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Tonic-phasic-channel dichotomy and Crozier's law. 强相通道二分法和克罗泽定律。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1983-02-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.73.000183
C R Ingling, E Martinez, A L Lewis
{"title":"Tonic-phasic-channel dichotomy and Crozier's law.","authors":"C R Ingling,&nbsp;E Martinez,&nbsp;A L Lewis","doi":"10.1364/josa.73.000183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.73.000183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The constancy of the dynamic range in a luminance-discrimination task is known as Crozier's law; an old rule says that about half of a log unit spans the range from a low to a high frequency of seeing. For our conditions the slope of the psychometric function is steeper for short than for long test flashes; Crozier's law requires a different constant when temporal parameters change. This result is substantiated by an analysis of Massof's data [Vision Res. 21,995 (1981)] on the variation of the slope of psychometric curves for different wavelengths. The change in Crozier's constant between conditions may reflect the presence of more than one detection channel. If short test flashes are detected by phasic channels and long test flashes by both phasic and tonic channels, then our result implies a shorter dynamic range for phasic (Y-cell) than for tonic (X-cell) channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"73 2","pages":"183-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.73.000183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17885055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Functional relationship between chromatic induction and luminance of the inducing stimulus. 色觉诱导与诱导刺激亮度的函数关系。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1983-02-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.73.000198
S Takahashi, Y Ejima
{"title":"Functional relationship between chromatic induction and luminance of the inducing stimulus.","authors":"S Takahashi,&nbsp;Y Ejima","doi":"10.1364/josa.73.000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.73.000198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We determined the functional relationship between chromatic induction and luminance of the inducing stimulus for different spatial conditions and assessed whether the effects of luminance and spatial variables could be explained in terms of the total effective energy in the inducing field. The result showed that the relationship between chromatic induction and luminance of the inducing stimulus could be mathematically expressed by an exponential function of the luminance ratio between the test and inducing stimuli and that the coefficient of the exponent was independent of spatial variables, i.e., area and separation. This led to the conclusion that a luminance ratio between two fields, rather than a quantum energy of the inducing field, was a relevant determinant of the effect of luminance of the inducing stimulus on chromatic induction.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"73 2","pages":"198-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.73.000198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17885057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Relationship between chromatic induction and spatial variables: an integrated explanation in terms of element-contribution function. 色归纳法与空间变量的关系:基于元素贡献函数的综合解释。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1983-02-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.73.000203
Y Ejima, S Takahashi
{"title":"Relationship between chromatic induction and spatial variables: an integrated explanation in terms of element-contribution function.","authors":"Y Ejima,&nbsp;S Takahashi","doi":"10.1364/josa.73.000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.73.000203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chromatic induction as a function of separation and as a function of area was determined by a hue-cancellation procedure. Both functions obtained were expressed by exponential functions with similar exponential coefficients. This led to the derivation of an element-contribution function, based on a linear summation model, that could explain both the relationship between chromatic induction and separation and that between chromatic induction and area. The effects of separation and area on chromatic induction could readily be determined in terms of an element-contribution function. In addition, the induction area that is due to a blue inducing stimulus was larger than those that are due to the other inducing stimuli, suggesting that the summation area of the blue response was larger than those of the other chromatic responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"73 2","pages":"203-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.73.000203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17885058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Chromatic induction as a function of wavelength of inducing stimulus. 色度感应是诱导刺激波长的函数。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1983-02-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.73.000190
S Takahashi, Y Ejima
