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Economic Insecurity and Fertility Intentions: The Case of Italy 经济不安全感与生育意向:意大利的案例
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-09-20 DOI: 10.1111/roiw.12044
Francesca Modena, C. Rondinelli, F. Sabatini
{"title":"Economic Insecurity and Fertility Intentions: The Case of Italy","authors":"Francesca Modena, C. Rondinelli, F. Sabatini","doi":"10.1111/roiw.12044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12044","url":null,"abstract":"We aim to provide an explanation for the combination of the relatively low female participation rates and lowest-low fertility levels in Italy. Starting from the assumption that childbearing decisions also depend on uncertainty about future employment, income, and wealth, we empirically assess how fertility intentions are affected by job instability, which may severely compromise the employment stability of workers, and economic disadvantages in terms of household income and wealth, which may imply insufficient means to deal with potential adverse future events, thereby generating in the household feelings of anxiety and economic insecurity. We show that the instability of women's work status (i.e., the holding of occasional and precarious jobs) significantly discourages the decision to attempt having a first child. Low levels of household wealth significantly and positively influence the decision to postpone attempting a first child. The chances of further childbirth are significantly and negatively influenced by household income insecurity.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125114211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 103
Multitasking and Wages 多任务处理与工资
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2283541
D. Goerlich, D. Snower
{"title":"Multitasking and Wages","authors":"D. Goerlich, D. Snower","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2283541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2283541","url":null,"abstract":"This paper sheds light on how changes in the organization of work can help to understand increasing wage inequality. We present a theoretical model in which workers with a wider span of competence (higher level of multitasking) earn a wage premium. Since abilities and opportunities to expand the span of competence are distributed unequally among workers across and within education groups, our theory helps to explain (1) rising wage inequality between groups, and (2) rising wage inequality within groups. Under certain assumptions, it also helps to explain (3) the polarization of the income distribution. Using a rich German data set covering a 20-year period from 1986 to 2006, we provide empirical support for our model.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132525066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Heritability of Lifetime Income 终身收入的遗传性
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-04-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2253264
Ari Hyytinen, P. Ilmakunnas, Edvard Johansson, O. Toivanen
{"title":"Heritability of Lifetime Income","authors":"Ari Hyytinen, P. Ilmakunnas, Edvard Johansson, O. Toivanen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2253264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2253264","url":null,"abstract":"Using 15 years of data on Finnish twins, we find that 24% (54%) of the variance of women’s (men’s) lifetime income is due to genetic factors and that the contribution of the shared environment is negligible. We link these figures to policy by showing that controlling for education reduces the variance share of genetics by 5-8 percentage points; by demonstrating that income uncertainty has a genetic component half the size of its variance share in lifetime income; and by exploring how the genetic heritability of lifetime income is related to the macroeconomic environment, as measured by GDP growth and the Gini-coefficient of income inequality.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121346013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
The Preoccupation with Rights and the Embrace of Inclusion: A Critique 对权利的关注和对包容的拥抱:一种批判
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2013-01-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2205299
A. Somek
{"title":"The Preoccupation with Rights and the Embrace of Inclusion: A Critique","authors":"A. Somek","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2205299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2205299","url":null,"abstract":"Current European scholarship does not yet appear to be quite ripe to address the question of justice. Scholars focus on the protection of individual rights and remain largely oblivious of distributions. The question of how the burdens and benefits of social co-operation ought to be allocated does not enter the picture. This prevalent perspective is insufficient. A broader perspective on justice reveals that the European Union is less consistent with justice than with its apolitical counterpart, namely, inclusion. The European Union is an agent of inclusion rather than justice.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"12 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114101142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Consolidating the Evidence on Income Mobility in the Western States of Germany and the U.S. From 1984-2006 巩固1984-2006年德国西部各州和美国收入流动性的证据
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-12-01 DOI: 10.3386/W18618
Gulgun Bayaz-Ozturk, R. Burkhauser, K. Couch
{"title":"Consolidating the Evidence on Income Mobility in the Western States of Germany and the U.S. From 1984-2006","authors":"Gulgun Bayaz-Ozturk, R. Burkhauser, K. Couch","doi":"10.3386/W18618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W18618","url":null,"abstract":"The cross-national intragenerational income mobility literature assumes within-country mobility is invariant over the period measured. We argue that a great social transformation--German reunification-- abruptly and permanently altered economic mobility. Using standard measures of mobility (with panel data for the western states of Germany and the U.S.) over the entire period 1984-2006, we find the conventional result that income mobility is greater in Germany. But when we cut the data into moving five-year windows and compare mobility before and after reunification, income mobility declines significantly over the years immediately following reunification in Germany but not in the U.S.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133534814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Multigenerational Living Arrangements Among Migrants 移民的多代同堂生活安排
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2159706
R. Flake
{"title":"Multigenerational Living Arrangements Among Migrants","authors":"R. Flake","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2159706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2159706","url":null,"abstract":"There is a significantly higher prevalence of multigenerational living arrangements among migrants than among natives in Germany which may be explained with migrants choosing this household structure in order to compensate for economic disadvantages. This hypothesis is tested by analyzing the economic conditions within multigenerational households. The results show that in multigenerational migrant households, more groups contribute significantly to the household income than in comparable native households – in particular in households below the at-risk-of-poverty line. On the individual level, the results reveal that migrant children in multigenerational households have lower labor force participation rates than native children or migrant children in other household types. Therefore, this study provides evidence for a correlation between multigenerational cohabitation and economic conditions among migrants.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132590337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The Future of Higher Education in Europe: The Case for a Stronger Base in EU Law 欧洲高等教育的未来:欧盟法律的坚实基础
