Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Biochar production and quality optimization using response surface methodology technique","authors":"B. Doti, D. Nyaanga, S. Nyakach, J. Nyaanga, O. Ingasia","doi":"10.47721/arjee20220401011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjee20220401011","url":null,"abstract":"The dependency on fossil fuels can be reduced by the use of renewable energy sources like biomass and it can make a remarkable contribution to the reduction of CO2 emissions and as a result reducing the carbon footprint hence eliminating the greenhouse gas effect. Biomass materials that go to waste can be recovered through the pyrolysis process in order to produce biochar which can be used as a source of energy for cooking. The aim of this study was to carry out optimization of biochar production and quality using the Response Surface Methodology technique. The parameters varied were feedstock moisture content (FMC) (10%, 15% and 20%), pyrolysis residence time (PRT) (in minutes) 90, 135 and 180 and chimney inclination angle (CIA) (30o, 45o and 60o). An experimental insulated metallic carbonization kiln (1 m high and 0.5 m diameter) was developed and used. Response Surface Methodology technique by using Box-Behnken Design was used to develop a mathematical equation to predict the production and quality of the biochar with respect to varied parameters which was later optimized to determine the optimal conditions for biochar production and quality. The biochar quality was based on its moisture content (MC), volatile matter (VM), ash content (AC), fixed carbon (FC) and pH. The combined optimal conditions were 10% feedstock moisture content, 126.93 min pyrolysis residence time and 30o chimney inclination angle resulting to production of 44.35%, MC = 3.82%, VM = 23.52%, AC = 2.94%, FC = 67.89% and pH = 9.28. The mathematical equation developed had composite desirability (CD) of 0.9490 at a p-value≤0.05 which made it viable. These research findings are of importance since optimization reduces the wastage of resources resulting into increase in the efficiency of the pyrolysis system. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Pyrolysis, Biochar, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132030380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-digestion of Pretreated Chicken – Goat and Untreated Cow Manure at Different Substrate to Inoculums Ratios and Total Solids for Biogas Production","authors":"C. Waswa, P. Kabok, D. Nyaanga","doi":"10.47721/ARJEE202003024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/ARJEE202003024","url":null,"abstract":"Biogas production can be greatly affected by inoculum addition and total solids. The effect of the substrate to inoculum ratios and total solids of chicken, goat and cow manure on biogas production was studied using a 0.15m3 laboratory-scale batch digester at a constant temperature of 35°C. Feedstocks were mechanically minced to 3 mm effective particle sizes prior to co-digesting with untreated cow manure from a free-range dairy rearing system. Different amounts of cow substrate inoculum were used at ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 and 6:1, while total solid levels between (7.5% and 10.5%) at intervals of 0.5% were used to study their effects on biogas production. Increasing inoculums and total solids resulted in increased biogas production with peaks at a substrate to inoculum ratio of 4:1 (20% inoculum addition) and 9% total solids. Biogas production rates of 0.61 and 0.63m3/m3d were realized respectively.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Biogas Production, Chicken-Goat-Cow Manure, Substrate to Inoculum Ratios, Total Solids","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128926411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of energy and economy in Nigeria","authors":"F. E. Otitigbe","doi":"10.47721/arjee20200303011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjee20200303011","url":null,"abstract":"The shortfall in crude oil production, the major source of energy supply and revenue generation in Nigeria, affects all spheres of activities in the country. Activities like politics, economic, budgeting, infrastructural development, standard of living and foreign exchange reserve. Therefore, it is imperative to address the impact of energy (crude oil source) on the economy of Nigeria. Hence, using a linear regression analysis, this paper first established a link between oil production (main energy source) and oil earnings (economic). By way of calibration, the paper examines the amount of oil per barrel needed to be produced in a year that would guarantee an increase in oil earnings in Nigeria. The paper also suggests measures that would enhance the increase in the production of oil from which the country would be able to earn more revenue. The result show that increasing oil production, will simultaneously increase earning from oil and, consequently, overhaul the various activities mentioned earlier for the well-being of mankind. Keywords: Crude oil, Poverty, Revenue, Energy, CBN","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116773756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Determining