Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem最新文献

{"title":"Funkcja mitu politycznego w koncepcjach Alfreda Rosenberga","authors":"A. Wielomski","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a reflection on the function of myth in the political theory of Nazism. Principal Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg is the author of famous book The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930). What is the role of myth in his concept? Why wasn’t it titled The Ideology of Twentieth Century? In my opinion, myth has two main roles in Rosenberg’s theory. Firstly, it’s great proposition of meaning of history and its enemies counters the Marxist ideology of history as a grand process of emancipation concluding with the proletarian revolution. As Marx and Marxists speak about history from the point of view of class struggles, Rosenberg speaks from the point of racial struggles. The second aim stems from what Rosenberg perceived as a absence of an idea of nation-state in Germany. For Rosenberg, the Germans from many countries and states do not have the common consciousness inherent in (and imperative for) a national community. In such circumstances the Nazis must themselves create a myth of a common German race as an objective and scientific “fact.” In the political ideas of Rosenberg, the Nordic race is the substitute of a normal nation and the idea of a nation-state.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122964477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zasada zabudowy planowej jako środek służący realizacji celów państwa autorytarnego na podstawie przepisów ustawy z dnia 12 lipca 1984 roku o planowaniu przestrzennym","authors":"Maciej Błażewski","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.4.9","url":null,"abstract":"The principle of planned spatial development was common in the socialist period. It was both a tool to protect the economic interests of the state, and a legal instrument of the authoritarian state at the time. Its scope and application was general, and as such it resulted a disproportionate restriction of the individual’s ownership rights, far exceeding the needs of public interest. The institutions that applied it, i.e. the state administration authorities, had no democratic legitimacy. The principle of planned spatial development has not connotations with any type of political system, by its very nature. It might as well function as a legal measure in democratic states. In Poland it is currently applied in specific cases. The Swiss legal order assumes general application of this principle by public administration authorities, who have democratic legitimacy.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117105358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uwalnianie przestrzeni publicznej od symboli komunizmu — zakres obowiązków wojewodów (w świetle najnowszego orzecznictwa Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego)","authors":"Jarosław Wyrembak","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of the so-called Decommunization Act’s application, after several years of its being in force, points to a significant legal problem. The recent decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court further expose said problem. The issue can be encompassed in the following question: what is, ultimately, the scope of voivodes’ duties with regard to investigating the facts of decommunization proceedings, especially in view of the opinions drawn up by the Institute of National Remembrance (Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, IPN) for the purposes of these proceedings? The answer to this question depends largely on the weight given to these opinions. In particular, if the voivodes are not bound by the IPN’s decisions, one may argue that they should be required to investigate the factual background on the issues on which the IPN had already fi led an opinion. Consequently, voivodes should make historical and legal decisions against the analyzed factual background independently.Analyses included in the current study suggest that, considering the recent decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland (which have a significant impact on the legal practice), voivodes are not bound by the IPN’s opinions. There is a strong emphasis on the view that the IPN’s opinions should each time be treated as part of evidence subject to verification, constituting grounds for proceedings pursuant to the provisions on the Decommunization Act. Therefore, in each case, verifying those opinions should be the obligation of the voivode. At the conceptual level, there was a condition that voivodes’ verifications of opinions should not interfere in substantive issues and should only examine methodological issues. At the practical level, however, there are cases in which verifying the IPN’s opinions beyond the methodological scope is allowed. The findings indicated above are considered in the context of the author’s belief that: \u0000— the analysis of the text of the Decommunization Act must lead to the conclusion that the legislator decided on the binding force of the IPN’s opinions, especially with regards to voivodes; \u0000— considering the legal status of the IPN, the scope of its tasks and competences, and the scope of tasks, capacity and competences of voivodes — as well as the specific nature of activities and proceedings based on the Decommunization Act — the opinions of the IPN cannot be treated as a regular part of evidence, requiring verification by the voivodes; from a systemic perspective, they should be treated as statements of knowledge by a competent state institution cooperating with the voivodes in activities and proceedings related to the Decommunization Act.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117226235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Samorząd w myśli Feliksa Konecznego","authors":"R. Polak","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"The article contains an analysis of Feliks Koneczny’s views on local governments and the necessary conditions for its functioning. According to him, their development is only possible in Latin civilization, as it alone allows the active participation of all members of the state community in social and professional life without discriminating them. Its foundations are based on the Catholic personalist worldview, according to which every person is treated as a full member of the community with all his rights and duties. Non-personalistic civilizations originating from other philosophical traditions and created in other social and historical conditions than Latin civilization limit human freedom. Participation of the individual in social life is limited, and self-government in practically non-existent.