Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association最新文献

{"title":"DETECTION OF WEST NILE VIRUS AND ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE AND HIGH PLAINS REGION, USA, IN 2024.","authors":"Sierra N Lewis, Melissa M Clawson, Hunter O Covey, Cherissa Abdul Hamid, Christi Olszewski, Corey Brelsfoard, Joseph R Mcmillan","doi":"10.2987/25-7275","DOIUrl":"10.2987/25-7275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Texas Panhandle (26 counties) and High Plains regions (41 counties) have one of the highest West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) human neuro-incidence rates in the USA, yet surveillance for these pathogens is predominately performed through passive measures (e.g., detecting human cases at hospitals and other health clinics). There is an overall lack of active pathogen surveillance (e.g., mosquito surveillance) systems in these regions, leading to knowledge gaps in our understanding of arboviral dynamics in enzootic cycles. To address this limitation, we implemented 2 surveillance projects in 2024: localized surveillance of WNV and SLEV in the city of Lubbock, TX, and regional surveillance throughout the Panhandle and High Plains regions of the state. We used BG sentinel traps and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps baited with dry ice to collect Culex mosquitoes in a multitude of habitats for both projects. All mosquitoes were identified using a dichotomous key, and then female Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus were tested for WNV and SLEV as super-pools (e.g., samples containing supernatant from up to 7 individual pools that contained between 1 and 50 mosquitoes) using a combination of commercial RNA extraction kits and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the Lubbock study, we collected 21,066 Cx. tarsalis and 15,918 Cx. quinquefasciatus, which were tested as 308 and 238 super-pools, respectively. Sixty-three Cx. tarsalis and 36 Cx. quinquefasciatus super-pools tested positive for WNV, and 8 Cx. tarsalis and 4 Cx. quinquefasciatus super-pools tested positive for SLEV. Sixteen Panhandle counties were sampled by DSHS, which collected 1,060 Cx. tarsalis and 56 Cx. quinquefasciatus. A total of 23 super-pools of Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus were tested, of which only 3 (13%) Cx. tarsalis samples were found to be positive for WNV. Overall we found an abundant number of Culex spp. mosquitoes that tested positive for both viruses, which supports the Texas Panhandle and High Plains regions as high-risk regions for WNV in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":" ","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLIMATIC FACTORS DETERMINING THE PRESENCE AND ABUNDANCE OF IMMATURE STAGES OF AEDES AEGYPTI IN DROUGHT YEARS: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS IN NORTHWESTERN ARGENTINA.","authors":"Eduardo A Mendoza, Betty J Pazmiño Gómez, Roberto D Coello Peralta, Paul L Duque, Claudio Moreno, Roque Moya, María J Dantur Juri","doi":"10.2987/25-7254","DOIUrl":"10.2987/25-7254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue virus. Its vector ability is related to its capacity to adapt to different environments and to lay eggs in diverse sites to ensure the success of its progeny. The species abundance can be studied by estimating the infestation level using the Breteau Index (BI) and the House Index (HI). These indices indirectly reveal the practices and habits of house dwellers, who accumulate containers that contribute to the presence and abundance of Ae. aegypti and the potential transmission of dengue virus. The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between these indices and environmental variables in drought years (2004-2005). The data analyzed were taken from entomological surveillance spreadsheets of the National Ministry of Health of Argentina, and included 156,288 houses and 658,656 artificial containers inspected by Ministry technicians. A correlation matrix was generated between the indices and the climatic variables to analyze cross correlations. When the relationships between climatic variables and the indices were significant, they were adjusted with General Linear Models (GLMs) taking into consideration the lowest value of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The models were validated by testing the normal distribution of the residuals and the lack of autocorrelation. The results showed that 8,249 houses and 15,165 artificial containers were positive for Ae. aegypti. The BI and HI were positively correlated with precipitation, minimum temperature and maximum temperature at a zero-month time lag. The best GLM found between HI, minimum temperature and precipitation at a zero-month time lag was a gamma model. The increase of HI was related to the mean temperature at a 1-month time lag by using a gamma GLM. This increase in the HI may be potentially related to the accumulation of containers by humans under drought conditions, a behavior that favors the growth of immature forms of the main dengue vector.