Trends in Wind Energy Potential and Its Uses for Designing Development Strategies in Ghana","authors":"N. Abdulai, L. Donkor, Dennis Asare","doi":"10.47721/ARJEE202003021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/ARJEE202003021","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is purported to determine the wind energy potential of Ghana for 2010 and 2018 using GIS and RS technologies and how the result could be used to develop a country strategy that benefits the ordinary Ghanaian. In doing this, two different wind potential maps of Ghana were generated for 2010 and 2018 using data from Ghana meteorological Unit and Windfinder respectively. Moreover, the Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation of winds peed was used to generate the maps at different hub heights for 2010 and 2018. The results indicate that, the 2010 wind map showed wind speed is highest (8m/s) in the southernmost part of Ghana (i.e. Coastal part of Greater Accra and Volta Regions) at 10m high while the wind map of 2018 showed that wind speed is highest (9m/s) in the Upper East Region of Ghana at 10m high. As wind energy is untapped in Ghana, we advised that Government should further explore the results for the Upper East Region in ascertaining that it was not influenced by Trade winds and apply to different sectors of the economy through appropriate institutional regulations. The wind energy in Northern Ghana should be dedicated to mechanized agriculture, augmenting electricity tariffs for the poor in those areas and extending electricity to rural communities that do not have access to the national grid under the rural electrification project. Meanwhile, the wind energy generated from the southern part of Ghana should be dedicated mostly to commercial and industrial activities.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Wind Energy Potential, mechanized agriculture, industrial application, GIS, RS","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127145225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Draught Requirements of Tillage Tines in Clay Soil under Indoor Soil Bin Conditions","authors":"Feranmi Isaac Ajayi, Mouiz W. I. A Yessoufou, Titilope Akinbayo","doi":"10.47721/ARJEE202002019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/ARJEE202002019","url":null,"abstract":"Large tine (Tl) and sweep tine (Tw) were the different model tillage tines used for this research. The blades were used on clay soil in a soil bin of dimension 9.0 × 0.85 × 0.5m located in the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The clay soil used for the experiment was obtained from Agricultural Engineering Step B Farm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the draught requirements of the model tillage tools and to evaluate and model the parameters of the soil profile produced under different operating conditions. It involved testing and evaluation of tool shape, depth (12.5 -100mm) and rake angles (300, 450, and 900) and forward speed (0.17m/sec) on draught force. Soil profile patterns measured by a profilometer was analyzed using the following parameters – maximum Width of soil cut (Wfs), Ridge-to- Ridge Distance (RRD), furrow depth (df), height of ridge (Hr), maximum Width of Soil Throw (TDW) and tool width (w). Results showed that draught is directly proportional to the depth of the tine at a certain rake angle. The Tw had the least draught while Tl had the highest draught. Analysis of soil disturbance parameters revealed an increase in parameters with increasing cone index and depth of the tines. The study provides relevant data in the design of soil engaging tools and sustainable crop production.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Draught, Clay, Soil disturbance, Tillage, Tines.","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131524956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Physico-chemical Properties and Water Quality of River Osse, Kogi State","authors":"O. Olubanjo, E. Adeleke","doi":"10.47721/arjee20200301030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjee20200301030","url":null,"abstract":"Water is the basis of life and means must be put in place to check its quality for domestic purposes. The river Osse is one of the rivers located in Kabba, Kogi state, and it serves various purposes for the residents of its community. Water samples were collected from 3 stations of Osse river namely; Okoro, Odolu and ABU. These samples were accessed to determine if the water is suitable for domestic purposes. The results of the analyses of the water samples showed that the river had relatively good quality as the dissolved oxygen (DO2) was within the international and local standards i.e. world health organization (WHO) and Nigeria industrial standards (NIS) respectively. The highest value recorded was 0.60 mg/l at station 1 in August and the lowest value was 0.18 mg/l at the same station in May. The highest mean value for the Nitrate concentration of the river was 36.47 mg/l at station 3 and the lowest was 26.12 mg/l at station 2 and this still falls within the standards laid