Journal of thermal biology最新文献

{"title":"The effect of heat stress on paper wasps from different climates","authors":"Astrid Bay Amstrup ,&nbsp;Helmut Kovac ,&nbsp;Helmut Käfer ,&nbsp;Anton Stabentheiner ,&nbsp;Jesper Givskov Sørensen","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a warming world, mechanisms for coping with stressfully high temperatures are of great importance to ectotherms such as insects. Among these mechanisms is the Heat Shock Response, which aids in recovery from heat stress and increases thermal resistance. The primitively eusocial paper wasps (<em>Polistes</em> spp.) are found across widely varying thermal environments, showcasing their adaptability with regard to temperature. We investigated the Heat Shock Response in paper wasp adults by measuring the expression of heat shock proteins (<em>hsp70</em>, <em>hsp83</em>, <em>hsc70</em>) under control conditions (22–24 °C) or following a heat exposure (42 °C or 44 °C). Additionally, we measured heat stress resistance as time to knockdown. The wasps were collected from three climatic regions (Alpine, temperate, Mediterranean) and included three closely related species (<em>P. biglumis</em>, <em>P. dominula</em>, <em>P. gallicus</em>) to investigate if they used the Heat Shock Response differently. We found evidence of species-specific basal expression under control conditions, with the Mediterranean <em>P. gallicus</em> showing the highest expression. Both <em>hsp70</em> and <em>hsp83</em> were found to be highly responsive to heat stress. The results of the time to knockdown assay indicated a difference in both basal tolerance and in the response to heat stress between species and climates of origin. Overall, the study shows the multifunctionality of the Heat Shock Response, as the utilization differed between species depending on geographical origins. The results suggest that a quick adaptive utilization of the Heat Shock Response could be one of the physiological traits allowing paper wasp species to inhabit such widely different thermal environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-induced metabolic performance in early life stages of two brachyuran crabs","authors":"Kerry-Ann van der Walt ,&nbsp;Seshnee Reddy ,&nbsp;Antony M. Knights ,&nbsp;Louise B. Firth ,&nbsp;Francesca Porri","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding marine species' metabolic responses to short- and long-term temperature variation is critical for predicting the resilience of communities and ecosystems at local and global scales. This study investigated the effect of temperature on the routine metabolic rate (RMR) across the zoea and megalopa stages of two brachyuran species, <em>Hymenosoma orbiculare</em> and <em>Pinnotheres</em> sp. Respirometry results under temperatures ranging from 11 to 25 °C revealed stage- and species-specific metabolic responses. In <em>H. orbiculare</em>, RMR in the megalopa life stage increased steeply and significantly at 22 °C, whereas the zoea life stage showed no significant change across the temperature range tested. For <em>Pinnotheres</em> sp., the megalopa life stage also exhibited significant RMR increases above 19 °C, while the zoea life stage showed stable RMR. These results demonstrate that megalopae, particularly <em>H. orbiculare</em>, are more metabolically sensitive to acute warming, operating closer to their physiological limits, while zoeae maintain relative stability, but may be constrained by limited plasticity under sustained warming. Species-level comparisons indicate that <em>H. orbiculare</em><em>,</em> with its higher and more variable RMR, is more vulnerable than <em>Pinnotheres</em> sp., whose larval stages maintain comparatively stable metabolism. This study highlights the importance of understanding life-stage- and species-specific thermal responses to better predict larval survival, recruitment, and resilience under future climate warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fall-like acclimation alters mitochondrial function and substrate use in freeze-tolerant crickets","authors":"Nicolas Pichaud ,&nbsp;Hichem A. Menail ,&nbsp;Kenechukwu C. Ojukwu ,&nbsp;Pier Morin ,&nbsp;Jantina Toxopeus","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acclimation to low temperatures in insects involves complex metabolic adjustments to ensure survival. Notably, cryoprotectants including glycerol, trehalose and proline can accumulate in insects to promote freeze tolerance. Interestingly, these metabolites can also be converted to metabolic fuels sustaining mitochondrial ATP production. This study investigates the metabolic shifts in the freeze-tolerant cricket <em>Gryllus veletis</em> during fall-like acclimation, focusing on mitochondrial function and its possible link with cryoprotectant accumulation. We hypothesized that