Alla B Salmina, Olga P Alexandrova, Anton S Averchuk, Sofia A Korsakova, Mikis R Saridis, Sergey N Illarioshkin, Stanislav O Yurchenko
{"title":"Current progress and challenges in the development of brain tissue models: How to grow up the changeable brain in vitro?","authors":"Alla B Salmina, Olga P Alexandrova, Anton S Averchuk, Sofia A Korsakova, Mikis R Saridis, Sergey N Illarioshkin, Stanislav O Yurchenko","doi":"10.1177/20417314241235527","DOIUrl":"10.1177/20417314241235527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In vitro modeling of brain tissue is a promising but not yet resolved problem in modern neurobiology and neuropharmacology. Complexity of the brain structure and diversity of cell-to-cell communication in (patho)physiological conditions make this task almost unachievable. However, establishment of novel in vitro brain models would ultimately lead to better understanding of development-associated or experience-driven brain plasticity, designing efficient approaches to restore aberrant brain functioning. The main goal of this review is to summarize the available data on methodological approaches that are currently in use, and to identify the most prospective trends in development of neurovascular unit, blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and neurogenic niche in vitro models. The manuscript focuses on the regulation of adult neurogenesis, cerebral microcirculation and fluids dynamics that should be reproduced in the in vitro 4D models to mimic brain development and its alterations in brain pathology. We discuss approaches that are critical for studying brain plasticity, deciphering the individual person-specific trajectory of brain development and aging, and testing new drug candidates in the in vitro models.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"15 ","pages":"20417314241235527"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10956167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140186833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuang-Yin Lei, Yu-Qian Yang, Jia-Cheng Liu, Dian-Hui Zhang, Yang Qu, Ying-Ying Sun, Hong-Jing Zhu, Sheng-Yu Zhou, Yi Yang, Zhen-Ni Guo
{"title":"Nanodrug delivery systems for regulating microglial polarization in ischemic stroke treatment: A review.","authors":"Shuang-Yin Lei, Yu-Qian Yang, Jia-Cheng Liu, Dian-Hui Zhang, Yang Qu, Ying-Ying Sun, Hong-Jing Zhu, Sheng-Yu Zhou, Yi Yang, Zhen-Ni Guo","doi":"10.1177/20417314241237052","DOIUrl":"10.1177/20417314241237052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of ischemic stroke (IS) is rising in tandem with the global aging population. There is an urgent need to delve deeper into the pathological mechanisms and develop new neuroprotective strategies. In the present review, we discuss the latest advancements and research on various nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs) for targeting microglial polarization in IS treatment. Furthermore, we critically discuss the different strategies. NDDSs have demonstrated exceptional qualities to effectively permeate the blood-brain barrier, aggregate at the site of ischemic injury, and target specific cell types within the brain when appropriately modified. Consequently, NDDSs have considerable potential for reshaping the polarization phenotype of microglia and could be a prospective therapeutic strategy for IS. The treatment of IS remains a challenge. However, this review provides a new perspective on neuro-nanomedicine for IS therapies centered on microglial polarization, thereby inspiring new research ideas and directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"15 ","pages":"20417314241237052"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10935760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140119899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina Fey, Theresa Truschel, Kristina Nehlsen, Spyridon Damigos, Julia Horstmann, Theresia Stradal, Tobias May, Marco Metzger, Daniela Zdzieblo
{"title":"Enhancing pre-clinical research with simplified intestinal cell line models","authors":"Christina Fey, Theresa Truschel, Kristina Nehlsen, Spyridon Damigos, Julia Horstmann, Theresia Stradal, Tobias May, Marco Metzger, Daniela Zdzieblo","doi":"10.1177/20417314241228949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314241228949","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional culture remains widely employed to determine the bioavailability of orally delivered drugs. To gain more knowledge about drug uptake mechanisms and risk assessment for the patient after oral drug admission, intestinal in vitro models demonstrating a closer similarity to the in vivo situation are needed. In particular, Caco-2 cell-based Transwell® models show advantages as they are reproducible, cost-efficient, and standardized. However, cellular complexity is impaired and cell function is strongly modified as important transporters in the apical membrane are missing. To overcome these limitations, primary organoid-based human small intestinal tissue models were developed