Journal of The American Water Resources Association最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of reported and unreported water uses in various sectors of the Potomac basin for the year 2017","authors":"Carlington W. Wallace,&nbsp;Heidi L. N. Moltz,&nbsp;Andrea Nagel,&nbsp;Stephanie Nummer,&nbsp;Karin R. Bencala","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water resource planners and managers in the Mid-Atlantic United States typically determine the sufficiency of water supplies to meet demand by comparing (1) water use as reported to the state by individual water users to (2) metrics of water availability calculated from observed water monitoring networks. This paper focuses on determining whether this means of measuring water use is sufficient for proactive and sustainable management of water resources. The Potomac basin study area illustrates the point that, while state-reported water use databases typically cover the largest individual water users, unreported water uses can cumulatively comprise a substantial portion of the overall water use. If left unaccounted for, the system is vulnerable to human demand exceeding supplies, with attendant detrimental effects to aquatic habitats and organisms, especially given the exacerbating effects of climate change on the variability of water supplies. Planners and managers are therefore encouraged to consider the full spectrum of water uses, regardless of state reporting requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"1008-1028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.13223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid geomorphic assessment walkabouts as a tool for stream mitigation monitoring","authors":"Jaime R. Goode,&nbsp;Robert J. Hawley,&nbsp;Robert H. Lewis,&nbsp;Bethany Mulhall","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13222","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13222","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Monitoring of compensatory stream mitigation projects conventionally relies on spatially discrete geometric data and habitat assessments collected from representative reaches. Project success is evaluated by extrapolating site-scale metrics such as rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP) scores and time-series changes in width-to-depth ratios to adjacent reaches. For example, an excellent RBP score at one location is used to infer excellent habitat in nearby reaches. This paper compares spatially discrete and continuous monitoring data from 38 km of restored stream length on a stream mitigation project in central Kentucky to document how conventional site-level metrics may not represent conditions in adjacent reaches, particularly on projects plagued by post-construction geomorphic instability (e.g., headcut migration, propagation of bank erosion, and chute cutoff formation). Over a 5-year monitoring period, rapid visual assessment walkabouts documented project-scale geomorphic process trajectories that were not captured by conventional site-specific monitoring. Early detection of geomorphic instability from this rapid monitoring approach facilitated cost-effective and tailored adaptive management (e.g., planting of live stakes to arrest bank erosion). Full-census walkabouts can thereby help to improve mitigation credit valuation, enhance long-term habitat protection, and facilitate successful steam restoration outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"991-1007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.13222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141664007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical inputs to emerging wetlands on the shores of the receding Salton Sea, California","authors":"Barry Hibbs,&nbsp;Camila Bautista,&nbsp;Lillian Alwood,&nbsp;Margaret Drummond","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13220","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13220","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Salton Sea has experienced significant recession over the past two decades due to changes in the diversion of Colorado River water to the Salton Trough for agricultural irrigation. As a result, wetlands have emerged in some exposed playa areas along the Salton Sea, primarily in regions with extensive agricultural return flows and agricultural drainage. One notable wetland system, known as the Bombay Beach Wetlands, has formed on the north shore of the Salton Sea, in an area devoid of agriculture. In many other areas with limited or no agriculture, wetlands have failed to develop, leaving exposed playa surfaces as the Salton Sea recedes. These dry playa surfaces pose a significant threat to the health of local residents due to the presence of toxins contained in windblown dust associated with playa deposits. In this study, stable water isotope data, combined with other hydrological information, led to identification of two potential water sources for the Bombay Beach Wetlands. The first possibility proposes that thermal artesian waters alone contribute to the wetlands' water source, while the second hypothesis involves a combination of drainage from Salton Sea bank storage water mixing with the thermal artesian water. The thermal artesian water discharges into drainage channels that flow towards the Bombay Beach Wetlands, initially devoid of possible groundwater baseflow until reaching the wetlands. Studies were subsequently done along the full reach of the drainage channels receiving thermal artesian water. Dissolved solids content, P and N nutrients, arsenic, and stable water isotopes were tested synoptically along the drainage channels. Channel investigations led to the development of a novel model of salinization, which is linked to channel discharge, channel morphometrics, and channel incision.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"953-971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.13220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141837978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sources of seasonal water supply forecast uncertainty during snow drought in the Sierra Nevada","authors":"Elijah N. Boardman,&nbsp;Carl E. Renshaw,&nbsp;Robert K. Shriver,&nbsp;Reggie Walters,&nbsp;Bruce McGurk,&nbsp;Thomas H. Painter,&nbsp;Jeffrey S. Deems,&nbsp;Kat J. Bormann,&nbsp;Gabriel M. Lewis,&nbsp;Evan N. Dethier,&nbsp;Adrian A. Harpold","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13221","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13221","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Uncertainty attribution in water supply forecasting is crucial to improve forecast skill and increase confidence in seasonal water management planning. We develop a framework to quantify fractional forecast uncertainty and partition it between (1) snowpack quantification methods, (2) variability in post-forecast precipitation, and (3) runoff model errors. We demonstrate the uncertainty framework with statistical runoff models in the upper Tuolumne and Merced River basins (California, USA) using snow observations at two endmember spatial resolutions: a simple snow pillow index and full-catchment snow water equivalent (SWE) maps at 50 m resolution from the Airborne Snow Observatories. Bayesian forecast simulations demonstrate a nonlinear decrease in the skill of statistical water supply forecasts during warm snow droughts, when a low fraction of winter precipitation remains as SWE. Forecast skill similarly decreases during dry snow droughts, when winter precipitation is low. During a shift away from snow-dominance, the uncertainty of forecasts using snow pillow data increases about 1.9 times faster than analogous forecasts using full-catchment SWE maps in the study area. Replacing the snow pillow index with full-catchment SWE data reduces statistical forecast uncertainty by 39% on average across all tested climate conditions. Attributing water supply forecast uncertainty to reducible error sources reveals opportunities to improve forecast reliability in a warmer future climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"972-990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141682918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamflow response to drought in a managed coast redwood catchment","authors":"Elizabeth Keppeler,&nbsp;Joseph Wagenbrenner,&nbsp;Salli Dymond,&nbsp;David Dralle","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13211","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 60-year precipitation and streamflow record from the Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds in northern California was used to explore the propagation of meteorological drought to hydrological drought. Standardized precipitation and runoff indices were calculated for the two forested catchments using integration periods of 12, 24, and 36 months. The resulting time series were used to define three severe drought events (1976–1977, 2013–2014, and 2020–2022). The earliest drought followed the 1971–1973 harvest of the 417 ha South Fork (SF) watershed, a second followed the 1989–1992 harvest of the 479 ha North Fork watershed, and a third followed the 2017–2019 reentry harvest of the SF. From these time series, we calculated drought metrics and anomalies to model differences in catchment responses in the context of climate and management. The meteorological drought in the 1977 event was more severe and extreme than the streamflow response. Both of the 21st Century droughts were hydrologically more severe than the 1977 drought. Timber harvest initially shortened and reduced streamflow drought (1977 and 2021) but prolonged and intensified the 2014 streamflow drought. Declining fall precipitation has reduced streamflows, thereby impeding salmonid migration and exacerbating impacts on native fish. Our results provide new insights into the role of climate variation, particularly long-term and seasonal drought dynamics, in managed forests along the North American Pacific coast.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"928-952"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing placement of bioretention systems in the US Puget Sound region","authors":"Anish Mahat,&nbsp;Joan Q. Wu,&nbsp;Anand D. Jayakaran,&nbsp;M. Samrat Dahal,&nbsp;Robert P. Ewing","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13219","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Puget Sound Basin, US Pacific Northwest, is experiencing rapid population and urban growth. This growth adversely impacts local ecosystems, especially the spawning and rearing habitat for several salmonid species. Sustainable urban design strategies such as green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) are required in the region to manage stormwater onsite when new development occurs. However, the effectiveness of any GSI depends on its location relative to where stormwater is produced. This study aimed to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based framework for the optimal placement of GSI, specifically bioretention systems. We computed the Hydrologic Sensitivity Index (<i>λ</i>_HSI, indicating runoff generation potential at a landscape location) for the lower Puyallup River Watershed study area. The index and federal and state feasibility criteria were used to identify suitable sites for bioretention systems. The suitability of identified sites was verified through ground-truthing, including soil sampling and infiltration testing. We found that 2.5% of the watershed area was suitable for bioretention, concentrated in the center and north of the study watershed. The method described in this study can be readily applied to watersheds for which spatial data (topography, soil, and land use) are available. We recommend choosing locations with high <i>λ</i>_HSI when resources are limited since these locations contribute most to runoff generation and urban flooding.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"913-927"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water use of co-occurring loblolly (Pinus taeda) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata) in a loblolly pine plantation in the Piedmont","authors":"Johnny Boggs,&nbsp;Ge Sun,&nbsp;Jean-Christophe Domec,&nbsp;Steve McNulty","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13218","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13218","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Measuring water use in co-occurring loblolly pine (<i>Pinus taeda</i> L.) and shortleaf pine (<i>Pinus echinata</i> Mill.) enhances our understanding of their competitive water use and aids in refining watershed water budget model parameters. This study was conducted in a 12-ha forested headwater catchment in the Piedmont of North Carolina, southeastern U.S., from 2018 to 2019 (pre-thinning) to 2020 (post-thinning). Sap flux density (<i>J</i>\u0000 _s), species-level transpiration (<i>T</i>\u0000 _s), and watershed-level transpiration (<i>T</i>\u0000 _w) were quantified. Water use efficiency (WUE) in loblolly and shortleaf pines was compared, alongside an investigation into how both species' <i>J</i>\u0000 _s and <i>T</i>\u0000 _s responded to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Loblolly pine had 19%–36% higher <i>J</i>\u0000 _s than shortleaf pine. Daily <i>T</i>\u0000 _s for loblolly pine ranged from 15.0 to 29.0 L/day while <i>T</i>\u0000 _s in shortleaf pine ranged from 3.0 to 6.8 L/day. The <i>T</i>\u0000 _s was significantly higher in loblolly pine when compared to shortleaf pine likely due to higher canopy position and higher growth rates of the former. WUE, defined by annual tree biomass growth per tree water use, was not significantly different between the two. Daily <i>J</i>\u0000 _s and <i>T</i>\u0000 _s in both species