Journal of The American Water Resources Association最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying Replacement Rates From Indoor and Outdoor Urban Water Conservation Incentives in California","authors":"Erik Porse,&nbsp;Jonathan Kaplan,&nbsp;Khalil Lezzaik,&nbsp;David Babchanik,&nbsp;Patrick Maloney","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the United States, to promote water conservation, water agencies can offer rebates and incentives for adopting efficient fixtures, appliances, irrigation systems, and low-water landscapes. Limited research has evaluated the prevalence of rebate programs and the rates of replacement achieved by the programs. Using a statewide survey of program offerings and a database of over 1.78 million rebates in California from 2009 to 2020, we investigate two questions. First, what is the prevalence of urban water conservation programs and what activities do they fund? Second, at what rate do programs implement efficiency measures and how do rates vary across years? Results indicate that approximately two hundred agencies in California have incentive programs for customers and many also have education and outreach programs. Rebates for toilets, clothes washers, irrigation controllers, and turf replacement are prominent. The average annual rates of replacement from 2011 to 2020 differ across regions and spiked during drought. Annual replacement rates of toilets ranged from 0.1% to 2%, but rose to as much as 5% in years with drought. Average annual replacement rates for clothes washers, turf replacement, and irrigation controllers were lower (less than 1%). The presented approach offers insights for utilities to use in conservation planning and demand forecasting.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Water Scarcity, Energy, and Agriculture: Coupling Agrivoltaics With Addressing Groundwater Depletion","authors":"Laurel Saito,&nbsp;Jake Tibbitts,&nbsp;Peter Gower,&nbsp;Grant Zimmerman,&nbsp;Devin McHugh","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Resolving groundwater overuse is an ongoing challenge that will require irrigation to cease on some land, leading to questions about what to do with land no longer irrigated. At the same time, the world is undergoing a green-energy transition, with new renewable energy infrastructure needed to meet renewable energy targets. Transitioning previously irrigated land to solar energy production with agriculture (i.e., agrivoltaics) can provide simultaneous benefits of reducing water use while increasing renewable energy generation on already disturbed land. We share a study of the viability, benefits, and tradeoffs of transitioning previously irrigated land to agrivoltaics in Diamond Valley, Nevada, where a mandated groundwater management plan will inevitably result in land coming out of irrigated production. Nevada is committed to 50% of electricity sold being from renewable energy sources by 2030 and 100% by 2050, so there is strong interest in developing renewable energy infrastructure, including on previously disturbed lands such as those used for agriculture near transmission lines. We found that while soils and sunlight in arid places like Diamond Valley are suitable for incorporating agrivoltaics with little to no irrigation, transmission capacity is a limiting factor. Additional studies are needed to determine system upgrades required for solar, and effective solar leases are important to protect landowners from financial risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Alfalfa on Subsurface Discharge and Nutrient Losses Mediated by Precipitation and Antecedent Moisture Conditions","authors":"Lourdes Arrueta,&nbsp;Kevin King,&nbsp;Brittany Hanrahan,&nbsp;Jay Martin,&nbsp;Margaret Kalcic","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the effect of alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa L</i>.) on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads in subsurface (tile) drainage across storm events using edge-of-field monitoring data from two paired-field sites (A and B) with a before-after-control-impact (BACI) experimental design, located in the northwest region of Ohio, United States. A k-medians cluster analysis was used to classify 462 storm events at Site A and 684 storm events at Site B based on precipitation amount and antecedent moisture conditions (AMC), defined as the cumulative 7-day precipitation prior to a storm event. Patterns of nutrient loss in tile drainage were compared between fields with alfalfa and fields with cash and cover crops using a difference-in-differences analysis across three identified storm event types: Dry storm events, wet storm events, and large storm events. Compared to the cash and cover crop rotations, alfalfa had the following effects on discharge and water quality: little to no reduction in subsurface discharge across all storm events at both sites; significant reduction of subsurface nitrate and total N loads across all storm event types at Site A (~200%–800% lower), but not at Site B; ~45% reduction of subsurface dissolved reactive P during large events at both sites; and 11% and 110% reduction of total P loads during large events at Sites A and B, respectively. The impact of alfalfa during large storm events is important given that most nutrient export occurs during these events.