recently but the application of these cultures in pre-clinical research still represents an enormous challenge, as culture setup is complex as well as time- and cost-intensive. To overcome these hurdles, we demonstrate the establishment of primary organoid-derived intestinal cell lines by immortalization. Besides exhibiting cellular diversity of the organoid, these immortalized cell lines enable a standardized and more cost-efficient culture. Further, our cell line-based Transwell®-like models display an organ-specific epithelial barrier integrity, ultrastructural features and representative transport functions. Altogether, our novel model systems are cost-efficient with close similarity to the in vivo situation, therefore favoring their use in bioavailability studies in the context of pre-clinical screenings.","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140044537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced lung organoids for respiratory system and pulmonary disease modeling","authors":"Hyebin Joo, Sungjin Min, Seung-Woo Cho","doi":"10.1177/20417314241232502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314241232502","url":null,"abstract":"Amidst the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, respiratory system research has made remarkable progress, particularly focusing on infectious diseases. Lung organoid, a miniaturized structure recapitulating lung tissue, has gained global attention because of its advantages over other conventional models such as two-dimensional (2D) cell models and animal models. Nevertheless, lung organoids still face limitations concerning heterogeneity, complexity, and maturity compared to the native lung tissue. To address these limitations, researchers have employed co-culture methods with various cell types including endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and immune cells, and incorporated bioengineering platforms such as air-liquid interfaces, microfluidic chips, and functional hydrogels. These advancements have facilitated applications of lung organoids to studies of pulmonary diseases, providing insights into disease mechanisms and potential treatments. This review introduces recent progress in the production methods of lung organoids, strategies for improving maturity, functionality, and complexity of organoids, and their application in disease modeling, including respiratory infection and pulmonary fibrosis.","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139948489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joydeb Majumder, Elizabeth E Torr, Elizabeth A Aisenbrey, Connie S Lebakken, Peter F Favreau, William D Richards, Yanhong Yin, Qiang Chang, William L Murphy
{"title":"Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived planar neural organoids assembled on synthetic hydrogels.","authors":"Joydeb Majumder, Elizabeth E Torr, Elizabeth A Aisenbrey, Connie S Lebakken, Peter F Favreau, William D Richards, Yanhong Yin, Qiang Chang, William L Murphy","doi":"10.1177/20417314241230633","DOIUrl":"10.1177/20417314241230633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tailorable properties of synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels make them an attractive substrate for human organoid assembly. Here, we formed human neural organoids from iPSC-derived progenitor cells in two distinct formats: (i) cells seeded on a Matrigel surface; and (ii) cells seeded on a synthetic PEG hydrogel surface. Tissue assembly on synthetic PEG hydrogels resulted in three dimensional (3D) planar neural organoids with greater neuronal diversity, greater expression of neurovascular and neuroinflammatory genes, and reduced variability when compared with tissues assembled upon Matrigel. Further, our 3D human tissue assembly approach occurred in an open cell culture format and created a tissue that was sufficiently translucent to allow for continuous imaging. Planar neural organoids formed on PEG hydrogels also showed higher expression of neural, vascular, and neuroinflammatory genes when compared to traditional brain organoids grown in Matrigel suspensions. Further, planar neural organoids contained functional microglia that responded to pro-inflammatory stimuli, and were responsive to anti-inflammatory drugs. These results demonstrate that the PEG hydrogel neural organoids can be used as a physiologically relevant <i>in vitro</i> model of neuro-inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"15 ","pages":"20417314241230633"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10868488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139741364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shijie Fan, Yadong Tan, Xiuchen Yuan, Chun Liu, Xiaoyu Wu, Ting Dai, Su Ni, Jiafeng Wang, Yiping Weng, Hongbin Zhao
