Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision最新文献

{"title":"Near-infrared non-contact microsphere microscope for contrast-enhanced optical nano-imaging.","authors":"Shuyang Huang, Xinchen Zhong, Minghui Hong","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.601213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.601213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Suffering from the background light scattering, the imaging contrast of a microsphere microscope is relatively low. In this paper, a near-infrared (NIR) microsphere microscope is proposed to enhance the imaging contrast. The imaging contrast is evaluated using different objective lenses at different microsphere diameters. The utilization of microspheres enhances the resolution of NIR objectives, enabling the distinction of structures with ∼220nm gaps. A far-field intensity distribution simulation is used to explain the reduced off-axis scattering under NIR illumination, and a modified refractive index theory considering the wave-optics effects in microspheres is utilized to analyze the NIR imaging performance. The proposed NIR microsphere microscope significantly improves the imaging contrast and the nanoscale imaging capability of the NIR optical microscope, with the average contrast ratio increasing from 8.0% to 16.8%, thereby broadening its applications across a range of scientific and technological fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1662-1667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refraction near the horizon-an empirical approach, case study 1: sunrise refractions observed at Edmonton, Alberta.","authors":"Marcel E Tschudin","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.607669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.607669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Normalizing near-horizontal (±) sunrise observations to a common logarithmic surface temperature gradient successfully reduces astronomical refraction variability. Using 108 observations across diverse altitudes, temperature gradients, and gradient heights, converting the data to median conditions achieved a root-sum-square (RSS) reduction of 9% for pressure/temperature and 36% for temperature gradients. The observed refractions, which initially scattered by ±4.7arcmin, were each converted into 24 ray-tracing simulations at different temperature gradient heights; below heights of ∼400m, the conversions agreed within ∼0.5±2.5 and ∼1±3arcmin. Additionally, accounting for wind as a partial pressure component reduced the RSS by 2.3%, whereas total pressure increased it.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1687-1697"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-level cross-view line matching: exploiting spatial domain characteristics.","authors":"Jiaxuan Song, Yang Dong, Dazhao Fan, Song Ji","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.606270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.606270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cross-view line matching is critical for high-resolution urban modeling, but existing methods rely on priors and struggle with curves. Thus, we propose a multi-level cross-view line matching method by spatial domain characteristics. It employs fast affine simulation to compensate for distortion and introduces the perspective invariance of coplanar line intersections to obtain multi-type corresponding line pairs and line features. Then, local homography constraints are established to achieve single-line grouping and matching. Experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms baselines in matching accuracy and efficiency, and supports curve matching, providing an efficient approach for reconstruction based on irregular contours.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1624-1637"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the aberration structure on the accuracy of thin-diffuser wavefront sensing.","authors":"Daniel Leporda, Nicholas Devaney","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.607082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.607082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a theoretical and numerical analysis on how the aberration structure governs speckle decorrelation and, consequently, thin-diffuser wavefront sensor (TDWFS) performance. A field decomposition is developed that separates quadratic and higher-order wavefront contributions, distinguishing purely geometric speckle deformation from additional structural changes arising from higher-order diffraction effects. We show that wavefronts producing affine displacement fields are fully described by the quadratic field contribution and are therefore recoverable by image registration, whereas non-affine wavefronts additionally contain higher-order field components that introduce irreducible speckle decorrelation. Using a Sobolev space decomposition approach, we isolate the affine-removable components of the wavefront and show that irreducible speckle decorrelation is controlled by the Hessian of the non-affine component. We derive critical correlation- and deformation-based propagation distance metrics governed by the pupil radius, aberration amplitude, and the radial and azimuthal Zernike indices. We further analyze the Fisher information associated with individual Zernike modes and show that modes with low azimuthal order exhibit greater measurement sensitivity due to stronger speckle intensity variation. Numerical simulations are performed to confirm theoretical predictions and show that purely affine modes, such as defocus and astigmatism, remain robust across propagation distances beyond a sensitivity threshold, whereas non-affine modes exhibit degradation beyond a critical distance that strongly depends on their spatial curvature distribution. These results establish that wavefront curvature, rather than global metrics such as Zernike order or RMS amplitude, is the primary determinant of TDWFS reconstruction limits and provides a framework for predicting performance across aberration types.