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycled Water Flow Changes From the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Southern Nevada: Forecasting Improvements and Hydrodynamic Modeling","authors":"Chang L. Vang,&nbsp;Deena Hannoun,&nbsp;Todd Tietjen,&nbsp;Charlotte van der Nagel","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Las Vegas Wash (the Wash) provides a mechanism for delivering recycled indoor water used in the Las Vegas Valley, NV to the most downstream basin of Lake Mead. The Wash introduces different water quality to Lake Mead, including higher nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and it may contain constituents common to urban runoff including microbial organisms and trace contaminants. A strong link has been established between the residential population of the Las Vegas Valley and the mean annual flowrate in the Wash; however, with the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020, significantly reduced tourism led to reduced flow in the Wash. This work expands previous modeling efforts which project Wash flowrates based on population projections by incorporating tourism numbers, using the individuals employed in hospitality as a surrogate. The resulting model suggests that mean yearly Wash flowrates could increase 20.6%–23.2% (between 1.95 and 2.19 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {m}^3/sBig) $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> by 2060, compared to 2022 levels. Numerical simulations of Lake Mead show that these increased Wash flowrates are not expected to have a significant thermal influence on either the drinking water intake (Intake) or Hoover Dam outflows. The Wash delivers about <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {10}^3 $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> MW of heat into Lake Mead, while heat transfer at the Intake and Hoover Dam water columns was two orders of magnitude less. Wash water concentration and salinity increased in the simulations at the Intake and Hoover Dam outflows, respectively, by at most 0.91% and 1.3%.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periodic Variability in Baseflow in Headwater Streams of the Upper Colorado River: Implications for Runoff Efficiency","authors":"Margaret A. Wolf,&nbsp;Logan Jamison,&nbsp;Courtenay Strong,&nbsp;Paul D. Brooks","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The majority of the discharge in the Colorado River originates as snowmelt in headwater catchments. Flow from these streams exhibits significant year-to-year variability (Coefficient of Variation: 0.2–1.18), challenging the management of a critical water and energy resource for millions. Understanding the factors driving this variability will become even more important in a rapidly changing climate. To address this need, we examine regional patterns in winter baseflow, a metric for catchment groundwater storage, in 52 USGS-gauged watersheds in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Coherent 12- to 14-year patterns emerge in baseflow in 5 headwater regions, alongside an apparent 8-year periodicity in 2 regions, suggesting groundwater recharge is responding to a regional climate forcing. Subsequent analyses identified a statistically significant, positive relationship between antecedent winter baseflow and runoff efficiency (RE) in 22 of 24 headwaters with concurrent precipitation and streamflow data available since 1980. These relationships indicate that winter baseflow can be used to reduce uncertainty in RE and streamflow predictions months before snowmelt begins.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Patterns and Drivers of Single-Family Household Water Uses in Arizona Using High-Resolution Smart-Metered Data","authors":"Cibi Vishnu Chinnasamy,&nbsp;Mazdak Arabi,&nbsp;Peter Mayer,&nbsp;Grant Bernosky,&nbsp;Travis Warziniack","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to characterize single-family household water consumption utilizing smart-metered subdaily water use data from more than 700 single-family households across the state of Arizona in the United States for the water year 2022. Using statistical evidence, we identify factors that drive household water consumption such as the number of occupants, appliance efficiency, and the presence of a swimming pool. Furthermore, climate and other regional drivers of water use are investigated. The analysis encompasses mixed-effects regression models to assess water use patterns on daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal time-steps. The findings show that approximately 64% of water consumption in Arizona was used for outdoor purposes. Households with a swimming pool use approximately 56% more water overall than those without a pool. Even indoor water use is nearly 26% greater in households with a swimming pool. Deep analysis of smart-metered water use data offers greater insights into the efficiency levels of appliances in a household. Households with high-efficiency appliances use about 18.5% less water than households without high-efficiency appliances. Analysis indicates that log-linear mixed-effects regression models provide the most robust assessments for relating water consumption with household and regional factors. This study helps water managers identify and implement water conservation and demand reduction strategies in single-family neighborhoods.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Flood Risk Evolution Under Reservoir Operations: A Comprehensive Framework for Hazard, Vulnerability, and Loss Risk","authors":"Ting Zhou,&nbsp;Teng Lin,&nbsp;Rongliang Cheng,&nbsp;Guoqing Wang","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Floods are among the most devastating natural disasters globally, underscoring the need for robust flood risk assessment methodologies. Reservoirs significantly alter flood risk patterns by regulating the spatial and temporal dynamics of flooding. However, current research on flood risk under reservoir operations primarily focuses on static risk probabilities, lacking a quantitative analysis of the evolutionary process of flood risk, which limits targeted risk management strategies. This study proposes a comprehensive framework for quantifying flood risk evolution under reservoir operations, integrating hazard, vulnerability, and loss risk assessment. Key issues including multi-site flood combinations, hydrograph shapes, damage vulnerability, and reservoir operating rules are systematically integrated. The framework is validated using a case study of three reservoirs on a tributary of the Huai River in eastern China, employing single, parallel, and multiple reservoir configurations. Results demonstrate the framework's ability to quantitatively elucidate the evolution of flood risk under different reservoir operations. Comparative analyses reveal the influences of reservoir structure, operating rules, and spatial location on flood risk patterns, providing targeted insights for risk mitigation. The proposed framework offers implications for flood risk assessment and supports the planning and management of flood control projects.