Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series最新文献

{"title":"Wholesalers and Retailers in US Trade","authors":"J. Jensen, S. Redding, Peter K. Schott, A. Bernard","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1631855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1631855","url":null,"abstract":"International trade models typically assume that producers in one country trade directly with final consumers in another. In reality, of course, trade can involve long chains of potentially independent actors who move goods through wholesale and retail distribution networks. These networks likely affect the magnitude and nature of trade frictions and hence both the pattern of trade and its welfare gains. To promote further understanding of the means by which goods move across borders, this paper examines the extent to which US exports and imports flow through wholesalers and retailers versus producing and consuming firms.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131241926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Forecasting: Evolving a Model for Indian Business Process Outsourcing Industry","authors":"Prabhakar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2941486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2941486","url":null,"abstract":"The present research is an application of social forecasting. On a broader plank, Can future be forecasted? The answer is not affirmative. If there is something known or defined as ‘the future’ then it can be attempted. The word future is a relational term (Bell, 1973) it can be discussed as the future of something. Is it possible to forecast results? The answer is more not affirmative. Forecasts can specify the constraints or limits within which decisions can be effective. Forecasting has different modes. Social forecasting differs from other modes in its scope and techniques. The most important distinction is study of sociological variables that are independent or exogenous and least precise, which affect the behaviour of other variables. In the present study, an attempt is made to study sociological variables such as individualization of work and value priorities and project them within the social framework of business process outsourcing industry. Business process outsourcing industry is the fastest growing industry creating highest number of jobs across the world (Holman, Batt and Holtgrewe, 2007) and India is a major player in the this sector. The industry’s variability, novelty, technological intensity, work intensity with new sociological, anthropological, and economic networks at the intersection of globalization provide challenging opportunities for research. Ferni and Metcalf (1998) undertook pioneering research with respect to human resources issues and called the industry as modern age sweatshops far from the depiction of knowledge worker of twenty first century. In India, the employees are paid higher salaries compared to other industries for same qualifications. The industry is growing at highest rates compared to other industry sectors, indicating a win-win situation for all stakeholders. However, the industry is facing highest attrition rates in the world to the tune of 40%, with employees complaining disillusionment with jobs. Press publishes violation of cultural codes and changing lifestyles of employees. This context, present study is undertaken to address the issue of job attrition by using methodology given by social forecasting. The study is organized into five chapters. The first chapter introduces the genesis of Business Process Outsourcing Industry, its definition, growth, human resources issues, and discusses research for the past decade. This is to understand the nuances of industry that are different from that of Information technology industry as well as from other industries. It tries to portray human resources challenges of the Indian Business Process Outsourcing Industry and in the process establishes need, objectives, and significance of the study. Social forecasting which permits use of eclectic approach is introduced with definition, its relation with other types of forecasting, model procedure and validation process with required elaboration. Economic forecasting, demographic forecasting technological forecas","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132484014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development and Impact of Consumer Word of Mouth in New Product Diffusion","authors":"Y. Luan, S. Neslin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1462336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1462336","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate how consumer word of mouth (WOM) develops over time and in turn influences new product adoption. We develop a dynamic aggregate-level model of WOM development and new product diffusion that explicitly captures consumers’ learning of product quality from both marketing communications and WOM. It allows us to measure how effectively firms’ marketing efforts generate WOM (buzz) and to determine whether WOM influences product adoption primarily through an informative role (i.e., helping the consumer learn product quality) or a persuasive role (i.e., exerting a direct impact on sales, for example, by increasing awareness). A formal treatment of the endogeneity issue inherent in the WOM-sales relationship enables us to infer short-term and long-term sales elasticity of WOM. The model is estimated using simulated generalized method of moments (GMM) and applied to the U.S. video game market. Our results indicate: (1) media publicity is especially effective at generating WOM for video games while media advertising is ineffective. (2) WOM is the key source of quality learning. It has a larger informative effect than publicity and advertising combined. (3) While WOM also has a significant persuasive effect, the informative effect dominates; therefore, buzz marketing is economically meaningful only for high-quality products.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121526797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-Firm Learning from Innovative Activity: The Role of Managers, Work Context and Situated Organizational Attention","authors":"Alva Taylor, L. Foster-Johnson, Richard A. Harriman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1306788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1306788","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we examine the organizational learning that occurs as a result of the innovative activity of new product development. We argue that learning from the new knowledge generated by the innovative activity is influenced by the cognitive context and work conditions in the organization, and can be aided or impeded by factors that affect the attention of individuals in the organization. We use differences in the organizational context - whether the work environment is a knowledge-rich or a knowledge-sparse environment - to show that factors such as manager involvement and perceived competition play an important part in determining whether attention to new knowledge results in greater or lesser learning. We test our hypotheses using empirical data from multiple new product development groups in a multi-division global consumer goods company. Our findings show that the cognitive influences affect the level of learning, and this learning differs based on the contextual situation created by the level of new knowledge. We also show that management oversight at the middle-manager level separates dynamic learning projects from those that are relatively inert. It is proactive middle managers who are able to help an organization acquire new knowledge and renew its innovative resources. These findings have implications for theories of innovation, competition, organizational learning, and managerial decision making.