{"title":"Chromatic induction as a function of wavelength of inducing stimulus.","authors":"S Takahashi,&nbsp;Y Ejima","doi":"10.1364/josa.73.000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.73.000190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Induced chromatic effects were determined for monochromatic, equal-luminance inducing stimuli from 460 to 680 nm by using a hue-cancellation procedure. The observed red-green-and yellow-blue-induced chromatic-response functions, which were different from the prediction based on the opponent-color hypothesis, could accurately explain the characteristics of the simultaneous color contrast effect. Good linear fits were obtained for the red-green function with a linear combination of R and G cones and for the yellow-blue function with a linear combination of R and B cones. These findings suggest that the opponent mechanisms for color contrast may be different from those for homogeneous color.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"73 2","pages":"190-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.73.000190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17885056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Simultaneous masking interactions between chromatic and luminance gratings. 同时掩盖色光栅和亮度光栅之间的相互作用。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1983-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.73.000011
K K De Valois, E Switkes
{"title":"Simultaneous masking interactions between chromatic and luminance gratings.","authors":"K K De Valois,&nbsp;E Switkes","doi":"10.1364/josa.73.000011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.73.000011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Simultaneous masking using test and mask gratings composed of isochromatic luminance variations and isoluminant chromatic variations was studied. Masking of chromatic gratings by chromatic gratings shows less spatial-frequency specificity than does masking of luminance gratings by luminance gratings. Luminance gratings mask chromatic gratings of identical space-average luminance and chromaticity little and only when the spatial frequencies of the test and mask gratings are similar. Chromatic gratings, however, profoundly mask luminance gratings with a degree of spatial-frequency specificity akin to that of luminance-luminance masking. The insensitivity of the luminance-color masking results to the relative phase of the chromatic and luminance gratings indicates that the observed asymmetry is not due to local interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"73 1","pages":"11-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.73.000011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17878552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 133
Fusional vergence response to local peripheral stimulation. 局部外周刺激下的融合收敛反应。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1983-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.73.000007
D R Hampton, A E Kertesz
{"title":"Fusional vergence response to local peripheral stimulation.","authors":"D R Hampton,&nbsp;A E Kertesz","doi":"10.1364/josa.73.000007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.73.000007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Horizontal, convergent disparities were introduced between dichoptic stimuli confined to small regions of the peripheral retina. Stimuli were presented at 32 locations: radial positions varied in 5-deg increments up to 20 deg, while angular position varied in 45-deg steps. The stimulus size and disparity were scaled in accordance with the cortical magnification factor. Eye movements were objectively measured, and the relative contributions of the motor and nonmotor components to the fusional response were evaluated as a function of stimulus eccentricity and angular position. Vergence responses elicited by peripheral disparities had longer latencies and durations and were more asymmetric than the movements elicited by foveal disparities. The composition of the fusional response changed with the position of the stimulus. The largest percentage of motor compensation was observed for stimuli located either near the line of sight or directly above it. The variations in the size of the motor response with increasing eccentricity could not be explained by the cortical magnification factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"73 1","pages":"7-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.73.000007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17878553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Simultaneous visual detection and identification: theory and data. 同时视觉检测与识别:理论与数据。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1982-12-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.72.001642
J P Thomas, J Gille, R A Barker
{"title":"Simultaneous visual detection and identification: theory and data.","authors":"J P Thomas,&nbsp;J Gille,&nbsp;R A Barker","doi":"10.1364/josa.72.001642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.72.001642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A signal-detection model is presented for the two-alternative forced-choice procedure that gathers simultaneous detection and identification judgments. By using vector representation, a measure of independent processing within the visual system is derived. The independence measure is applied to data on the detection and identification of stimuli that differ along the dimensions of orientation, spatial frequency, and size. Data are presented that favor the signal-detection model over a high-threshold model.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"72 12","pages":"1642-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.72.001642","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18169870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 59
Perceived flicker rate of suprathreshold stimuli: influences of spatial-frequency content and modulation amplitude. 超阈刺激的闪烁感知速率:空间频率内容和调制幅度的影响。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1982-12-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.72.001652
D O Bowker
