Heliang You , Meizhen Xiang , Yuhang Jing , Licheng Guo , Zhiqiang Yang
{"title":"A strain gradient phase field model for heterogeneous materials based on two-scale asymptotic homogenization","authors":"Heliang You , Meizhen Xiang , Yuhang Jing , Licheng Guo , Zhiqiang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the inherent microstructural heterogeneity of heterogeneous materials, their macroscopic fracture behavior differs significantly from that of homogeneous materials, exhibiting phenomena such as anisotropic fracture energy and strain gradient effects. To investigate the effect of microstructure on macroscopic fracture behavior, this study proposes a novel multiscale phase field model. Based on the theory of two-scale asymptotic expansion, the model constructs an equivalent multi-field coupled boundary value framework, which includes both a strain gradient elasticity submodel and a homogenized phase field submodel. Through rigorous mathematical derivation, homogenized tensors that characterize the elastic constitutive relations and fracture properties are obtained without relying on any additional assumptions. Moreover, to distinguish the contributions of load components to crack propagation, energy decomposition strategies based on orthogonal projection are introduced for stress and higher-order stress. Compared to full-scale simulations, the proposed model significantly reduces computational cost while maintaining accuracy. Numerical simulations show that the model accurately captures the influence on crack propagation direction induced by microstructure. Additionally, the model effectively demonstrates the hindering effect of strain gradients on crack propagation, offering new insights into the size effect in the fracture of heterogeneous materials. This work provides a new framework for studying the multiscale fracture behavior of heterogeneous materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 106104"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhanfeng Li , Yafei Wang , Zuodong Wang , Chennakesava Kadapa , Mokarram Hossain , Xiaohu Yao , Jiong Wang
{"title":"Coupled magneto-mechanical growth in hyperelastic materials: Surface patterns modulation and shape control in bio-inspired structures","authors":"Zhanfeng Li , Yafei Wang , Zuodong Wang , Chennakesava Kadapa , Mokarram Hossain , Xiaohu Yao , Jiong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magneto-mechanical coupling in the growth of soft materials presents challenges due to the complex interactions between magnetic fields, mechanical forces, and growth-induced deformations. While growth modeling has been extensively studied, integrating magnetic stimuli into growth processes remains underexplored. In this work, we develop a 3D governing system for capturing the coupled magneto-mechanical growth behaviors of soft materials. Based on the governing system, we propose a finite element framework, where the robustness and accuracy of the proposed framework are demonstrated through numerical simulations, including the uniaxial loading of a circular tube, a mesh convergence study, and surface pattern evolution. We also conduct experiments on surface pattern modulation in magneto-active soft materials. Specifically, we fabricate film–substrate samples and apply growth-induced instabilities combined with external magnetic fields to generate tunable surface patterns. To demonstrate the capabilities of our method, we apply our numerical framework to mimic the biological morphogenesis, such as the inversion process of the algal genus <em>Volvox</em>. Our study shows that integrating magneto-mechanical coupling with growth effects allows for flexible control over surface patterns, significantly enhancing the adaptability and responsiveness of soft materials. This work paves the way for innovative designs of adaptive and programmable soft materials, with potential applications in soft robotics, biomimetic structures, and tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 106089"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ignasius P.A. Wijaya , Philippe Geubelle , Arif Masud
{"title":"Thermo-chemo-mechanical model and variational multiscale framework for material and geometric evolution in frontal polymerization","authors":"Ignasius P.A. Wijaya , Philippe Geubelle , Arif Masud","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a thermodynamically consistent model for thermo-chemo-mechanical processes in frontal polymerization (FP). The model consists of cure kinetics, heat transfer, and finite strain kinematics of nonlinear inelastic solid undergoing finite deformation. The constitutive relations are derived by enforcing non-negative entropy production which implies the existence of cure induced inelastic processes during material property evolution. Rapid curing triggered by thermo-chemical processes results in traveling reaction fronts that traverse the domain, and material properties evolve across these fronts on short time scales, accompanied with chemical expansion/contraction of the constituents. Complexity of the process increases with increased rate of chemical reaction, increased rate of mass transport, and large mechanical deformations. Evolving nonlinearities and coupled thermo-chemo-mechanical effects give rise to spatially localized phenomena that exhibit shear bands, steep gradients, and boundary and/or internal layers. The presence of interfacial effects can also trigger jumps in the fields, leading to further classification as mathematically non-smooth mixed-field problems. These modeling issues require mathematical formulations that can handle rapidly evolving material nonlinearity as well as steep traveling gradients. A stabilized finite element method that is based on the Variational Multiscale (VMS) framework is employed. A unique attribute of the VMS framework is the derivation of the residual-based fine-scale models that represent subgrid scale physics. These models enhance the stability of the numerical method as well as the accuracy of the computed physics. Several test cases are presented that investigate the mathematical attributes of the constitutive model for FP, and the role of enhanced stability and higher spatial accuracy of the proposed stabilized method in free-form printing with evolving polymerization front.