down. TDS, chloride, alkalinity were in the range of 29-70 mg/l, 3.15-30 mg/l and 16-20 m /l respectively and none was above the limit set down by WHO and NIS. The pH level of all the stations throughout the study ranged from 7.4-7.9 meaning they were also within standards. The BOD highest value was 3 and was also within the tolerance range for pure water. The result shows that the River Osse was within the WHO international standard and not above the standards of the local set limits by NIS. Thus, making the river fit and good for domestic purposes. Keywords: Water quality, Physico-chemical property, River Osse, Biological Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen.","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132971901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Spatial Variability of Physico-chemical Properties of Soil at Crop, Soil and Pest Management Research Farm, FUTA","authors":"O. Olubanjo, S. O. Ayoola","doi":"10.47721/arjee20200301020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjee20200301020","url":null,"abstract":"Soil is an important natural resource for growing plants and the suitability of the soil for crop production is based on the quality of the soil’s physical, chemical and biological properties. The objectives of the study were to determine the soil physical and chemical properties and characterize the spatial variability of soil physico-chemical properties across the study area. The study was conducted at Crop, Soil and Pest Management Research Farm, Futa. Soil samples were collected from six sampling depths between 0-60 cm at an interval of 10 cm at different 20 points across the field while coordinates of the soil sampling points were determined using Global Positioning System (GPS) procedures. The test for variance was carried out on the physical properties of %sand, %silt, %clay, bulk density (g/cm3), %porosity, %water holding capacity (WHC) and soil hydraulic conductivity and chemical properties on pH, organic matter content (%), total nitrogen (%), available phosphorus (ppm), calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium (cmol/kg), and effective cation exchange capacity (cmol/kg). The laboratory analysis (soil textural analysis) revealed that the soil types at the site were predominantly Sandy Clay Loam. Gravimetric soil moisture content and the water holding capacity (WHC) in all the 20 sampling spots at the topsoil has a mean value of 9.13% ± 1.90 and 52.43%±2.45 respectively. The minimum and maximum hydraulic conductivity (K) value at the distribution show a moderately skewed distribution of the K data and the distribution is positively skewed. The mean pH value of the soil in the study site was found to be slightly acidic and the soils were low in soil OM. The CEC, Mg2+, OC, TEB and TN indicated a significant difference for soil chemical properties. The physical and chemical properties of the study were found to be optimal for crop production, fertility assessment and land use management practices for crop productions and drip irrigation is suitable for the study area. Keywords: Spatial variability, Soil physico-chemical property, GPS procedures, Sampling point, Land use management practices, fertility assessment","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123663112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Variation Assessment Based on Rainfall and Temperature in Ilorin Kwara State Nigeria","authors":"O. Olubanjo","doi":"10.47721/arjee20190201018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjee20190201018","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times and across the globe, the concept of climate has gained much relevance because of its dynamic and complex nature and the significant influence it has on various aspects of the environment, including the increasing threat of global climate change. This study focuses on the assessment of climatic variation in Ilorin based on the variations in rainfall and temperature within the period 1980-2015. Time Series Analysis was used to determine the trend of rainfall and temperature within the period 1980-2015. The 5-Year Moving Average was used to smoothen the time series and to eliminate unwanted fluctuations. Linear Regression was used to estimate the value of variable Y (total rainfall or average minimum temperature), corresponding to a given value of variable X (time), while MAKESEN software was used to determine the temporal trend of rainfall indices within the study period. Furthermore, the study focused on the spatial variations of total rainfall and average minimum temperature in the study area. The result revealed that there is downward trend of 0.814 mm per year in the annual mean rainfall and also there is an upward trend of 0.029 per year in average annual minimum temperature and total annual maximum temperature has an upward trend of 0.01 mm per year. Thus, the rainfall is decreasing and temperature tends to increase. Key word: Climate variability, Rainfall, Temperature, Period, Temporal trend, Kwara state","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126761223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urine Cytomorphological Changes Associated with Diabetes Millets Type II","authors":"Najian Ibrahim, Hossam SerElkhatiem, Emtithal Abdullah, Z. Mudasir","doi":"10.47721/arjee20190201023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjee20190201023","url":null,"abstract":"Patient with diabetes millets are at high risk for urinary tract infection. The diabetic condition contributes for initial and progression of urinary tract complications, many studies have shown that a variety of diabetes mellitus related to abnormalities in the urinary tract including severe urinary tract infections. This study was designed to assess the changes in the urinary tract in a patient with diabetes millets. 