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SWAT-MOEA: SWAT Optimization Tool for Decision-Making in Agricultural Production Systems Among Competing Objectives","authors":"Ana C. Cram,&nbsp;Daniel N. Moriasi,&nbsp;Glenn E. Moglen,&nbsp;Jean L. Steiner,&nbsp;Oswaldo F. Aguirre,&nbsp;J. Alan Verser,&nbsp;Zaichen Xiang","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Identifying agricultural production systems that balance economic viability, conservation of soil and water resources, and a clean environment requires significant time and financial investments. This paper presents the SWAT-MOEA, a user-friendly standalone tool, which couples the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) to determine Pareto optimal solutions for sustainable watershed management within a reasonable timeframe. The SWAT-MOEA is unique compared with existing tools in that it is publicly available for download along with a manual, it is user customizable, and can be used for studies of varying spatial scales from field to very large watersheds and daily to annual temporal scales. This integration enables simultaneous optimization of multiple objectives for existing SWAT projects. The tool identifies the placement of management strategies that achieve optimal trade-offs among competing objectives. Key SWAT-MOEA features include the ability to create and execute management practices directly through the SWAT-MOEA interface and to select objectives that reflect regional priorities. Results are stored in Excel for efficient display. SWAT-MOEA creates and stores Pareto graphs and geospatial maps of suggested solutions. A case study in the Fort Cobb Reservoir Experimental watershed located in Oklahoma is provided to demonstrate its use. The SWAT-MOEA executable and user's manual are available at SWAT-MOEA.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Future Land Use Variability on Nutrient Loads in a Fast-Urbanizing Landscape","authors":"Andres Lora Santos,&nbsp;Osama M. Tarabih,&nbsp;Mauricio E. Arias,&nbsp;Mark C. Rains,&nbsp;Qiong Zhang","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Urbanization, driven by population growth, alters watershed hydrology and nutrient runoff. However, the complex interplay between urbanization and nutrients in regional watersheds remains an open question. This study assessed how urbanization affects streamflow, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loads in six diverse Florida watersheds covering an area of 10,600 km². This was carried out by introducing 2070 land use/land cover (LULC) projections to a watershed hydrology/water quality model. We investigated how different levels of urban density, as a proxy for urbanization patterns, affect streamflow and nutrient variability. Results indicate that urban land could increase from 14% to 27% in 2070. This expansion could lead to monthly streamflow increases of 0%–36%, based on watershed and urbanization patterns. Future TP loads could change by −8% to +140%, with decreases attributed to LULC transitions from high-use fertilizer agriculture to low/medium density residential classes. Projected TN loads are more consistent, with simulated changes of −1% to +26%. Among LULC transitions, the largest increases in TP and TN are caused by potential urbanization of freshwater wetlands. This study provides knowledge relevant to regions undergoing similar urbanization trends, enabling managers to make better land development plans with water quality considerations. It also contributes a detailed modeling framework that can be adopted even with the use of different LULC datasets and software.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and Diagnosis of Water Resources Spatial Equilibrium Under the High-Quality Development of Water Conservancy","authors":"Tao Dong,&nbsp;Yanqi Wei,&nbsp;Juliang Jin,&nbsp;Ping Zhou,&nbsp;Yong Hu,&nbsp;Menglu Chen,&nbsp;Yuliang Zhou","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The development philosophy of water resources spatial equilibrium (WRSE) is a crucial aspect of China's water conservancy strategy. To quantitatively evaluate the WRSE in Chongqing and diagnose obstacle indicators, the WRSE evaluation and diagnostic model was proposed based on coupling coordination degree and subtraction set pair potential (SSPP) from both water supply and demand perspectives. The results showed that economically developed regions in Chongqing were suffering water scarcity and disequilibrium. The WRSE state from excellent to poor was the city cluster of Wuling mountain area in southeastern Chongqing (CSC), the city cluster of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in northeastern Chongqing (CNC), the new area of Chongqing city proper (NAC), and the central urban area of Chongqing (CAC). The obstacle indicators in CAC, NAC, CNC, CSC, districts, and counties were diagnosed by an improved diagnostic method based on SSPP, which can avoid the unreasonable diagnostic result. The evaluation and diagnostic results at different spatial scales can provide a more comprehensive reference for water resources management, and the results are consistent with the actual conditions of Chongqing. Our study can provide insights for WRSE evaluation and the diagnosis of obstacle indicators. It also presents a method that can be applied to other systems, including environmental and resource management, across various spatial scales.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143689051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}