{"title":"Regulation of the immune microenvironment by pioglitazone-loaded polylactic glycolic acid nanosphere composite scaffolds to promote vascularization and bone regeneration.","authors":"Shijie Fan, Yadong Tan, Xiuchen Yuan, Chun Liu, Xiaoyu Wu, Ting Dai, Su Ni, Jiafeng Wang, Yiping Weng, Hongbin Zhao","doi":"10.1177/20417314241231452","DOIUrl":"10.1177/20417314241231452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteogenesis is caused by multiple factors, and the inflammatory response, osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), regeneration of blood vessels, and other factors must be considered in bone tissue engineering. To effectively repair bone defect, it is important to decrease excessive inflammation, enhance the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, and stimulate angiogenesis. Herein, nano-attapulgite (ATP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and gelatin (GEL) scaffolds were produced using 3D printing technology and pioglitazone (PIO)-containing polylactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanospheres were added. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, material scaffolds with PIO-loaded polylactic acid-glycolic acid nanospheres could reduce the inflammatory response by encouraging macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 and promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by activating the BMP2/Smad/RUNX2 signal pathway to repair bone defects. The vascularization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through the PI3K/AKT/HIF1-/VEGF pathway was also encouraged. In vivo research using PIO-containing PLGA nanospheres revealed massive collagen deposition in skin models. These findings indicate a potentially effective scaffold for bone healing, when PLGA nanospheres-which contain the drug PIO-are combined with ATP/PVA/GEL scaffolds.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"15 ","pages":"20417314241231452"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10868507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139741365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dolphee Khurana, Ankitha Suresh, Raghavendra Nayak, Manjunath Shetty, Rohit Kumar Sarda, Jonathan C Knowles, Hae-Won Kim, Rajendra K Singh, Bhisham Narayan Singh
{"title":"Biosubstitutes for dural closure: Unveiling research, application, and future prospects of dura mater alternatives.","authors":"Dolphee Khurana, Ankitha Suresh, Raghavendra Nayak, Manjunath Shetty, Rohit Kumar Sarda, Jonathan C Knowles, Hae-Won Kim, Rajendra K Singh, Bhisham Narayan Singh","doi":"10.1177/20417314241228118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314241228118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dura mater, as the crucial outermost protective layer of the meninges, plays a vital role in safeguarding the underlying brain tissue. Neurosurgeons face significant challenges in dealing with trauma or large defects in the dura mater, as they must address the potential complications, such as wound infections, pseudomeningocele formation, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and cerebral herniation. Therefore, the development of dural substitutes for repairing or reconstructing the damaged dura mater holds clinical significance. In this review we highlight the progress in the development of dural substitutes, encompassing autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic replacements, as well as the polymeric-based dural substitutes fabricated through various scaffolding techniques. In particular, we explore the development of composite materials that exhibit improved physical and biological properties for advanced dural substitutes. Furthermore, we address the challenges and prospects associated with developing clinically relevant alternatives to the dura mater.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"15 ","pages":"20417314241228118"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10858672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139725667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rosa González-Sastre, Raquel Coronel, Adela Bernabeu-Zornoza, Patricia Mateos-Martínez, Andreea Rosca, Victoria López-Alonso, Isabel Liste
{"title":"Efficient generation of human cerebral organoids directly from adherent cultures of pluripotent stem cells.","authors":"Rosa González-Sastre, Raquel Coronel, Adela Bernabeu-Zornoza, Patricia Mateos-Martínez, Andreea Rosca, Victoria López-Alonso, Isabel Liste","doi":"10.1177/20417314231226027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231226027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human cerebral organoids (hCOs) offer the possibility of deepening the knowledge of human brain development, as well as the pathologies that affect it. The method developed here describes the efficient generation of hCOs by going directly from two-dimensional (2D) pluripotent stem cell (PSC) cultures to three-dimensional (3D) neuroepithelial tissue, avoiding dissociation and aggregation steps. This has been achieved by subjecting 2D cultures, from the beginning of the neural induction step, to dual-SMAD inhibition in combination with CHIR99021. This is a simple and reproducible protocol in which the hCOs generated develop properly presenting proliferative ventricular