40 mid stream urine samples were collected from patients with diabetes mellitus type II and 40 midstream urine samples were collected from healthy participants as a control group. First, the slides were treated with egg white as adhesive media then the samples were centrifuged at 2000RPM for 10 min at room temperature. The supernatant was discharged and the deposit put on 20mm around the slide, before the smear was dried it has been fixed immediately by 98% ethanol alcohol. The fixed dried smear are hydrated in 95% alcohol for 2 min, through 70% alcohol for 2 min, rinse in water for 1 min, stained in harries hematoxylin for 5 min, rinsed in water for 2 min, differentiated in 0.5% aqueous hydrochloric acid for 10 seconds, rinsed in water for 2 min, blued in Scott‘s tap water substitute for 2 min, rinsed in water for 2 min, dehydrated in 70% alcohol for 2 min, dehydrated in 95% alcohol for 2 min, dehydrated in 95% alcohol for 2 min, stained in OG6 for 2 min, rinsed in 2 changed 95% alcohol for 2 min in each, stained in EA50 for 3 min, dehydrated in 95% alcohol for 1 min, through absolute alcohol, cleared in xylene and mounted in DPX. This study has shown that individuals with diabetes millets are at higher risk for urinary tract infection. Increased susceptibility in patients with diabetes millets is positively associated with increased duration and severity of diabetes. The number of females in the case group (23) and male is (17). The age in the case were (30-82) and in control were between (21-31), 6 of the males were infected and 9 of the females were infected. The infection was severe progressively with the duration of disease onset. Also, the infections were more frequent in older subjects and we found that the female subjects are more frequently infected than the male subjects. Keywords: Diabetes millets, Cytology, Urine","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123729330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and Yield Response of Cayenne Pepper Plant Grown in Different Substrates Culture of Drip Hydroponic Farming Method","authors":"O. Olubanjo, A. Alade","doi":"10.47721/arjee20180101025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47721/arjee20180101025","url":null,"abstract":"The soilless farming techniques of growing crops most especially vegetables has increased tremendously in developed countries while it is still new in developing countries such as Nigeria. The research determined the effect of substrates on optimum growth, yield and nutrient composition of cayenne pepper plant so as to form an effective basis for selection of substrates to be used as plant support in soilless farming methods. This research was carried out at the Agricultural and Environmental Engineering experimental farm, Federal University of Technology, Akure. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three treatments (sawdust, rice husks and soil) and replicated three times. The vegetative growth, yield, biomass weight, water and nutrient, proximate and mineral composition were measured. The results showed that rice husk gave the highest plant height of 29.91 cm, number of leaves of 39.60 and stem girth of 0.3414 cm respectively while sawdust gave the lowest plant height of 17.83 cm and soil gave the lowest number of leaves of 29.36 and stem girth of 0.3059 cm. Higher yields were also recorded from rice husk for cayenne pepper plant while the soil has the least yield. The physiological appearance of the crop and the yields were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the various treatments due to the effects of the substrates and the planting methods. The proximate and mineral compositions of the pepper were higher in the pepper from rice husk and least in the pepper from the soil. These were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments effects as a result of its physicochemical features. With the outcome of this research, it is advisable that soilless farming should be embraced by farmers in areas where there is limitations of land for agricultural activities. Also, federal and state ministry of agriculture should give necessary support for soilless farming in Nigeria. Keywords: Hydroponic, Substrate, Growth, Yield, Quality, Cayenne pepper","PeriodicalId":171414,"journal":{"name":"Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering","volume":"292 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132379211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}