{"title":"Perceived flicker rate of suprathreshold stimuli: influences of spatial-frequency content and modulation amplitude.","authors":"D O Bowker","doi":"10.1364/josa.72.001652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.72.001652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A number of experiments were conducted in which observers had to discriminate the apparent flicker rates of temporally modulated gratings and flickering homogeneous fields. When both intramodal- and cross-modal-matching procedures were used, apparent flicker rate was found to be consistently higher for countermodulating gratings than for homogeneous fields of the same temporal frequency. Also, the apparent flicker rate of countermodulating gratings tended to increase as spatial frequency increased. These effects are more pronounced at low rates of temporal modulation than at high rates and are not dependent on variations in the stimulus's apparent modulation amplitude.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"72 12","pages":"1652-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.72.001652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18169871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Brightness luminous-efficiency functions for 2 degrees and 10 degrees fields. 亮度- 2度和10度的光效功能。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1982-12-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.72.001660
M Ikeda, H Yaguchi, K Sagawa
{"title":"Brightness luminous-efficiency functions for 2 degrees and 10 degrees fields.","authors":"M Ikeda,&nbsp;H Yaguchi,&nbsp;K Sagawa","doi":"10.1364/josa.72.001660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.72.001660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CIE V lambda is not representative of luminous-efficiency function based on heterochromatic brightness matching. CIE Technical Committee 1.4 Vision (TC 1.4) presented a 2 degrees brightness-matching luminous-efficiency function based on studies of a total of 31 observers to supplement the V lambda. In view of their importance to illuminating engineering and physiological optics, we analyzed the various conditions under which these seven studies were conducted. Data from three of the groups are considered inappropriate, and we revised the TC 1.4 brightness luminous-efficiency function based on the remaining 19 subjects. Data from 18 Japanese subjects, coming from five research groups, are added to the above subjects, and an averaged luminous-efficiency function is derived. The result does not appreciably differ from the revised TC 1.4 function and is considered to represent a brightness-matching standard luminous-efficiency function for a 2 degrees field. A brightness luminous-efficiency function for a 10 degrees field based on nine Japanese subjects is presented. It differs from the 2 degrees function only at short wavelengths when the functions are normalized at 570 nm. A theoretical approach for using the brightness-matching luminous-efficiency function to assess the brightness of 2 degrees broadband sources is introduced, and some numerical examples are given.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"72 12","pages":"1660-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.72.001660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18169872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 36
Corneal small-angle light-scattering theory: wavy fibril models. 角膜小角度光散射理论:波状纤维模型。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1982-11-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.72.001479
R H Andreo, R A Farrell
{"title":"Corneal small-angle light-scattering theory: wavy fibril models.","authors":"R H Andreo,&nbsp;R A Farrell","doi":"10.1364/josa.72.001479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.72.001479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Small-angle light-scattering (SALS) measurements of the cornea together with electron micrographs of the corneal stroma suggest that the waviness in the stromal collagen fibrils of corneas fixed at zero pressure is the structural feature responsible for the cross-polarized SALS patterns. This paper derives and discusses a Born approximation to the parallel- and cross-polarized SALS patterns expected from lamellae of long, thin, optically anisotropic wavy fibrils whose axes are parallel to each other and are spatially distributed about one another in a quasi-ordered fashion. The predicted scattered intensity depends on three factors: (1) the fibrils within a given lamella wave in unison, which produces scattering that is characteristic of a wavy sheet (as opposed to that characteristic of an isolated wavy fibril); (2) the undulations lead to a diffraction condition for determining the dependence of scattered intensity on scattering angle; (3) the relative orientations of fibril axes in different lamellae and the intrinsic electric susceptibility of a fibril determine the dependence of scattered intensity on azimuthal angle. The patterns predicted for anisotropic fibrils with a random distribution of lamella orientations or with distributions of lamella orientations that have one or two preferred directions superimposed upon a random background agree with the qualitative features of the experimental patterns observed with rabbit corneas. Experimental evidence in support of the distributions with preferred orientations is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"72 11","pages":"1479-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.72.001479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18158449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
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