Journal of water and health最新文献

Evaluation of drinking water quality test kits for home use in the United States. 美国家用饮用水水质检测试剂盒的评价。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.289

LeighAnn D'Andrea, Emily Kumpel

{"title":"Evaluation of drinking water quality test kits for home use in the United States.","authors":"LeighAnn D'Andrea, Emily Kumpel","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.289","url":null,"abstract":"Water consumers in the United States may want to test their drinking water using at-home commercially available test kits rather than a certified laboratory due to convenience and affordability. However, while numerous do-it-yourself test kits are available for purchase online or at local stores, these kits are unregulated and lack data on their performance. We evaluated off-the-shelf home drinking water test kits that measure iron, copper, manganese, and fluoride concentrations to investigate whether these kits could reliably provide meaningful results. We evaluated their performance in three water matrices: deionized water (DI), tap water, and river water, and with laboratory-trained personnel compared to untrained users. Our results showed highly repeatable but variable performance in the test kits' ability to detect potential contaminants in the water. Most kits performed best in the DI water matrix with no interference. Our results suggest that there are concerns about their accuracy and usefulness and that whether the results can be relied on depends on which parameter is being measured in which water with which kit and for which purpose.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"350-363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Natural radionuclides in drinking water and annual effective dose to infant, child, and adult. 饮用水中的天然放射性核素及其对婴儿、儿童和成人的年有效剂量。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.316

Gezim Hodolli, Serdar Dizman, Sehad Kadiri, Sami Makolli, Labinot Kastrati

{"title":"Natural radionuclides in drinking water and annual effective dose to infant, child, and adult.","authors":"Gezim Hodolli, Serdar Dizman, Sehad Kadiri, Sami Makolli, Labinot Kastrati","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.316","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the annual effective dose from drinking water across different age categories, considering various sources of water. The water samples were collected from different locations, with the samples categorized into public drinking water systems, private wells, and bottled water. In the drinking water samples, no radionuclides other than Ra-226, Th-232, K-40, and H-3 were detected. The average tritium concentration in drinking water was measured at 1.84 Bq L-1, significantly below the permissible safety standards. The study indicated that infants received the highest annual effective dose from drinking water, averaging 0.88 mSv year-1, compared to 0.11 mSv*year-1 for children and 0.08 mSv*year-1 for adults. Among the different water sources, well water from Stublla village showed significantly elevated levels at 0.49 mSv*year-1. The highest contribution to the annual effective dose from the ingestion of drinking water comes from Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40, with average values of 1.72, 0.42, and 0.161 mSv*year-1, respectively. Despite these variations, the average annual effective doses from drinking water for infants, children, and adults were 0.81, 0.098, and 0.076 mSv year-1, respectively. Based on drinking water sources, the Stublla region had the highest yearly effective dosage, with an average value of 0.49 mSv year-1.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"373-383"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hydrological and physicochemical parameters associated with SARS-CoV-2 and pepper mild mottle virus wastewater concentrations for a large-combined sewer system. 大型联合下水道系统中与SARS-CoV-2和辣椒轻度斑驳病毒废水浓度相关的水文和物理化学参数。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.352

Luan Nguyen Thanh, Mounia Hachad, Natasha McQuaid, Kateryna Krylova, Loan Nguyen Ha Thanh, Flavia Visentin, Jean-Baptiste Burnet, Fernando Sanchez Quete, Thomas Maere, Alexandra Tsitouras, Peter Vanrolleghem, Dominic Frigon, Stephanie Loeb, Sarah Dorner, Eyerusalem Goitom

{"title":"Hydrological and physicochemical parameters associated with SARS-CoV-2 and pepper mild mottle virus wastewater concentrations for a large-combined sewer system.","authors":"Luan Nguyen Thanh, Mounia Hachad, Natasha McQuaid, Kateryna Krylova, Loan Nguyen Ha Thanh, Flavia Visentin, Jean-Baptiste Burnet, Fernando Sanchez Quete, Thomas Maere, Alexandra Tsitouras, Peter Vanrolleghem, Dominic Frigon, Stephanie Loeb, Sarah Dorner, Eyerusalem Goitom","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.352","url":null,"abstract":"During COVID-19, surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater has been a promising tool for tracking viral infection at the community level. However, in addition to the shedding rates within the community, SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in raw wastewater are influenced by several environmental factors. This study investigated the effects of wastewater characteristics on the viral quantification of SARS-CoV-2 and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) for a large wastewater system with combined sewers. Principal component analysis illustrated that water temperature negatively correlates with SARS-CoV-2 and PMMoV in wastewater, but flow rate and EC are highly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 in spring and winter. The normalization using EC enhanced the correlation with clinical data compared to normalization using pH, flow rate, and raw SARS-CoV-2. The normalization using PMMoV reduced the correlation with clinical data. Multiple linear and random forest (RF) applied to predict the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, given the confirmed cases and physicochemical parameters. RF regression was the best model to predict SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater (R2=0.8), with the most important variables being the confirmed cases followed by water temperature. RF model is a potent predictor of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. This enhances the degree of reliability between community outbreaks and SARS-CoV-2 monitoring.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"413-427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modular decentralized water system associated with improved child health and increased in-home water use in remote Alaska Native communities. 模块化分散式供水系统与改善儿童健康和增加阿拉斯加偏远土著社区的家庭用水有关。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.292