</p>","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":" ","pages":"41-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147317451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MULTI-COUNTY TICK SURVEY (ACARI: IXODIDAE) IN MISSOURI USA, 2019 AND 2021.","authors":"Patricia J Norton, Samniqueka J Halsey, Kendall Mara, Hayden Calvin, Deborah M Anderson, Cassandra D Pauling, David M Claborn, Brenda T Beerntsen","doi":"10.2987/25-7276","DOIUrl":"10.2987/25-7276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ongoing surveillance of tick populations is critical for informing the health of humans, livestock, and companion animals. From 2004 to 2019 in the USA and its territories, the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System data show a 2.1-fold increase in all reportable notifiable tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in humans. Eight tick-borne zoonotic pathogens and 1 syndrome were described for the first time in the USA between 2004 and 2024. In Missouri, 33 counties were surveyed over a 2-year period (2019 and 2021). More than 3,811 ticks were collected during the study: 89.0% Amblyomma americanum, 10.9% Dermacentor variabilis, <0.1% Amblyomma maculatum, <0.1% Haemaphysalis longicornus, and <0.1% Ixodes spp. Significantly greater tick density was found in metropolitan areas as compared to rural counties (P = 0.012). Of the 2 level I ecoregions in Missouri, the Eastern Temperate Forest (ETF) had a significantly greater tick density (P = 0.0045). Even so, D. variabilis had significantly higher density in the Great Plains ecoregion than in ETF (P = 0.031). Ozark Highlands had the highest tick density of the 5 level III ecoregions surveyed (5.12 ticks/100 m2). A moderate, positive correlation between a county's density of A. americanum nymphs and its quadrennial tick-borne disease rate was observed (r = 0.68, P = 0.002). Our study adds new data on established and reported tick populations for 13 counties and examines the relationships of tick density to TBDs and to area designation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":" ","pages":"77-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INVESTIGATION OF THE LARVICIDAL POTENTIAL OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS FROM JAMAICAN HYPTIS VERTICILLATA AND PIMENTA DIOICA AGAINST AEDES MOSQUITOES.","authors":"Rhaheem N A Layne-Yarde, Shaneika Leachman, Mario A J Golding, Simmoy A A Noble, Petrea C Facey, Simone L Sandiford","doi":"10.2987/25-7263","DOIUrl":"10.2987/25-7263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitigating the arboviral threat in Jamaica is predominantly dependent on vector control efforts which target the Aedes aegypti mosquito. This, however, is being hampered because of increased insecticide resistance to synthetic chemicals. Currently, environmentally friendly botanical agents are gaining interest globally as they possess promising mosquitocidal properties. In this study, the larvicidal activity of essential oils extracted from the leaves of Jamaican Hyptis verticillata and Pimenta dioica were evaluated at 24 h against Ae. aegypti, utilizing a modified World Health Organization bioassay. Subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the extracts revealed that the most abundant compounds of H. verticillata and P. dioica were cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one and eugenol, respectively. A dose-dependent response was noted, and LC50 values of 16.06 ppm and 56.23 ppm were obtained for H. verticillata and P. dioica respectively, against the Rockefeller laboratory strain of Ae. aegypti. Evaluation of H. verticillata against field strains showed that increased pigmentation was among the main phenotypical changes observed post treatment. The calculated resistance ratios varied across sites, with RR50 values ranging from 0.727 in Duhaney Park to 1.578 in Savanna La Mar, indicating overall low resistance across all strains. The current findings support the potential use of essential oils as alternative larvicidal agents in Jamaica.</p>","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":" ","pages":"60-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147480884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADVANCING THE EFFICACY OF DENGUE PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN NEPAL AND BANGLADESH: TRANSFORMING BOUNDARIES INTO BRIDGES-A WORKSHOP SUMMARY.","authors":"Smriti Khadka, Isik Unlu, Kabirul Bashar, Ajit Kumar Karna, Anita Mahotra, Patrick Gan, Gokarna Dahal, Dibesh Bikram Karmacharya, Rajesh Man Rajbhandari, Reshma Tuladhar, Ramanuj Rauniyar, Sankalpa Bhattarai, Rajib Chowdhury, Emdadul Haque, Paula Lado, Seth Gibson, Lee W Cohnstaedt","doi":"10.2987/25-7222","DOIUrl":"10.2987/25-7222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue cases have emerged, reemerged, and surged in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe. The World Health Organization reported more than 80 countries affected by dengue in 2023, with over 6.5 million infections and 7,300 deaths, surpassing prior years. Dengue virus presents extremely high risk of infections to humans in locations where cities are overcrowded and harbor large numbers of container-inhabiting Aedes species. In 2023, both Nepal and Bangladesh suffered unprecedented and extremely high case numbers of more than 51,000 and more than 321,000, respectively. In response, a regional workshop, Advancing the Efficacy of Dengue Prevention and Control, was held in April 2024 in Kathmandu, Nepal, to bring together key stakeholders and experts from Nepal, Bangladesh, and the USA to discuss novel and sustainable dengue management strategies, including how to best engage communities in dengue control. The objective of the workshop was to create a knowledge repository to build capacities at multiple levels within and between nations, to share and compare tools, look for patterns of success, eliminate redundancy, and create a touchpoint for future discussions and interventions to reduce the burden of dengue in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":" ","pages":"88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147317515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WEST NILE VIRUS DISSEMINATION AMONG INDIVIDUAL WILD MOSQUITO VECTORS IN NORTHERN COLORADO, 2023.","authors":"Jackson R Decook, Molly E Ring, Claire Stewart, Hana M Pavelko, Timothy A Burton, Gregory D Ebel, Joseph R Fauver, Brian D Foy","doi":"10.2987/25-7271","DOIUrl":"10.2987/25-7271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>West Nile virus (WNV) transmission