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Visual form perception and the spatial phase transfer function. 视觉形式感知与空间相传递函数。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-09-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.001056
G J Burton, I R Moorhead
{"title":"Visual form perception and the spatial phase transfer function.","authors":"G J Burton,&nbsp;I R Moorhead","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.001056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.001056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The quality of many imaging devices can be characterized, within certain constraints, by means of the modulation transfer function (MTF) and the phase transfer function (PTF). In many cases, it is possible to estimate, qualitatively, the effect of the MTF on the appearance of objects, and much progress has been made in making quantitative predictions of the detectability of objects and features within objects. This is not the case, however, for the PTF, and its influence is often neglected, even though nonideal PTF's obviously may degrade image quality. Experiments are described that attempt to assess the significance of the PTF for human visual performance. The effects of various PTF's were simulated by means of a technique that maintained the modulation of the spatial-frequency components closely constant. The visual detectability of such phase changes was measured by a discrimination method, and phase threshold levels were evaluated. Simple linear patterns provided the targets for all measurements, although some images are shown that illustrate qualitatively the phase-shift results on real two-dimensional targets. The work enables an assessment to be made of the effects of phase changes produced by various imaging systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 9","pages":"1056-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.001056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18290050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Exterospecific component of the motion parallax field. 运动视差场的外部特定分量。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-08-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000953
J J Koenderink, A J van Doorn
{"title":"Exterospecific component of the motion parallax field.","authors":"J J Koenderink,&nbsp;A J van Doorn","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the egocentric orientation of observers moving with respect to a plane (e.g., pilots and automobile drivers), the movement parallax field provides the main cue. The parallax field is split into a lamellar and a solenoidal part, and it is shown that the solenoidal part is purely propriospecific. For instance, it can be shown that this component can be completely canceled by an appropriate eye movement. Thus all exterospecific information is contained in the lamellar part, and this part is completely determined by the divergence of the parallax field. Thus the measure of expansion of the visual field as a function of direction of gaze is sufficient to provide all information available for egocentric orientation. It is further shown that the widely used focus of expansion, as introduced by Gibson, is not invariant against eye movements and does not (in general) correspond to extrema of the divergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 8","pages":"953-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000953","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18276521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 155
Nonadditivity in color matches with four instrumental stimuli. 四种仪器刺激下颜色匹配的非加性。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-08-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000966
D A Palmer
{"title":"Nonadditivity in color matches with four instrumental stimuli.","authors":"D A Palmer","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nonadditivities in 10 degrees color matches have been studied with regard to a hypothesis about the effect of the Maxwell spot. Rod intrusion was eliminated by adding a fourth instrumental stimulus to the usual three stimuli of colorimetry and then determining the matches that were unaffected by attenuation with a rotating-sector disk. To avoid other instabilities from adaptation, the shortest wavelength used was 470 nm. The matches were made in a visual colorimeter, with interference filters as monochromators. The stimuli were measured directly with a calibrated photomultiplier, and further matches were predicted by assuming linearity. These matches were set up, and significant departures from Grassmann's laws were observed, which could be explained if the eye generally makes a compromise match over the whole field, regardless of any instructions to ignore the Maxwell spot. Matches made in a 2 degree field were more additive than those made in a larger field.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 8","pages":"966-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18279386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Estimates for the temporal response characteristics of chromatic pathways. 色光通路的时间响应特性估计。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-08-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000970
J J Wisowaty
{"title":"Estimates for the temporal response characteristics of chromatic pathways.","authors":"J J Wisowaty","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When equiluminous red and green fields are temporally alternated, it is generally accepted that the hue of the field fuses to yellow at a slower flicker rate than the critical flicker frequency (cff). However, when sufficient precautions are taken to avoid optically created achromatic artifacts and the illumination of the test field is kept fairly low (70 trolands), the modulation threshold for color fusion and that for flicker fusion are equivalent. The purely chromatic, artifact-free stimulus shows a much lower cff than has been reported in the literature under comparable conditions. It seems likely that many studies of the chromatic pathways have overestimated the ability of these pathways to follow rapid temporal alternation, presumably because the more sensitive achromatic pathways were detecting achromatic artifacts. A simple means for detecting achromatic artifacts in a temporal alternation will be demonstrated by the finding that an equiluminous surrounding field enhances modulation sensitivity only for achromatic flicker and not for chromatic flicker.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 8","pages":"970-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18279387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 49
Detection of a luminance increment: effect of temporal uncertainty. 亮度增量的检测:时间不确定性的影响。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000845
D J Lasley, T Cohn
{"title":"Detection of a luminance increment: effect of temporal uncertainty.","authors":"D J Lasley,&nbsp;T Cohn","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000845","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 7","pages":"845-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18266374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 46
Spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted extrafoveal retina at photopic intensities. 光强下适应黑暗的中央凹外视网膜的光谱灵敏度。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000841
U Stabell, B Stabell
{"title":"Spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted extrafoveal retina at photopic intensities.","authors":"U Stabell,&nbsp;B Stabell","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>By using a heterochromatic brightness-matching technique, in which the test and comparison field were presented in succession, spectral equal-brightness functions were measured in a dark-adapted state at a retinal illumination of 1000 photopic trolands at 6, 28, 45, and 65 degrees temporally to the fovea. In addition, the spectral equal-brightness functions were measured at 10, 100, 1000, and 6400 photopic trolands at 17 degrees temporally. In striking contrast with previous results, all the spectral brightness functions obtained were found to be basically scotopic in form, with peak sensitivities at about 500 nm. The difference in results between the present study and previous studies could be ascribed to the difference in method employed. Thus it was found that simultaneous, relative to successive, presentation of test and comparison fields depresses rod activity in the test field to a considerable extent. It was concluded that rods may function and influence the brightness response in extrafoveal vision at much higher intensity levels than was previously assumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 7","pages":"841-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18266373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 23
Laser eye safety: the implications of ordinary speckle statistics and of speckled-speckle statistics. 激光眼睛安全:普通散斑统计和散斑-散斑统计的含义。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000914
D L Fried
{"title":"Laser eye safety: the implications of ordinary speckle statistics and of speckled-speckle statistics.","authors":"D L Fried","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The implications of speckle statistics on laser eye-safety considerations are evaluated. The concept of speckled speckle is introduced, and its statistics are shown to correspond to the K0 function. Speckled speckle is defined in terms of the retinal power density when the eye is viewing an optically rough surface that is illuminated by a laser beam diffused through a ground-glass screen-a situation corresponding to subjective speckle modulated by objective speckle. Extensive numerical results are developed relating the ratio of the average power density on the retina over the eye-damage level to the acceptable probability that speckle statistics will cause the damage level to be exceeded. For ordinary speckle and for speckled speckle, for a probability of 10(-6) (10(-9)) of exceeding the damage level, the average power densities must be 0.072 (0.48) and 0.017 (0.0079) of the damage level, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 7","pages":"914-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18266375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 41
Absolute spectral sensitivity at different eccentricities. 在不同偏心率处的绝对光谱灵敏度。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-07-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000836
B Stabell, U Stabell
{"title":"Absolute spectral sensitivity at different eccentricities.","authors":"B Stabell,&nbsp;U Stabell","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Absolute spectral-threshold functions were measured during the cone-plateau period and in a dark-adapted state at 0, 6, 17, 28, 45, and 65 degrees temporally to the fovea. It was found that, when the photopic functions were brought together at 660 nm, they closely coincided in the 520-700-nm region of the spectrum, irrespective of location, suggesting that the relative spectral sensitivity and the weighted contributions of the middle-and long-wave cone photopigments remain invariant across the retina. On the other hand, the results suggest that the relative contribution of the short-wave cone mechanism increases between fovea and 17 degrees, stays essentially constant between 17 and 28 degrees, and decreases between 28 and 65 degrees. Furthermore, the results suggest that the absolute sensitivity of the middle- and long-wave cones decreases between fovea and 65 degrees, whereas the absolute sensitivity of the rods increased form fovea to 17 degrees and decreases between 17 and 65 degrees degrees. Finally, the log difference between the absolute dark-adapted cone and the rod threshold was found to increase between fovea and 45 degrees and to decrease between 45 and 65 degrees.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 7","pages":"836-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000836","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18266372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 43
Flicker photometric study of chromatic adaption: selective suppression of cone inputs by colored backgrounds. 色适应的闪烁光度研究:有色背景对锥体输入的选择性抑制。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-06-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000705
A Eisner, D I Macleod
{"title":"Flicker photometric study of chromatic adaption: selective suppression of cone inputs by colored backgrounds.","authors":"A Eisner,&nbsp;D I Macleod","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flicker photometric equivalence is both additive and transitive when the test and standard are alternated upon a relatively more intense colored background. When the balance of red versus green cone excitation from the background is unequal, the contribution of one cone type to flicker photometric spectral sensitivity may be depressed in relation to that of the other by at least 1 order of magnitude more than Weber's law predicts. The resultant spectral sensitivity is determined predominantly by only one class of cone. The cone spectral sensitivities of normals are then seen to be the same as those of dichromats, although there is some individual variation. A model is developed to explain this surprising phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 6","pages":"705-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000705","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18266625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 131
Absolute threshold: analysis in terms of uncertainty. 绝对阈值:根据不确定性进行分析。
Journal of the Optical Society of America Pub Date : 1981-06-01 DOI: 10.1364/josa.71.000783
T E Cohn
{"title":"Absolute threshold: analysis in terms of uncertainty.","authors":"T E Cohn","doi":"10.1364/josa.71.000783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.71.000783","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Optical Society of America","volume":"71 6","pages":"783-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/josa.71.000783","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18266371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
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