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124864108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Next Generation: Technology Adoption and Integration through Internal Competition in New Product Development","authors":"Alva Taylor","doi":"10.1287/orsc.1080.0399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1080.0399","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of internal competition that occurs when new technology challenges the technology in a firm's existing products. New-technology development projects are traditionally judged by market success---and most fail. If we examine their impact on existing-technology product development, a different interpretation arises. Drawing on the literature on the influence of social factors on interfirm search and adoption of new technologies, this study argues that similar processes occur intrafirm. Evidence from a field study on new-technology product development in high-technology firms shows that internal competition influences existing-technology product development groups to integrate the new technology into the next generation of their own products. The reason is twofold. First, these groups shift their search toward the new technology and allocate resources to gain a deeper understanding of it. Second, access to internal information and the mobility of workers across project boundaries benefit the existing-technology groups. The findings provide a model of innovation that illustrates an endogenous process of internal competition. This often political and contentious process can have a strong influence on technology adoption and integration.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130041887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Revenue Management in Airline Alliances","authors":"Christopher P. Wright, H. Groenevelt, Robert A. Shumsky","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1105135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1105135","url":null,"abstract":"Major airlines are selling increasing numbers of interline itineraries in which flights operated by two or more airlines are combined and sold together. One reason for this increase is the rapid growth of airline alliances, which promote the purchase of interline itineraries and, therefore, virtually extend the reach of each alliance member's network. This practice, however, creates a difficult coordination problem: Each member of the alliance makes revenue management decisions to maximize its own revenue and the resulting behavior may produce suboptimal revenue for the alliance as a whole. Airline industry researchers and consultants have proposed a variety of static and dynamic mechanisms to control revenue management decisions across alliances (a dynamic mechanism adjusts its parameters as the number of available seats in the network changes and time passes). In this paper, we formulate a Markov game model of a two-partner alliance that can be used to analyze the effects of these mechanisms on each partner's behavior. We begin by showing that no Markovian transfer pricing mechanism can coordinate an arbitrary alliance. Next, we examine three dynamic schemes as well as three forms of the static scheme widely used in practice. We derive the equilibrium acceptance policies under each scheme and use analytical techniques as well as numerical analyses of sample alliances to generate fundamental insights about partner behavior under each scheme. The analysis and numerical examples also illustrate how certain transfer price schemes are likely to perform in networks with particular characteristics.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114788073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chinese Exporters, Exchange Rate Exposure, and the Value of the Renminbi","authors":"A. Bernard","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1138248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1138248","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the currency exposure and exchange rate risk management at Chinese textile and apparel exporters. Chinese exporting firms have large net exposure to the US dollar. On average a 10 percent increase in the value of the renminbi against the dollar would reduce net revenues by 5.4 percent if the firms left prices unchanged. This large exposure is driven heavily by the choice of export pricing currency by the firms. The regional distribution of sales is more balanced across the major export markets of the US, EU, and Japan. However many firms are unaware of their indirect currency risk to currencies other than the dollar and most firms undertake little or no activities to hedge their foreign currency exposure, direct or indirect. The large dollar exposure of Chinese exporters may help explain the reluctance of the People's Bank of China to allow the RMB to undergo a rapid appreciation against the dollar.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114976464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic Responses to Multiple Dimensions of Low-Cost-Country Competition","authors":"A. Bernard, Peter Koerte","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.991813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.991813","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents theoretical and empirical analyses of strategic responses to competition from low-cost countries (LCCs). Surveying 423 firms in the U.S. and Germany, we consider the nature of low-cost competition and strategic responses by advanced market incumbents. The theoretical framework develops multiple dimensions of foreign competition, i.e. intensity and quality, and introduces three new strategic responses, relocation, avoidance and deterrence. The results strongly support the hypotheses that firms employ relocation, avoidance, and marketing differentiation strategies when LCC competition rises. As LCC product quality increases, firms increasingly use relocation strategies but reduce their reliance on avoidance and market differentiation.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115706623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superman or the Fantastic Four? Knowledge Combination and Experience in Innovative Teams","authors":"Alva Taylor, H. Greve","doi":"10.5465/AMJ.2006.22083029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2006.22083029","url":null,"abstract":"We examine how knowledge and experience affect both the mean and variance values of innovations from individuals and teams. We apply and extend theory on innovativeness and creativity to propose that holding multiple knowledge domains produces novel combinations that increase the variance of product performance; and that extensive experience produces outputs with high average performance. We analyzed innovations in the comic book industry, finding that innovations with extreme success and failure are affected by similar factors as high-performing innovations. Multi-member teams and teams with experience working together produced innovations with greater variation in value, but individuals were able to combine knowledge diversity more effectively than teams.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"67 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114107245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dynamic Pricing Model for Coordinated Sales and Operations","authors":"David F. Pyke, Joseph M. Hall, M. Fleischmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.845826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.845826","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen advances in research and management practice in the area of pricing, and particularly in dynamic pricing and revenue management. At the same time, researchers and managers have made dramatic improvements in operations and supply chain management. The interactions between pricing and operations/supply chain performance, however, are not as well understood. In this paper, we examine this linkage by developing a deterministic, finite-horizon dynamic programming model that captures a price/demand effect as well as a stockpiling/consumption effect – price and market stockpile influence demand, demand influences consumption, and consumption influences the market stockpile. The decision variable is the unit sales price in each period. Through the market stockpile, pricing decisions in a given period explicitly depend on decisions in prior periods. Traditional operations models typically assume exogenous demand, thereby ignoring some of the market dynamics. Herein, we model endogenous demand, and we develop analytical insights into the nature of optimal prices and promotions. We develop conditions under which the optimal prices converge to a constant. In other words, price promotion is suboptimal. We also analytically and numerically illustrate cases where the optimal prices vary over time. In particular, we show that price dynamics may be driven by both (a) revenue effects, due to nonlinear market responses to prices and/or inventory, and (b) cost effects, due to economies of scale in operations. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":172039,"journal":{"name":"Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Research Paper Series","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133109411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}