fall-like acclimation promotes a shift in mitochondrial substrate utilization within the fat body tissue of crickets, transitioning from a reliance on substrates that donate electrons to complex I (e.g., carbohydrates and fatty acids) toward increased utilization of alternative substrates, such as glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), which can be derived from glycerol. We demonstrated that acclimation leads to lower glycogen content in the fat body, concomitant with increased pyruvate kinase activity, suggesting increased carbon flux through glycolysis. Moreover, we observed decreased overall mitochondrial oxygen consumption and enzymatic activity of cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase. Interestingly, while overall mitochondrial capacity decreased, the relative contribution of G3P to mitochondrial metabolism increased, supported by increased enzymatic activity of mitochondrial G3P dehydrogenase. Thus, fall-like acclimation appears to induce a metabolic shift in crickets, redirecting metabolites away from the tricarboxylic acid cycle and towards the production of G3P, which subsequently sustains mitochondrial respiration. This study reveals a key mechanism associated with the development of freeze tolerance in crickets, which could also be important for other cold- and freeze-tolerant insect species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive understanding of thermal tolerance in Percocypris pingi (Tchang, 1930) under different acclimation temperatures supported by behavioral assessments","authors":"Yongyao Guo (郭勇垚) ,&nbsp;Tong Li (李童) ,&nbsp;Li Liu (刘丽) ,&nbsp;Tiancai Li (李天才) ,&nbsp;Longjun Deng (邓龙君) ,&nbsp;Siyi Zhu (朱思艺) ,&nbsp;Shun Zhong (钟顺) ,&nbsp;Qingjie Wang (王庆杰) ,&nbsp;Dongjie Wang (王冬杰) ,&nbsp;Wei Luo (罗伟) ,&nbsp;Zongjun Du (杜宗君)","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed the thermal limits of <em>Percocypris pingi</em>, initially reared at 9.86 °C. Fish were short-term acclimated to 12 °C, 18 °C, and 24 °C for two weeks, and their CT_max and CT_min were determined. A separate group underwent long-term acclimation in outdoor conditions, where water temperatures averaged 2.66 °C higher than the species' natural habitat. In September, when temperatures reached 28.91 °C, their CT_max was re-evaluated. Behavioral indicators—swimming speed, shoal cohesion, and temperature preference—were used to support thermal tolerance assessments. Our findings indicate that <em>P. pingi</em> exhibits a narrow thermal tolerance range. Specifically, fish acclimated at 12 °C, 18 °C, 24 °C and long-term acclimation of 28.91 °C showed CT_max values of 33.11 °C, 34.26 °C, 34.55 °C and 35.01 °C. Although CT_max increases only slightly with higher acclimation temperatures, recovery after the CT_max measurement was significantly impaired in the group acclimated at 24 °C for a short term. Only 13.33 % of individuals recovered within 30 min compared to 100 % in other groups. Behavioral analyses showed stable swimming speeds near CT_max in the 18 °C and 24 °C groups, but heightened activity in the 12 °C group. Additionally, shoaling behavior became more dispersed during CT_max testing. Temperature preference tests indicated a consistent inclination toward cooler zones (12–18 °C), suggesting that <em>P. pingi</em> may actively seek thermal refuges in natural environments to mitigate thermal stress. Habitat temperatures (19.5–27.6 °C) remain below the species’ thermal tolerance (&gt;33 °C), according to WorldClim data. Our temperature and behavioral data provide a reliable assessment of thermal risks for <em>P. pingi</em> and offer guidance for its conservation under climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stage-specific and cumulative effects of heat stress on male and female reproductive performance in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Abhishek Meena,&nbsp;Komal Maggu,&nbsp;Alessio N. De Nardo,&nbsp;Viktor Kovalov,&nbsp;Benjamin Eggs,&nbsp;Stefan Lüpold","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frequent heat events, driven by climate change, pose significant threats to biodiversity, particularly for insects and other ectothermic species with limited thermoregulatory capacities. Beyond affecting survival, heat stress can severely impair reproductive fitness. Previous studies have typically examined the effects of heat events on single reproductive stages or sexes. However, the thermal sensitivity likely varies across sex-specific reproductive stages, from gonad development to post-mating gamete interactions. Here, we investigated the timing- and sex-specific effects of heat stress across key reproductive stages in <em>Drosophila melanogaster.