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 106078"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strength and stiffness of network materials with preferentially oriented fibers","authors":"S.N. Amjad, R.C. Picu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Materials made from fibers, referred to here as Network materials, are ubiquitous in biology and engineering. In most practical situations, fibers have preferential orientation in one spatial direction or in a plane. Here we use discrete network models to derive the relationship between the stiffness and strength of networks with pre-aligned fibers and network parameters, including the degree of alignment. Both stiffness and strength can be represented by the product of two functions, one accounting for the effect of alignment and the other representing the effect of network parameters, such as the network density and fiber properties. Failure under multiaxial loading is also considered and it is concluded that failure surfaces in stress space can be collapsed by normalizing the axes with the respective (pre-alignment-dependent) uniaxial strength. This generalizes the structure-properties relation established based on uniaxial tests to the multiaxial case. The inferred scaling laws are compared with a collection of experimental data from the literature obtained with diverse network materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 106101"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multiple scales homogenisation of a porous viscoelastic material with rigid inclusions: Application to lithium-ion battery electrodes","authors":"J.M. Foster , A.F. Galvis , B. Protas , S.J. Chapman","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the mechanical behaviour of the composite materials used in modern lithium-ion battery electrodes. These contain relatively high modulus active particle inclusions within a two-component matrix of liquid electrolyte which penetrates the pore space within a viscoelastic polymer binder. Deformations are driven by a combination of (i) swelling/contraction of the electrode particles in response to lithium insertion/extraction, (ii) swelling of the binder as it absorbs electrolyte, (iii) external loading and (iv) flow of the electrolyte within the pores. We derive the macroscale response of the composite using systematic multiple scales homogenisation by exploiting the disparity in lengthscales associated with the size of an electrode particle and the electrode as a whole. The resulting effective model accurately replicates the behaviour of the original model (as is demonstrated by a series of relevant case studies) but, crucially, is markedly simpler and hence cheaper to solve. This has significant practical value because it facilitates low-cost, realistic computations of the mechanical states of battery electrodes, thereby allowing model-assisted development of battery designs that are better able to withstand the mechanical abuse encountered in practice and ultimately paving the way for longer-lasting batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106072"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haoxiang Deng, Haixu Du, Yanchu Zhang, Ketian Li, Qiming Wang
{"title":"Mechanics of CO2-induced dynamic covalent polymer networks: Constitutive modeling and crack healing","authors":"Haoxiang Deng, Haixu Du, Yanchu Zhang, Ketian Li, Qiming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO<sub>2</sub>-induced dynamic covalent polymer networks (DCPNs) have received significant attention due to their capability of sequestering CO<sub>2</sub> to remodel material properties. Despite the promising success of carbon sequestration in the polymer, the mechanistic understanding of the CO<sub>2</sub>-induced polymer network is still at the very beginning. A theoretical framework to understand the CO<sub>2</sub>-induced formation of bulk networks and healing of interfacial cracks of DCPNs has not been established. Here, we build up a polymer-network-based theoretical model system that can mechanistically explain the constitutive behavior and crack healing of CO<sub>2</sub>-induced DCPNs. We assume that the DCPN consists of interpenetrating networks crosslinked by CO<sub>2</sub>-induced dynamic bonds which follow a force-dependent chemical kinetics. During the healing process, we consider the CO<sub>2</sub> molecules diffuse from the surface to the crack interface to reform the polymer network for interfacial repair. Our theoretical framework can calculate the stress-strain behaviors of both original and healed DCPNs. We demonstrate that the theoretically calculated stress-strain responses of the original DCPNs across various CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, as well as those of healed DCPNs under different CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, consistently match the documented experimental results. We expect our model to become an invaluable tool for innovating, designing, understanding, and optimizing CO<sub>2</sub>-induced DCPNs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106098"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jarrod L. Smith, Jeremy D. Seidt, Carter J. Fietek, Amos Gilat