zones (VZs) formed by neural precursor and radial glia (RG) that differentiate to give rise to mature neurons and glial cells. The hCOs present additional cell types such as oligodendrocyte precursors, astrocytes, microglia-like cells, and endothelial-like cells. This new approach could help to overcome some of the existing limitations in the field of organoid biotechnology, facilitating its execution in any laboratory setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"15 ","pages":"20417314231226027"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10858658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139723168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rita C Assunção-Silva, Andreia Pinho, Jorge R Cibrão, Inês M Pereira, Susana Monteiro, Nuno A Silva, Jonas Campos, Ana L Rebelo, Gerhard Schlosser, Luisa Pinto, Abhay Pandit, António J Salgado
{"title":"Adipose tissue derived stem cell secretome induces motor and histological gains after complete spinal cord injury in <i>Xenopus laevis</i> and mice.","authors":"Rita C Assunção-Silva, Andreia Pinho, Jorge R Cibrão, Inês M Pereira, Susana Monteiro, Nuno A Silva, Jonas Campos, Ana L Rebelo, Gerhard Schlosser, Luisa Pinto, Abhay Pandit, António J Salgado","doi":"10.1177/20417314231203824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314231203824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies have been studied for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment due to their paracrine action upon damaged tissues. MSCs neuroregenerative role may relate to the contents of their secretome in anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth-permissive factors. We propose using the secretome of MSCs isolated from the adipose tissue-adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) as a cell-free based therapy for SCI. In vivo studies were conducted in two SCI models, <i>Xenopus laevis</i> and mice, after complete spinal cord transection. Our results on both models demonstrated positive impacts of ASC secretome on their functional recovery which were correlated with histopathological markers of regeneration. Furthermore, in our mice study, secretome induced white matter preservation together with modulation of the local and peripheral inflammatory response. Altogether, these results demonstrate the neuroregenerative and potential for inflammatory modulation of ASC secretome suggesting it as a good candidate for cell-free therapeutic strategies for SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"15 ","pages":"20417314231203824"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10858666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139725666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
So-Yeon Park, Joon Hyuk Jung, Da-Seul Kim, Jun-Kyu Lee, Byeong Gwan Song, Hae Eun Shin, Ji-Won Jung, Seung-Woon Baek, Seungkwon You, Inbo Han, Dong Keun Han
{"title":"Therapeutic potential of luteolin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/modified magnesium hydroxide microsphere in functional thermosensitive hydrogel for treating neuropathic pain.","authors":"So-Yeon Park, Joon Hyuk Jung, Da-Seul Kim, Jun-Kyu Lee, Byeong Gwan Song, Hae Eun Shin, Ji-Won Jung, Seung-Woon Baek, Seungkwon You, Inbo Han, Dong Keun Han","doi":"10.1177/20417314231226105","DOIUrl":"10.1177/20417314231226105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuropathic pain (NP) is a debilitating condition stemming from damage to the somatosensory system frequently caused by nerve injuries or lesions. While existing treatments are widely employed, they often lead to side effects and lack specificity. This study aimed to alleviate NP by developing an innovative sustained-release thermosensitive hydrogel system. The system incorporates hyaluronic acid (HA)/Pluronic F127 injectable hydrogel and bupivacaine (Bup, B) in combination with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid; PLGA)/modified magnesium hydroxide (MH)/luteolin (Lut; PML) microspheres (PML@B/Gel). The PML@B/Gel was designed for localized and prolonged co-delivery of Bup and Lut as an anesthetic and anti-inflammatory agent, respectively. Our studies demonstrated that PML@B/Gel had exceptional biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In addition, it exhibited efficient pain relief in in vitro cellular assays. Moreover, this functional hydrogel showed substantial sustained drug release while diminishing microglial activation. Consequently, it effectively mitigated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in in vivo rat models of chronic constriction injury (CCI). Based on our research findings, PML@B/Gel emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for the protracted treatment of NP.</p>","PeriodicalId":17384,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tissue Engineering","volume":"15 ","pages":"20417314231226105"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10851718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139707034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}