Amanda Hansen, Gretchen Day, Marla Wehrli, Laura Eichelberger

引用次数: 0

WASH for everyone, everywhere: marketplaces as a multiplex pathway for improving inclusive access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in Vanuatu. 人人享有、无处不在的WASH：市场是瓦努阿图改善包容性获得水、环境卫生和个人卫生的多重途径。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.165

Krishna Kumar Kotra, Regina T Souter, Heather Molitambe, Mark Love

{"title":"WASH for everyone, everywhere: marketplaces as a multiplex pathway for improving inclusive access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in Vanuatu.","authors":"Krishna Kumar Kotra, Regina T Souter, Heather Molitambe, Mark Love","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.165","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for access to safe WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) practices, especially in non-household settings. This study examined the COVID response measures and WASH infrastructure and services situation in and around 14 marketplaces in three provinces in the Republic of Vanuatu during the pandemic. A total of 144 surveys and 42 interviews were undertaken with market stakeholders and government officials, including structured observations. 93% of the vendors were women, with 43% forced to change their product during COVID. 56% of vendors brought their own water containers, 40% of whom shared them with family; 16% of vendors had visible soap at their stalls. Rural market vendors were less likely to follow or observe protective measures. Six of seven rainwater tanks at markets tested positive for Escherichia coli. Among other things, the highly gendered space of 'marketing' and the centrality of marketplaces to both local food security and livelihoods brings into sharp relief the multiplex and inter-connected character of WASH. Marketplaces stand as an optimal 'leverage point' for not only improving and scaling-up WASH services but also building greater WASH literacy and behavior change.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"301-313"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bibliometrics and visualization analysis of microplastics research in water from 2011 to 2023. 2011 - 2023年水中微塑料研究的文献计量学和可视化分析。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.211

Lei Jiang, Meiyi Wang, Shan He, Jiabo Ren, Tong Zhang, Zhihui Cheng

{"title":"Bibliometrics and visualization analysis of microplastics research in water from 2011 to 2023.","authors":"Lei Jiang, Meiyi Wang, Shan He, Jiabo Ren, Tong Zhang, Zhihui Cheng","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.211","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics in water have emerged as a significant public concern in recent years due to their potential adverse impacts on both human and animal health. This study conducts an analysis of articles published in key journals indexed in the Web of Science from 2011 to 2023, employing CiteSpace and VOSviewer for data extraction and visualization. The results elucidate a marked increase in both the number of publications and citations since 2018. Initially, the United Kingdom was at the forefront of research output in this domain, with a publication proportion of 16.59% from 2011 to 2017 and 4.37% from 2018 to 2023. However, the proportion of publications in China has increased from 10.31 to 40.45%. Notably, the Marine Pollution Bulletin has not only been an early contributor to this field but also holds the record for the highest number of published articles. Keyword analysis indicates research trends and hotspots. Recent investigations on microplastic removal techniques have predominantly centered on adsorption. Moreover, studies focusing on microplastics in surface water have also garnered considerable attention. This study offers a comprehensive review of existing research and provides guidance for future directions in microplastic research.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"322-335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Case report: contamination of a drinking water distribution system by Exophiala-dominated biofilm in the Midwestern United States. 病例报告：美国中西部一个饮用水分配系统被外寄生菌主导的生物膜污染。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.173

Jon C King, Emma Lancaster, Alicia Myers, Jiyoung Lee, Karen C Dannemiller

{"title":"Case report: contamination of a drinking water distribution system by Exophiala-dominated biofilm in the Midwestern United States.","authors":"Jon C King, Emma Lancaster, Alicia Myers, Jiyoung Lee, Karen C Dannemiller","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.173","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal contamination of drinking water distribution systems can impact water quality with implications for public health. We document an instance of Exophiala spp. biofilm contamination of customer taps in the Midwest United States following consumer complaints. Three samples of black biofilm were collected from customer taps in Ohio and then processed using next-generation DNA sequencing of the bacterial 16S and fungal ITS regions. Two samples with successful ITS sequencing were dominated by Exophiala spp., putatively identified as E. cancerae and E. lecanii-corni. Dominant bacterial phyla in samples included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. Bacterial composition varied substantially at the family and genus levels, and potentially pathogenic bacteria (i.e., Acinetobacter spp., Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) were detected. The potential for fungal contamination of drinking water distribution systems should be evaluated when biofilms are observed.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"314-321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aeromonas, an opportunistic pathogen present in wastewater in Tulancingo, Mexico. 气单胞菌，一种存在于墨西哥图兰各戈废水中的机会致病菌。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.242

Nydia E Reyes-Rodríguez, Juan M Talavera-González, Fabián R Gómez de-Anda, Jorge A Varela-Guerrero, Andrea Paloma Zepeda-Velázquez, Vicente Vega-Sánchez