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-07-10 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2103041
S. Garben
{"title":"The Future of Higher Education in Europe: The Case for a Stronger Base in EU Law","authors":"S. Garben","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2103041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2103041","url":null,"abstract":"Under the budgetary strain of the economic crisis, many European governments have introduced spending cuts in higher education. As a consequence, universities increasingly have to rely on tuition fees and private sources of funding to sustain themselves. This development fits in with a broader tendency of treating higher education increasingly as an economic resource and commodity, which is fostered by European-level processes such as most notably the Bologna Process and the Lisbon Strategy. Considering the fundamental importance of these issues, touching upon the core of our views on what an equitable and egalitarian society entails, it is imperative that the decisions that are being taken are democratically legitimate and that the policy makers are accountable for the measures they enact. Therefore, it is worrying that many of the most crucial and influential decisions are taken in intergovernmental contexts and implemented by means of soft law - of which the democratic legitimacy is doubtful. The Bologna Process is an intergovernmental policy forum, participation in which is voluntary and whose decisions are non-binding, suffering from all the accountability defects inherent in international policy making - magnified by its soft law character. The Lisbon/Europe 2020 Strategy does take place within the EU's institutional framework, but is an area where the EU's democratic deficit is particularly worrisome. Therefore, as this contribution shall argue, we need to consider a stronger and more democratic basis for these important policies, if we decide to pursue them. That basis is to be found in EU law.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123007551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
Contest Incentives, Effort Levels and Betting Markets in European Football 欧洲足球的比赛激励、努力水平和博彩市场
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2699295
A. Feddersen, B. Humphreys, B. Soebbing
{"title":"Contest Incentives, Effort Levels and Betting Markets in European Football","authors":"A. Feddersen, B. Humphreys, B. Soebbing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2699295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2699295","url":null,"abstract":"Tournament theory (Lazear and Rosen, 1981) predicts that effort supplied in contests varies with the incentive structure. Previous research finds that outcomes in individual and team sports events reflect variable effort supply by contestants. We develop evidence that a market-based measure of expected outcomes in contests, betting odds, also reflect variable effort supply. Empirical analysis of more than 40,000 regular season football matches in 10 top domestic European leagues shows that betting odds on matches reflect variation in incentives to supply effort generated by the structure of the league, in terms of the promotion and relegation structure and qualification for pan-European competitions, and the specific position of the teams on the league table.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124674613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Income Inequality and Poverty in Front of and During the Economic Crisis – An Empirical Investigation for Germany 2002-2010 经济危机前后的收入不平等与贫困——2002-2010年德国的实证调查
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2131131
J. Faik
{"title":"Income Inequality and Poverty in Front of and During the Economic Crisis – An Empirical Investigation for Germany 2002-2010","authors":"J. Faik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2131131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2131131","url":null,"abstract":"Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), both income inequality and poverty are considered for Germany in front of and during the economic crisis 2008-2010. This comprises binary logistic regressions where it is tested whether a person is belonging to a certain income region or not. The units of analysis are differentiated by residential status, nationality, sex, age, household size/household type, employment status, etc. For instance, the likelihood of unemployed persons for being located in the low-income region weakly increased between 2007 and 2009. Those microeconomic calculations are correlated with the macroeconomic variables economic growth, inflation, and general unemployment. At the peak of the crisis – in 2009 – inequality dropped, and it increased afterwards. Poverty was not affected very much by economic developments during the crisis but at least an in-crease of persons, who stayed within the poverty region, occurred between 2008 and 2009 (compared with 2007/2008).","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131929066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Well-Being in Germany: GDP and Unemployment Still Matter 德国的幸福:GDP和失业率仍然很重要
ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic) Pub Date : 2012-04-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2039233
Johannes Vatter
{"title":"Well-Being in Germany: GDP and Unemployment Still Matter","authors":"Johannes Vatter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2039233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2039233","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines regional differences in subjective well-being (SWB) in Germany. Inferential statistics indicate a diminishing but still significant gap between East and West Germany, but also differing levels of SWB within both parts. The observed regional pattern of life satisfaction reflects macroeconomic fundamentals, where labor market conditions play a dominant role. Differing levels of GDP and economic growth have contributed rather indirectly to regional well-being such that the years since the German reunification can be considered as a period of joyless growth. Approximately half of the \"satisfaction gap\" between East and West Germany can be attributed to differing macroeconomic conditions. Moreover, we argue that it is advisable for governments to collect more data on aspects that presumably influence the well-being of society. For example, it is highly probable that reliable data on regional income inequality would lead to severalimportant and influential studies. This, in turn, can help to design indicators for those characteristics which are known for affecting SWB. In total, we do not perceive any fundamental caveat for using data on SWB in order to measure welfare directly, at least within culturally and linguistically homogenous regions. To reduce statistical uncertainty, however, it would be helpful to include subjective information of this kind into larger cross-sectional surveys such as common census data.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116903095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
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