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1650-1661"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refraction near the horizon-an empirical approach, Part 3: variability reduction of astronomical and terrestrial refractions at low positive and negative altitudes.","authors":"Marcel E Tschudin","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.596416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.596416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Near the horizon, atmospheric refraction depends primarily on the local vertical temperature gradient. Within the lowest ∼100m of the atmosphere, this gradient is nonlinear, typically following a log-linear profile over some height. I introduce a method for converting astronomical refractions between different temperature gradient profiles by scaling them using the ratio of corresponding refraction estimators. I demonstrate how to derive estimators to calculate both astronomical and terrestrial refractions as a function of altitude and the log-linear temperature gradients. These findings improve prediction accuracy in highly dynamic boundary layers, and also when analyzing atmospheric extinction or signal delay near the horizon.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1678-1686"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of spatial diversity vertical UWOC systems over depth-dependent WGG turbulence with approximate Beckmann-distributed pointing errors.","authors":"Hongyan Jiang, Ahmad Fairuz Omar, Tao Liu, Xiaoji Li, Sujan Rajbhandari","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.607212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.607212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper proposes a unified analytical framework for evaluating the bit error rate (BER) performance of spatial diversity vertical underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems jointly accounting for various system impairments. The attenuation coefficient is characterized using a depth-dependent chlorophyll-based model. The underwater optical turbulence (UOT) is modeled using the mixture Weibull-generalized gamma (WGG) distribution, which serves as a universal form encompassing several turbulence models. To accurately account for asymmetric beam misalignment due to pointing errors (PEs), a mathematically tractable, gamma-approximated Beckmann distribution is employed. The angle-of-arrival (AOA) deviation is modeled as a Rayleigh distribution, where signal outage occurs when the incident angle exceeds the field-of-view (FOV) angle. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the probability density function (PDF) of the composite fading coefficient is derived in terms of the generalized Fox's H-function by integrating these models. Furthermore, leveraging this statistical result and the unified conditional BER transformation for various modulation schemes, we analytically derive the accurate average BER expressions for systems employing equal gain combining (EGC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity reception techniques, utilizing the characteristic function (CHF) and moment generating function (MGF)-based methods, respectively. Numerical results from these expressions are validated through extensive Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, confirming the analytical accuracy and demonstrating the effectiveness of diversity techniques in mitigating impairments. Comprehensive discussions on the impacts of the diversity schemes, diversity order, modulation schemes, different WGG turbulence conditions, and FOV angles on the BER performance are presented. The results provide fundamental theoretical foundations and practical guidelines for the design and optimization of high-reliability UWOC links with diversity reception over composite channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1575-1587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-parameter identification of aberrated vortex beams under slant-path atmospheric turbulence using a multi-task convolutional neural network.","authors":"Yumeihui Jin, Xiaoyun Liu, Hongwei Wang, Jianyu Huang, Tianyu Shi, Yueqiu Jiang","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.611515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.611515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode recognition of vortex beams is essential for free-space optical communication; however, it becomes considerably more challenging under slant-path propagation where atmospheric turbulence and optical aberrations jointly distort the beam structure. Here, we propose an improved multi-task residual network, termed DCA-ResNet18, for the simultaneous recognition of the topological charge, spherical aberration coefficient, and coma aberration coefficient of vortex beams under slant-path atmospheric turbulence. The model incorporates dual 3×3 input convolutions, task-adaptive branches, and a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) to enhance the extraction of ring, dark-core, and asymmetric distortion features. Three datasets corresponding to single-coma-aberration, single-spherical-aberration, and dual-aberration condition are generated using a slant-path multi-phase-screen propagation model. The proposed model achieves near-perfect accuracy under single-aberration conditions over different zenith angles (0°, 60°, 80°) and propagation distances (2000, 3000, and 4000 m). Under combined-aberration conditions, the recognition accuracy of all tasks remains above 98% even at a zenith angle of 80° and a propagation distance of 3000 m, demonstrating strong robustness under severe distortion conditions. Compared with ResNet18, ResNet34, Xception, and EfficientNet-B0, DCA-ResNet18 consistently achieves superior performance in dual-aberration recognition. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework for simultaneous multi-parameter recognition of vortex beams under slant-path atmospheric turbulence with optical aberrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1528-1537"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color formation as a Hilbert space operator: metamer mismatching and the limits of chromatic adaptation.","authors":"Peter Morovic, Ján Morovic","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.606954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.606954","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Building on the Hilbert space operator framework of color formation developed in Morovic and Morovic [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A43, 1614 (2026)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.606555], we extend the single-operator algebra to two color-formation operators W&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and W&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; simultaneously, one