risk is typically estimated from pooled whole-mosquito infection data, which may overestimate the proportion of mosquitoes capable of transmission. To assess natural viral dissemination in field-collected Culex tarsalis, we tested infection rates in tissues of 1,793 individual mosquitoes collected from northern Colorado in August 2023. Abdomens were screened for WNV ribonucleic acid (RNA), and corresponding thorax and head tissues from positive mosquitoes were tested. Fifteen mosquitoes had detectable abdominal infections, but WNV RNA was detected in only 53% (8 of 15) of both the thorax and head tissues, whereas another 27% (4 of 15) had WNV RNA detected in either the thorax or the head alone. Logistic regression suggests an inconsistent relationship between abdominal viral RNA load and virus dissemination, whereas receiver operating characteristic analysis identifies a threshold of ∼59,000 RNA copies in the abdomen predictive of dissemination (area under the curve 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.55-1.00). These results suggest whole-body RNA detection may overestimate transmission potential from field-captured mosquitoes and that incorporating infection data could refine surveillance-based risk indices for WNV.</p>","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":" ","pages":"22-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147317508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EVALUATING VECTECH IDX™: AI-DRIVEN IDENTIFICATION FOR ENHANCED VECTOR MANAGEMENT.","authors":"Casey Hubble, Mary Sorensen, Keiko Parker, Marissa Utterback, Tyler Stuhaan, Melissa Cooke, Jake Hartle","doi":"10.2987/25-7250","DOIUrl":"10.2987/25-7250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessing and advancing cutting-edge technologies that are designed to optimize mosquito surveillance strategies is crucial given the complex challenges presented by our rapidly changing environments. Vectech's Identification-X (IDX) machine offers an innovative way to identify and count adult mosquitoes and train artificial intelligence (AI) software. In collaboration with Vectech, staff at Placer Mosquito and Vector Control District (District) have identified and imaged ∼5,100 adult mosquitoes since 2021. Using the most recent software update (v5.0.4), we aimed to evaluate accuracy improvements by incorporating a diverse range of mosquito genera and species. To achieve this, 100 female specimens of 10 wild-caught mosquito species were imaged. The species included Anopheles freeborni, An. franciscanus, Culex tarsalis, Cx. pipiens, Cx. stigmatosoma, Cx. erythrothorax, Aedes vexans, Ae. melanimon, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. sierrensis. Of the 10 species analyzed, 6 had an identification accuracy of 96-100%. Given the software's current accuracy for Cx. tarsalis, follow-up examinations were conducted to determine at what point consistent specimen degradation impacted the ability of the IDX to correctly identify mosquito samples of this species. Finally, we compared the identification accuracy and speed of individual vector control technicians (VCTs) with the imaging accuracy and speed of the IDX machine to determine operational efficiency of this device within a mosquito surveillance program. Results indicated that the IDX machine is as accurate and efficient as a vector control technician with 22 months of experience but is prone to misidentification of morphologically similar mosquito species when specimens are degraded.</p>","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":" ","pages":"230-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145346000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LANE DOUGLAS FOIL 1949-2025.","authors":"Larry Hribar, Işik Unlu, Allison Foil","doi":"10.2987/25-7260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2987/25-7260","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":"41 4","pages":"263-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145944796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOSQUITO SPECIES OF NEW YORK STATE: AN UPDATED CHECKLIST WITH PUBLIC AND VETERINARY HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE.","authors":"Waheed I Bajwa, Liyang Zhou, Zahir Shah","doi":"10.2987/25-7246","DOIUrl":"10.2987/25-7246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present an updated checklist of mosquito species in New York State, integrating historical records, modern surveillance, and recent literature. A total of 68 species across 10 genera are documented, including invasive taxa (Aedes albopictus, Ae. japonicus) and historically rare species (Orthopodomyia alba, Or. signifera). This synthesis emphasizes species of public and veterinary significance, such as Culex pipiens and Culiseta melanura, vectors of West Nile and eastern equine encephalitis viruses. Analysis of more than 3 million specimens collected since 1999 confirms the absence of Ae. aegypti, historically introduced but unable to persist in New York. Urbanization, container-breeding ecology, climate change, and global commerce continue to shape mosquito distributions and pathogen risk. This checklist bridges historic and current data, providing a reliable reference for surveillance, vector control, and future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":" ","pages":"174-185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145489059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EDITORIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.","authors":"Lal S Mian","doi":"10.2987/2024-2025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2987/2024-2025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association","volume":"41 4","pages":"271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146064405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}