{"title":"Aeromonas, an opportunistic pathogen present in wastewater in Tulancingo, Mexico.","authors":"Nydia E Reyes-Rodríguez, Juan M Talavera-González, Fabián R Gómez de-Anda, Jorge A Varela-Guerrero, Andrea Paloma Zepeda-Velázquez, Vicente Vega-Sánchez","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.242","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater is free in the environment and is an important source of contamination. One of the microorganisms that is present in aquatic environments is Aeromonas, so the objective of this study was to identify the presence of Aeromonas in the Tulancingo River. A total of 55 presumptive isolates of Aeromonas spp. were obtained by means of phenotypic characteristics; of these, 80% (44/55) were positive for the gcat gene, and 100% (44/44) of those were confirmed to be Aeromonas spp. by means of the rpoD gene, where Aeromonas caviae was identified in 43.2%, Aeromonas media in 29.5%, Aeromonas hydrophila in 11.3%, Aeromonas salmonicida in 9.1%, and Aeromonas allosaccharophila, Aeromonas lusitana, and Aeromonas veronii in 2.3% each. The genus Aeromonas is capable of causing infections in humans. Aeromonad wastewater can resist treatment processes if not done correctly, which represents a potential route of contamination. Therefore, its presence should not be underestimated, and it should be considered to be a true gastrointestinal pathogen. In addition, specific actions must be taken, mainly with the use of wastewater treatment plants. All of this will ensure the quality of treated water and its reuse for the irrigation of agricultural growing areas, thus mitigating potential health threats.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"336-349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correlation of oxidative stress enzymes and histological alteration in the gastrointestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus induced with alpha olefin sulfonate. α -烯烃磺酸盐诱导的加里平Clarias胃肠道氧化应激酶与组织学改变的相关性

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.040

Thomas Ikpesu, Alexander Amechi Odagwe

{"title":"Correlation of oxidative stress enzymes and histological alteration in the gastrointestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus induced with alpha olefin sulfonate.","authors":"Thomas Ikpesu, Alexander Amechi Odagwe","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.040","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined antioxidant system responses and gastrointestinal pathological changes related to alpha olefin sulfonate (α-OS) toxicity in generated oxidative stress. Clarias gariepinus, self-bred fish, including the control, were exposed to α-OS concentrations observed in the field (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/l) for 30 days. Sigma-Aldrich test kits were used to assess reduced glutathione S-transferase (GST) spectrophotometrically, while abnormal changes or damage in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were examined under a microscope. In plasma, α-OS exposure increased GST activities by 73%, varying with dose and duration. Glutathione (GSH) activity decreased by 26% but had few impacts. Increasing α-OS concentration and exposure duration led to histopathologic damage in the GIT, while the control fish had a normal GIT architecture. Fish absorb surfactants easily through their skin and gills, and blood circulates them to their organs. Fish contamination lowers human resistance by altering numerous enzymes through the food chain. When other contaminants are present in high amounts, the combined toxicity damages biota more than either pollutant alone. Any detergent contamination in coastal waters should be addressed seriously because the organisms that are low on the food chain and other sensitive ones will be eliminated even at low concentrations.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"277-287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficacy of anaerobic digestion wastewater treatment systems in reducing antimicrobial resistance bacteria in wastewater from swine farms in Thailand. 厌氧消化废水处理系统在减少泰国养猪场废水中抗菌素耐药性细菌方面的效果。

IF 2.5 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of water and health Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.323

Kanjana Changkaew, Manaporn Wongsoonthornchai, Bussarakam Thitanuwat, Ruchirada Changkwanyeun, Phashararat Yoogate

{"title":"Efficacy of anaerobic digestion wastewater treatment systems in reducing antimicrobial resistance bacteria in wastewater from swine farms in Thailand.","authors":"Kanjana Changkaew, Manaporn Wongsoonthornchai, Bussarakam Thitanuwat, Ruchirada Changkwanyeun, Phashararat Yoogate","doi":"10.2166/wh.2025.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2025.323","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns among the fecal indicator bacteria and analyze the characteristics of wastewater from anaerobic digestion (AD) wastewater treatment systems in swine farms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were identified by conventional and molecular methods. AMR profiles and wastewater quality were analyzed using standard methods. The results indicated that the primary resistances observed in E. coli were against AM, TE, SXT, and DO. Among Enterococcus spp., the highest resistance was noted for TE, followed by E, CIP, and NX. Enterococcus faecium showed the highest resistance to CIP, NX, and TE. Multidrug-resistant-E. coli and enterococci were 64.2 and 32.6%, respectively. Furthermore, CL-resistant E. coli and VA-resistant Enterococcus spp. were reported. Compared with influent, the proportion of AMR E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in effluent was decreased. This decline suggested that AD effectively removed antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB). However, high influent biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and chemical oxygen demand levels demonstrated significant pollution. Therefore, swine farms should prioritize waste management and regular maintenance of treatment systems to enhance the removal of ARB and pollutants. This study analyzed data from only three farms, highlighting the need for future research with a larger sample.","PeriodicalId":17436,"journal":{"name":"Journal of water and health","volume":"23 3","pages":"384-396"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0