</em> Using a full-factorial design, we exposed males and females to heat stress during development, as premating adults, and after mating to assess stage-specific and cumulative impacts on reproductive performance. Our results revealed the highest thermal sensitivity during post-mating sperm storage by females, where even brief heat stress critically reduced reproductive output. Pre-mating adult heat exposure also affected both sexes, but less severely, whilst developmental heat exposure had the least impact and mostly on males. These findings highlight the critical role of timing and sex-specific reproductive stages in mediating thermal fertility. Our study provides novel insights into the vulnerability of sex-specific reproductive stages to heat stress, offering essential knowledge for predicting more accurate population dynamics and persistence under increasingly variable thermal conditions driven by climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144763684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of nucleation temperature and hydroxyethyl starch on ice crystal growth: Implications for cell viability during extreme temperature fluctuations","authors":"Nishaka William ,&nbsp;Anika Rahman ,&nbsp;Jason P. Acker","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme temperature fluctuations during routine handling and shipping of cryopreserved cell products significantly compromise product quality in ways that extend beyond the duration and peak temperature of the fluctuation. The type of cryoprotectant used and the initial ice nucleation temperature influence ice crystal growth during rewarming events, in turn impacting cell survival. Using a cryomicroscope together with temperature profiles recorded in cord-blood units, ice crystal growth was tracked through five transient-warming events (TWEs) that peaked at −30 °C, −20 °C, or −10 °C. Initial freezing conditions were modified either by adding 6 % (w/v) hydroxyethyl starch (HES) or by lowering the ice-nucleation temperature by 10 °C. Across five TWEs, ice-crystal area saw the greatest increase when the peak rewarming temperature was −10 °C. Although adding HES further accelerated this recrystallization, it still protected Jurkat cells after a single TWE. Lowering the nucleation temperature also improved viability in samples warmed to −20 °C, regardless of HES supplementation. These findings show that ice crystal growth is not the sole cause of injury during transient rewarming; other temperature-dependent stresses also play a role. Importantly, careful optimisation of cryoprotectant composition and nucleation temperature can bolster cellular resilience to temperature excursions, potentially reducing quality losses during the storage and transport of cryopreserved therapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poroelastic modeling of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia: Effects of infusion-induced tissue deformation on drug distribution and thermal damage","authors":"Aishik Dinda,&nbsp;Sujit Nath","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive poroelastic modeling approach to investigate the effects of infusion-induced tissue deformation on drug distribution and thermal damage during magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) hyperthermia treatment. A three-dimensional computational model of a breast tumor nodule was developed, which incorporated interstitial fluid flow, nanoparticle transport, and heat transfer. The model accounted for the elastic deformation of the soft tissue caused by the infusion pressure at the needle tip. Comparative analyses were performed using a simplified Darcy model to highlight the significance of poroelasticity in capturing complex fluid-structure interactions within the tumor microenvironment. The results revealed that tissue deformation led to the formation of fluid pockets near the infusion site, reducing interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and altering nanoparticle concentration profiles. Pharmacokinetic assessments using the area under the curve (AUC) indicated that larger nanoparticles with higher initial concentration, enhanced the drug-tissue contact duration, particularly in the tumor region. However, the clustering of nanoparticles within the fluid pockets hinders their magnetic relaxation, leading to a decrease in the specific absorption rate and a delay in thermal damage. This study emphasizes the importance of considering infusion-induced tissue mechanics in the design and optimization of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia treatments. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between drug delivery, tissue deformation, and thermal therapy, paving the way for more effective and precise cancer treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dehydration effects on the thermal biology and locomotor performance of the South American White-lipped Grassfrog, Leptodactylus fuscus","authors":"Georgia K. Kosmala,&nbsp;Luis M. Senzano,&nbsp;Mariana Routh,&nbsp;Nycolle A.O. Silva,&nbsp;Luis F. Montes,&nbsp;Denis V. Andrade","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amphibians must constantly balance two vital physiological demands: maintaining adequate hydration and regulating body temperature. The behavioral adjustments required to support these needs often conflict, especially for terrestrial species, where performance-enhancing body temperatures typically increase the risk of dehydration. The complex interplay among these factors affects all aspects of amphibians’ biology and is thought to be highly sensitive to changes in climate and environment. Herein, we investigated how dehydration affects aspects of the thermal biology of the ground-dwelling frog <em>Leptodactylus fuscus,</em> a species tightly associated with terrestrial habitats. We investigated the frog's locomotor performance across different combinations of temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) and hydration levels (100, 90 and 80 %), focusing on traits such as optimal temperature, maximal performance, and thermal performance breadth. We also investigated how dehydration affected their preferred body temperature, critical thermal maximum and minimum, and the thermal tolerance breadth. We found that dehydration reduced maximal performance capacity but did not affect optimal temperature or thermal performance breadth. Dehydrated frogs reduced their critical thermal maximum but not the critical thermal minimum, and as a result, narrowed their thermal tolerance breadth. Dehydration did not affect the frog's preferred body temperature, a response thought to be convenient to water conservation, since it reduces the potential for evaporative water loss. In general, the interplay between performance, temperature, and hydration state in <em>L. fuscus</em> seems to reflect the more terrestrial habit of this species and the climatic features of its habitat. The deleterious effects of combined hot and dehydrating conditions on the absolute levels of maximal performance may bear important consequences to the fitness and persistence of the species, and predicted scenarios of extreme heat and intense drought events bear more concern in the light of these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold tolerance of European populations of Drosophila suzukii varies among seasonal phenotypes","authors":"Madelena De Ro ,&nbsp;Tom Devos ,&nbsp;Nick Berkvens ,&nbsp;Hans Casteels ,&nbsp;Jochem Bonte ,&nbsp;Hervé Colinet ,&nbsp;Patrick De Clercq","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The invasive Asian fruit fly <em>Drosophila suzukii</em> is a significant pest of soft and stone fruits in large parts of the world, including Europe. Understanding its performance at low temperatures is crucial for establishing sustainable management programs. In this paper, we compared the cold tolerance of summer-acclimated (developed at 25 °C, 16:8 h (L:D)) and winter-acclimated (developed at 10 °C, 8:16 h (L:D)) males and females of one Southern European (Spanish) and two northern European (Belgian) populations by means of two common indices: (1) the lower lethal temperature (LLTemp) and (2) the lower lethal time (LLtime). Winter-acclimated <em>D. suzukii</em> adults proved to be substantially more cold tolerant than summer-acclimated adults. Their LLtime₅₀ values were significantly longer than those of summer-acclimated flies and this was the case for all tested temperatures. Winter-like acclimation also resulted in more negative LLTemp values. Non-uniform differences in cold susceptibility between males and females were found, depending on the exposure conditions and the treatment groups. Variations in cold tolerance among Belgian and Spanish populations were observed too, albeit these were more likely ascribed to variations among individuals than to variations due to geographic origin and adaption. Overall, our results indicate that phenotypic plasticity in the field can strongly increase the low temperature performance of <em>D. suzukii</em>, thereby facilitating its overwintering success in temperate climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Susceptibility of acute sleep deprivation to cerebral cortex depolarization assisted by conductive nanoparticles based on medical thermography” [J. Thermal Biol. 131 (2025) 104193]","authors":"Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Dan Wu ,&nbsp;Xudong Luo ,&nbsp;Congli Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtherbio.2025.104250","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17428,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thermal biology","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 104250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}