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128053284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nazistowski kolonializm prawny. (Nie)porządek prawny Generalnego Gubernatorstwa (1939–1945)","authors":"Hubert Mielnik","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to provide a comprehensive description of the legal order of the General Government (1939–1945) and thus systemize the sources of the reconstruction of legal norms used in the processes of applying the law in the studied area. The analysis will be focused on issues related to jurisprudence and extra-legal axiologies to which the law in the General Government was subjected. The article is based on a comprehensive approach to the law of the General Government. It describes the creation of law in the GG (where it came from), the application of the law, and the factors that influenced this process. The presented characteristics provide the basis to describe the synthetic features of the GG’s legal order. It also argues that the German authorities deliberately created a politicized, colonial, uncertain, unclear, and racist legal order in the GG. Despite emerging from the sources of European civilization (including the legal one), the Nazi German legal order in the General Government was a contradiction of legalistic principles, guarantees, and values developed over the centuries. Therefore, the term “legal (dis)order” should be considered a proper definition of the described phenomenon. The article uses the research methods appropriate to jurisprudence and to interpreting historical sources.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123490891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pismo szefa sztabu Obozu Zjednoczenia Narodowego do przewodniczącego okręgu łódzkiego Obozu dotyczące członków grupy „Jutro Pracy”","authors":"Kamil Andrzejczak","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"The decomposition of the political camp of Józef Piłsudski after 1935 led to the increasing influence of supporters of stronger cooperation with nationalist groups, which concluded with the creation of the Camp of National Unity in 1937. The Camp was composed (among others) of a group of nationalist members of the ruling political camp, the so called “Jutro Pracy” group. After a period of harmonious cooperation, the number of clashes between leaders of the Camp and the group’s members led to the latter’s exodus from the Camp. In response to this exit, the chief of staff, and a supporter of totalitarianism, colonel Zygmunt Wenda, published a missive describing actions that should be taken by the leaders of the Camp in this situation. The analysis of content of the missive and parallel political events leads to a conclusion that the consolidation declared by political leaders of the Camp was only a facade, and differences of opinion within the ruling group were clearly visible.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115662199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyfrowy nadzór w chińskim modelu autorytarnego kapitalizmu","authors":"K. Olszewska","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the rise of digital authoritarianism in the 21st century. In this political regime, the state authorities exercise control over society via digital technologies while governing the national economy based chiefly on free-market principles. \u0000The thesis consists of the statement that the elements of the digital economy, including artificial intelligence, digital platforms, and Internet of Things (IoT) communication, are the critical drivers of surveillance capitalism, characterized by unlimited access to any personal and business data. Subsequently, authoritarian governments benefit from possibilities of digital surveillance, including the control of media and the so-called behavioral surplus. It consequently leads to social manipulation, censorship, Internet shutdowns, and different kinds of punishment of citizens via social rating practices. \u0000The analysis presents the case study of a model of Chinese digital authoritarianism, taking into account the rising popularity of this kind of regime in other countries, where political power is highly centralized. At the same time, the economic transformation has occurred there due to historical or specific geopolitical conditions. \u0000The findings show that the development of digital authoritarianism is a consequence of surveillance capitalism, within which there is a global data flow via digital platforms. Although surveillance capitalism takes more sophisticated forms than digital authoritarianism, it still serves the same purposes of pursuing the interests of the political elites and influential market players, and it could be perilous for the democratic freedoms of citizens.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115422746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Włoski faszyzm i niemiecki narodowy socjalizm w interpretacji Zygmunta Cybichowskiego do 1939 roku","authors":"Maciej Marszał","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of the article are the views of Zygmunt Cybichowski (1879–1946), professor of law at the University of Warsaw, on Italian fascism and German National Socialism. This Polish lawyer made a very interesting analysis of totalitarian systems. He was a supporter of the national method of interpreting law. He defined law as a product of the living conditions in a given country, “exclusive” to the solutions adopted in this field in other countries. He argued that the law cannot be invented, but only discovered through the exploration of specific living conditions. In his opinion, not all the law is to be found in the codes, so one should get to know a nation well to discover its laws. Cybichowski, as a supporter of the national-radical movement, looked at the German social and political transformations in the Third Reich with great sympathy. He was impressed by Adolf Hitler.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"303 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126025804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardy delegalizacji partii politycznych w świetle orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka — zagadnienia wybrane","authors":"Dobrochna Ossowska-Salamonowicz, M. Giżyńska","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents selected issues related to delegalization of political parties. The political parties are indispensable institutions in the systemic life of a democratic state. The authors analyze selected judgments of the European Court of Human Rights related to the standards of delegalization of political parties. The authors conclude that in the existing case law of the ECHR, the main focus is on the external activities of political parties. In determining whether a political party is undemocratic, the focus is primarily on the aims and practices of the party.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"88 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126304828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflecting on Pipes’s and Brzeziński’s works: Vittorio Strada and the nature of totalitarian dictatorships","authors":"Francesco Berti","doi":"10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Vittorio Strada, one of the most distinguished Italian scholars of 19th- and 20th-century Russian literature and political history, formulated his final interpretation of the Russian revolution and its internal stages, the relationship between Marx, Lenin and Stalin’s thought, the concept of totalitarianism and the troublesome comparison between Nazism and communism between the 1980s and the 1990s. Expanding upon Richard Pipes’s thesis about the preservation of a czarist, authoritarian spirit and corresponding institutions in the Soviet state and Brzeziński’s and Friedrich’s refinement of the well-known concept of totalitarianism, Strada perfected his own interpretation of Soviet communism and in turn made it more useful to analyze totalitarian systems and ideologies.","PeriodicalId":173985,"journal":{"name":"Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132203317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}