{"title":"Taylor-Quinney coefficient determination from simultaneous strain and temperature measurements of uniform and localized deformation in tensile tests","authors":"Jarrod L. Smith, Jeremy D. Seidt, Carter J. Fietek, Amos Gilat","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experimental determination of the Taylor-Quinney coefficient (TQC), <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>, from tensile tests at nominal strain rates of 1.0 s<sup>-1</sup> and 500 s<sup>-1</sup> is presented. Simultaneous full-field measurements of the deformation (strain) and temperature on the surface of the specimens are made throughout the tests, including in the localized region during necking. These measurements provide means to determine the value of the TQC at large strains. Results from testing Inconel 718 show that during the uniform deformation portion of the tests (up to a strain of about 0.15 before necking initiation) the conditions at the center of the specimen's gage section are adiabatic in both strain rates and the TQC can be determined accurately. Large strains and significant increase in temperature are observed in the necking region once it develops. Analysis of the measured data shows that in the 500 s<sup>-1</sup> strain rate test the necking process is sufficiently fast (about 165 μs) such that the center of the necking deforms under adiabatic conditions and the TQC can accurately be determined up to a strain of 0.36. In the 1.0 s<sup>-1</sup> strain rate test, where the necking process lasts much longer (about 110 ms), some heat is conducted away from the center of the necking region and the TQC can accurately be determined only during the uniform deformation up to a strain of 0.15.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106099"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bimodal scaling law and size effect in superelastic nanopillars","authors":"Mostafa Karami , Xian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shape memory alloys that can deform and then spring back to their original shape, have found a wide range of applications in the medical field, from heart valves to stents. As we push the boundaries of technology creating smaller, more precise tools for delicate surgery treatments, the behavior of these alloys at tiny scales becomes increasingly crucial. In this study, we discover that the size effect of critical stress required for stress-induced phase transformation is not universal. We propose an orientation-dependent power decay law, indicating a specific increase in critical stress for pillars smaller than 1 micrometer for the nominally soft [001] and hard [111] orientations. Additionally, we observe high transformability with 11% recoverable strain under high stress (2 GPa) through lattice frustration at 200 nm scale. This research opens new avenues for exploring the superior elastic behavior of shape memory alloys for nanodevices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106088"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physics-informed recovery of nonlinear residual stress fields in an inverse continuum framework","authors":"José A. Sanz-Herrera , Alain Goriely","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residual stresses play a critical mechanical role in both industrial and biomechanical applications. In biological tissues, residual stresses arise from growth and remodeling processes under physiological or pathological conditions and have been extensively modeled within the framework of nonlinear elasticity. These modeling efforts have enabled direct computation of residual stress patterns based on phenomenological growth laws. However, experimental validation and feedback for these models remain limited due to the inherent challenges in measuring complex stress distributions. To address this limitation, we propose and develop an inverse approach for estimating nonlinear residual stresses using information from an externally loaded configuration. Specifically, the algorithm employs domain displacement fields and externally applied loads as input data, which can be experimentally obtained through biaxial testing and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. This novel formulation and numerical scheme are rooted in a physics-informed continuum framework that enforces universal principles of mechanics. To evaluate the framework, a synthetically generated ground-truth solution serves as a reference, allowing assessment of the accuracy of residual stress field reconstruction across varying levels of noise in the input data. Performance metrics indicate a significant improvement in reconstruction accuracy when multiple load cases and combined datasets are used. This approach paves the way for the formulation of growth laws and residual patterns based on experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 106079"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A steady-state frictional crack in a strip","authors":"Efim A. Brener , Eran Bouchbinder","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmps.2025.106086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The analogy between frictional cracks, propagating along interfaces in frictional contact, and ordinary cracks in bulk materials is important in various fields. We consider a stress-controlled frictional crack propagating at a velocity <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> along an interface separating two strips, each of height <span><math><mi>H</mi></math></span>, the frictional counterpart of the classical problem of a displacement-controlled crack in a strip, which played central roles in understanding material failure. We show that steady-state frictional cracks in a strip geometry require a nonmonotonic dependence of the frictional strength on the slip velocity and, in sharp contrast to their classical counterparts, feature a vanishing stress drop. Here, rupture is driven by energy flowing to its edge from behind, generated by an excess power of the external stress, and to be accompanied by an increase in the stored elastic energy, in qualitative contrast to the classical counterpart that is driven by the release of elastic energy stored ahead of the propagating edge. Finally, we derive a complete set of mesoscopic and macroscopic scaling relations for frictional cracks in a strip geometry and demonstrate that the stress singularity near their edges is proportional to <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>Δ</mi><mi>v</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow></msqrt></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow></math></span> is the slip velocity rise accompanying their propagation. The relevance of our findings for various phenomena, including slow rupture/earthquakes, is briefly discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 106086"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}