responded nonlinearly to VPD, with loblolly pine being more sensitive and variable. Species-specific water use should be considered when quantifying <i>T</i>\u0000 _w and developing reliable models to predict the effects of forest management practices on water resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 4","pages":"897-911"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141339396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of public-supply community water service area boundaries for the conterminous United States","authors":"Cheryl A. Buchwald,&nbsp;Natalie A. Houston,&nbsp;Jana S. Stewart,&nbsp;Ayman H. Alzraiee,&nbsp;Richard G. Niswonger,&nbsp;Joshua D. Larsen","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13210","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The water service area dataset, derived from the National Boundary Dataset for public-supply water systems in the United States, offers a detailed resolution surpassing county-level assessments, emphasizing water-centric land use. Crucial for linking populations and infrastructure to system withdrawals, it supports the creation of a national public-supply water-use model, enhancing accuracy in estimating water use and distinguishing between publicly supplied and self-supplied domestic water use. Integrating tabular water system data strengthens the national water-use model by enabling tracking of withdrawal locations, source water, and water quality. Evaluated against U.S. Census-derived population datasets, 16 state-provided water service area datasets, and two national land use datasets, the study covers 22,849 community water systems, excluding most small systems serving fewer than 1000 people. Robust correlations between water service areas (WSAs) and satellite-sourced urban and exurban land use types facilitate tracking changes over time. A comparison of state and national datasets for population and WSAs reveals discrepancies ranging from 5% to 73% in state-level populations and 0% to 167% in state-level WSAs. Significant differences can be attributed to the exclusion of sizable incorporated and unincorporated areas in the state-based datasets. Additional comparisons of major metropolitan areas exhibit differences ranging from 2% to 56%.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 4","pages":"879-896"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.13210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydro-modeling the ecosystem impact of wastewater reuse under climate change: A case study in upper Red River basin, Oklahoma","authors":"Shang Gao,&nbsp;Zhi Li,&nbsp;Grant Graves,&nbsp;Hannah A. Mattes,&nbsp;Shadi Fathollahifard,&nbsp;Jason Vogel,&nbsp;Thomas M. Neeson,&nbsp;Keith Strevett,&nbsp;Yang Hong","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13208","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13208","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water reuse, as a viable option for water supply, must be implemented to minimize the adverse impacts on stream ecosystems that previously received this wastewater effluent. In the State of Oklahoma (OK), USA, local communities have implemented wastewater reuse, and many seek to expand the reuse programs. This study presents a hydro-modeling analysis based on the Coupled Routing and Excess STorage with VECtor routing (CREST-VEC) model focusing on the potential ecosystem impacts and societal benefits of wastewater reuse under climate change in the OK portion of the Red River basin. First, a CREST-VEC model is established for the upper Red River basin and validated against observed streamflow for a 30-year historical period (1990–2020). Based on the established model, we then assess the sensitivity of ecosystem impact to various climate change scenarios and hypothetical wastewater reuse scenarios. Results show that dominant effects of climate change cause the annual time below environmental flow to increase in the next 30 years, which constrains the room to implement wastewater reuse. However, at sub-catchment scale, the analyses identify viable locations for allocating wastewater reuse while maintaining ecosystem health. The results also reveal that wastewater reuse brings about the most societal water benefits at minimal cost of ecosystem health under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6 followed by RCP 4.5 and then RCP 8.5. Overall, the study demonstrates capabilities of the hydro-modeling framework in developing water management plans facing the changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 4","pages":"865-878"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140969311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a forested state park on stream nutrient concentrations in an agriculturally dominated watershed in the U.S. Midwest","authors":"Tessa Farthing,&nbsp;Eileen Rintsch,&nbsp;Owen Larson,&nbsp;Bartosz P. Grudzinski,&nbsp;Thomas J. Fisher,&nbsp;Jessica L. McCarty","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13207","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13207","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Agricultural land cover in the U.S. Midwest is a major source of nutrient pollution that has led to impairment of stream water quality. This study examines the impact of a forested state park on nutrient concentrations within an agriculturally dominated watershed. Water samples were collected over a 2-year study period from eight stream sampling sites along four creeks and processed for total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msubsup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;NO&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msubsup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;/math&gt;), total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphate (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msubsup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;PO&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msubsup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;/math&gt;). Hydrology, channel morphology, and remotely sensed land cover and vegetation data were also collected and analyzed within the study area. Results indicate that water quality responses to a forested state park vary between TN, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msubsup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;NO&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msubsup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;-&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;/math&gt;, TP, and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msubsup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;PO&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 4","pages":"851-864"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.13207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}