{"title":"Solid-State Energy Conversion Devices","authors":"S. J. Angello","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322154","url":null,"abstract":"Conversions of energy in general are considered first, with emphasis on schemes appropriate for energy conversion devices. For the purposes of this paper, the vast numbers of conversion possibilities are restricted to solid-state devices. The direct coupling between heat and electricity is singled out for more detailed discussion of a useful figure of merit. The present state of the thermoelectric generator art is reviewed briefly, with some predictions of future developments.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129576254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low-Temperature Devices","authors":"A. L. McWhorter","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322155","url":null,"abstract":"The basic operating principles of three low-temperature devices the maser, the cryotron, and the cryosar are discussed. In masers the process of stimulated emission of radiation is used to produce an extremely low noise amplifier, with all practical solid state masers thus far employing the electron spins in paramagnetic salts. The cryotron and the cryosar are both primarily intended for computer applications. The former utilizes the phenomenon of superconductivity and its quenching in magnetic fields; the latter uses impact ionization of impurities in semiconductors.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125603566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integrated Circuits and Microminiaturization","authors":"J. Moll","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322156","url":null,"abstract":"The meanings of the words microcircuits, molecular electronics, integrated circuits, and functional devices are examined with the conclusions that, as generally used, the only sensible definitions are as follows: a microcircuit is one in which connections are made between circuit elements on a microscopic scale. Molecular electronics, integrated circuits, and functional devices all have essentially the same meaning, which is that connections are made between circuit elements inside a single block of material without bringing leads out. The next order of miniaturization that is required for space vehicles and large-scale computers will use a microeletronic or molecular electronic technology in combination with conventional miniature techniques. The feasibility of very large components of systems being made by a molecular or microelectronic technique depends on the combination of many orders of magnitude reduction in manufacturing shrinkage combined with the design of circuits to tolerate unreliable or defective elements.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128058345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physical Electronics Underlying Junction Transistor Characteristics","authors":"W. G. Dow","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322152","url":null,"abstract":"In most transistors which are useful to engineering, densities of electrons and holes are low enough so that random energies have the classical Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Also, the customary large ratios of majority-to-minority carrier densities result in majority-carrier flow occurring in response to electric gradients, and minority-carrier flow by diffusion due to concentration gradients. Steps using these principles to derive junction transistor volt-ampere characteristic equations are: 1) interface contact potential determination, 2) expression of emitter and collector currents in terms of random-motion interface penetration, 3) boundary-value solution of the diffusion-flow differential equation, to give minority-carrier density distributions, 4) expression of currents in terms of at-interface density distribution gradients, 5) elimination of at-interface minority-carrier densities between 2) and 4), giving the Ebers and Moll volt-ampere equations. These equations show how base thickness, diffusion lengths, and relative majority carrier densities in emitter, base, and collector affect the characteristics. The residual collector current is found to be a measure of electron-hole pair generation. The relation of this current to surface energy states, and to the associated double layer of charge at and near the surface, is discussed.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132544819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Circuit Theory in a Unified Curriculum","authors":"G. Paskusz, B. Bussell","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322139","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional circuit analysis courses are generally taught by electrical engineering instructors in a proprietary fashion. The underlying reasons for this state of affairs are history and utility; circuit theory was developed from a consideration of electric circuits and found its most important area of application there. Intrinsically, however, circuit theory is no more \"electrical\" than arithmetic is \"financial.\" This paper explains the basis for an abstract circuit course \"abstract\" in the sense that the circuit connotation is not necessarily electrical but may, with equal validity, be mechanical, acoustical, thermal, etc. Generalized circuit variables are classed as either potential or flow variables, and generalized circuit parameters are then categorized according to their behavioral equations (Hooke's Law, Ohm's Law, Fourier's Law, etc.). A simple systematic method of finding a circuit diagram for a system composed of such parameters is shown.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"57 47","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120809328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Education in the Space Age","authors":"B. R. Myers","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322137","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic persistence of scientific and technological development in the past two decades has aroused an intensity of public interest in education which is higher today than at any time in history. Perhaps the greatest impact of scientific progress has been the emergence of a more universal view of human society as a whole. We have two cultures-that of science, and that associated with the more traditional values of the humanities. This paper represents a technologist's attempt to present a bird's eye view of the broad educational scene, both national and international. In discussing the major issue of the controversial scientist-vs-the-non-scientist problem, the author finds that it is the non-scientist-the humanist, the artist, the literary intellectual, the politician-who is the most unbalanced member of our society, in terms of the formal education which he receives.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129283195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Penultimate Teaching Machine","authors":"S. Seshu","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322141","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the possibility of building an electronic transducer to take the place of the existing teaching machines. The tasks that can be performed by such a machine as well as the advantages and risks involved are discussed.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122916189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of Edcucational Aids in Electronics","authors":"H. Stockman","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322140","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"7 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114084587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Laboratory-Problem Centered First Course for Electrical Engineers","authors":"F. J. Young, E. Williams","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322138","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of Carnegie's first course for electrical engineering students are the conversion of basic science into \"root content\" and the development of professional method. Both objectives are met by a program of the solution of a series of professionally difficult but scientifically simple problems, which require both analytical and experimental work. All laboratory work is planned by the student, who takes major responsibility for its conduct and is permitted to make mistakes. Each new problem is used but once. Typical problem solutions require two to three weeks and two to three laboratory periods for completion. Recitation and laboratory work are integrated. Several examples of problems are given, together with typical student plans, student reports, and instructor's comments. General rules for planning such a course are presented. The success of the course and its effect on the rest of the curriculum are discussed.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128667290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Functional Context Method of Instruction","authors":"H. Shoemaker","doi":"10.1109/TE.1960.4322128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.1960.4322128","url":null,"abstract":"This is a discussion of a method of instruction designed to replace conventional methods for training radio repairmen. In traditional radio repair instruction, basic electronics has been taught as a block of instruction preceding instruction on intact equipment and maintenance operations. This approach is criticized for its failure to provide the student with meaningful and relevant contexts for the learning of basic electronics and for the obstacles it presents to the assimilation of basic electronics knowledge into maintenance skills. A new approach, entitled the functional context method, is offered as a means for avoiding these shortcomings. This is accomplished through a topic sequence wherein basic electronics is taught in the broader contexts of over-all equipment functions and maintenance operations.","PeriodicalId":175003,"journal":{"name":"Ire Transactions on Education","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133177343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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