the extent of habitually exchanging services and information,” the importance of communication to the wildlife profession has been emphasized among biologists, the public, policy makers, and anyone interested in effective communication. As an example, consider the plenary session at the 2023 Wildlife Society Conference (80 years after Leopold's words) wherein speakers discussed communicating in an era of mistrust. Communication has been a common theme in other plenary sessions at the annual Wildlife Society Conference (e.g., making wildlife science matter: inspire wildlife professionals to share their science widely and engage with the public [2013]; making science relevant in today's society [2014]; communicating science to diverse audiences [2019]; and in part of other plenary sessions over the years). The importance of effective and accurate communication is an important and ongoing consideration that cannot be overlooked. Likewise, editors must continue to emphasize the basics of scientific writing that have served The Wildlife Society well for decades. Thus, it is without apology that I again pen an editorial about the importance of scientific writing for successful publication of manuscripts (Krausman and Cox <span>2016</span>, <span>2017</span>; Krausman <span>2018</span>). Maintaining writing principles is especially important given that artificial intelligence is rapidly emerging in the publishing world (and often as an undeclared coauthor) and writing by legitimate authors is in danger of being diminished by letting machines do it for them. Difficulties abound when computer programs or others do the writing for authors. Thus, formulating solid ideas and collecting appropriate data to test hypotheses is as important as writing scientific manuscripts clearly and effectively; this methodology is paramount in wildlife science. My objective in this editorial is to emphasize the importance of a few references' authors should consult before writing scientific manuscripts. Thus, the information presented in this editorial is not novel but is too often ignored.</p><p>In my role as Editor-in-Chief, I have heard numerous complaints about publishing research, which often focus on the time required to prepare a manuscript for submission. These complaints are puzzling to me given the time required for all other aspects of the scientific process. Preparing grant proposals are often time-intensive with detailed writing and formatting instructions that must be followed to be considered for funding. Developing rigorous field protocols and collecting data, taking the time to learn statistics, coding, modeling, matrix algebra, R, model selection, new quantitative methods, and all the other skills necessary to be an effective scientist all take a lot longer to master than the time it takes to read a few pages of instructions to authors inten","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.22570","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140018255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing population growth in a bobcat population","authors":"Chadwick P. Lehman,&nbsp;Erin E. Morrison,&nbsp;Brady Y. Neiles,&nbsp;Christopher T. Rota","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22561","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22561","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>) are the most broadly distributed native felid in North America and have substantial ecological and economic importance. Despite this importance, little is known about factors influencing population dynamics of this cryptic carnivore. Given recent apparent declines in abundance, we investigated population growth rate (<i>λ</i>) for a bobcat population in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA, 2016–2022. We constructed and evaluated a females-only matrix population model. Our estimate of asymptotic <i>λ</i>, derived from estimates of vital rates obtained over 6 years, was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.72, 1.02), which indicates that the vital rates in 2016–2022 were inadequate to sustain the population. Elasticity and sensitivity values were highest for changes in adult survival probability followed by, in order, changes in kitten and juvenile survival and adult reproductive contribution. Life-stage simulation analysis also supported that adult survival was most important; however, the juvenile survival (91 day–1 year) component of a bobcat's first year of life was also important and a stronger influence on population growth than the kitten survival (first 90 days) component. For the combination of survival and reproductive rates we estimated positive population growth required either annual adult survival &gt;0.85 or 275-day juvenile survival &gt;0.35, regardless of other vital rates. When assuming a baseline harvest rate of 23.5%, reducing the harvest rate to 9% led to a positive mean growth rate and a &gt;0.50 probability of a growing population. Monitoring juvenile-to-adult harvest ratios can provide an indicator of age structure in the population, and we recommend restricting harvest when that ratio falls below 10%, particularly when managers lack research information on population growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.22561","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140005015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase-dependent red fox expansion into the tundra: implications for management","authors":"Caitlin Wilkinson,&nbsp;Jan Vigués,&nbsp;Marianne Stoessel,&nbsp;Mikael Vinka,&nbsp;Anders Angerbjörn,&nbsp;Karin Norén","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.22569","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jwmg.22569","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Expansion of boreal species into tundra ecosystems is a consequence of climate change and human exploitation that threatens local species through increased predation, competition, and pathogen transmission. Under these circumstances, efficient control of expanding boreal species may be necessary, but the efficiency of such action depends on understanding the ecological influences of expansion. The red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) is expanding into the tundra across the Arctic. In Scandinavia, red foxes threaten local tundra species and communities including the endangered Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>). The ecological dynamics in the tundra are influenced by small rodent cycles (classified into different phases based on seasonal abundance fluctuations), which can affect red fox expansion, distribution, and abundance. We used a 17-year (2004–2020) dataset from the tundra in Sweden, consisting of raw snow track data, to test how cyclic prey influenced red fox distribution and abundance, and subsequently red fox control. The winter abundance of red fox was influenced by small rodent phase, with higher abundance during high prey availability (i.e., increased number of prey numbers) with no support for a time lag between red fox and small rodent abundance. This suggests that high prey availability attracts red foxes to the tundra and that higher immigration from the boreal zone can be expected in response to increased prey abundances. There was no relationship between red fox control and small rodent availability, but control was influenced by red fox abundance during the previous year, which highlights an opportunistic control strategy. We recommend an adaptive management strategy where authorities include small rodent dynamics in the planning and execution of red fox control.</p>","PeriodicalId":17504,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Wildlife Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.22569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140018216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}