for each of two viewing &lt;i&gt;conditions-&lt;/i&gt;a condition being a choice of illuminant and observer-capturing metamer mismatching and chromatic adaptation. We define the &lt;i&gt;mismatch operator&lt;/i&gt;R&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;=W&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;Π&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;ker&lt;/i&gt;⁡(W&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/sub&gt;, the composition of projection onto the metameric-black subspace of the first condition with color formation under the second. Its operator norm is the worst-case mismatch magnitude; its singular value decomposition identifies the spectral directions of greatest mismatch susceptibility; and the image under W&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; of the physically realizable metamers of a color under W&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; is a compact convex polytope-the metamer mismatch volume of Morovic [\"Metamer sets,\" Ph.D. thesis, 2002], recovered intrinsically from the columns of the two operators. The central result is that for any linear chromatic adaptation transform (CAT) M∈&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;×&lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, where &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt; is the number of sensor classes of the observer (&lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;=3 for a trichromat), the Frobenius-norm residual ‖W&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-MW&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;‖&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt; is bounded below by ‖R&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;‖&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;, and that this limit is achieved uniquely by the &lt;i&gt;optimal CAT&lt;/i&gt;M&lt;sub&gt;opt&lt;/sub&gt;=W&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;W1+. The bound holds in any sensor basis, but its numerical value does not: an invertible sensor transform T carries R&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt; to TR&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;, so it is the vanishing of the mismatch operator, and not its magnitude, that is basis-independent. Magnitudes below are quoted in the CIE 1931 sensor basis. Von Kries scaling is recovered as the special case in which W&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and W&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; share a right singular subspace and differ on it by a factor diagonal in the sensor basis. A worked example with the CIE 1931 observer under D65 and illuminant A demonstrates the theory: ‖R&lt;sub&gt;21&lt;/sub&gt;‖&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;=5.225 in that basis exactly bounds CAT residuals (von Kries, Bradford, CMCCAT2000, and sharp all exceed this limit by factors of 1.4-2.2). Fundamental limits are then tabulated for all ordered pairs drawn from a panel of nine illuminants (daylights, incandescent, fluorescent, and CIE LED sources), showing that the limit is strongly asymmetric-predicting a narrowband source from a smooth one is much harder than the reverse-and that it predicts in advance whether the choice of CAT matters at all. A multi-condition extension shows how the universal metameric-black subspace shrinks as illuminants are added and quantifies what each added condition contributes: the CIE daylight locus is shown to saturate at three conditions, and the 12 CIE fluorescents to drive the universal kernel to zero while leaving directions that are","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1668-1677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical inversion for the joint axial and polarization-dependent transverse design of long-depth-of-focus fields.","authors":"Sen Yang, Yunxia Ye","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.609240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.609240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Based on the Richards-Wolf vectorial diffraction integral, we develop an analytical inversion method for jointly tailoring axial intensity and polarization-dependent transverse characteristics of long-depth-of-focus fields. For a target focal depth of 200<i>λ</i>, numerical results under radially polarized illumination demonstrate the generation of an ultra-long optical needle with tunable on-axis intensity and a stable transverse scale characterized by the full width at half-maximum (FWHM), as well as the joint design of on-axis intensity and FWHM. For azimuthally polarized illumination at the same focal depth, numerical results demonstrate the joint design of bright-ring peak intensity and inner FWHM for optical tubes. The performance limits of the proposed analytical design under a finite numerical aperture are also analyzed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1588-1594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propagation characteristics of the quasi-Airy- hypergeometric-Gaussian beam in atmospheric turbulence.","authors":"Xuanhui Kuang, Siyuan Fang, Zheqiang Zhong, Bin Zhang","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.610458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.610458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, the physical model for the quasi-Airy hypergeometric-Gaussian (QAHyGG) beam propagating in atmospheric turbulence is built up based on the modified von Kármán model. We analyze the propagation characteristics of the QAHyGG beam and reveal the influence of key parameters on their propagation performance. The results demonstrate that the QAHyGG beam possesses strong self-focusing properties and effectively mitigates turbulence-induced wavefront distortions, maintaining high energy localization along the propagation path. Compared with conventional Airy and Gaussian beams, the QAHyGG beam achieves higher transmission efficiency and reduced centroid drift. This is further demonstrated by the experimental results, which closely agree in beam trajectories and characteristics. These results confirm that the QAHyGG beam provides a promising candidate for atmospheric engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":17382,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision","volume":"43 10","pages":"1564-1574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}