ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Un indice OEE per la stampa delle banconote in Banca d’Italia (An OEE index for the Bank of Italy’s Banknote Production Plant)","authors":"Michele Manna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3827506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3827506","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Italian Abstract:</b> Il lavoro presenta una serie mensile dell’indice di Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) per la stampa delle banconote in Banca d’Italia, dal gennaio 2014 al settembre 2020. L’OEE esprime il grado di funzionamento di un sito industriale, misurando in percentuale il rapporto tra il volume di produzione conforme agli standard realizzato in un dato intervallo di tempo e quanto si era pianificato di produrre. Il lavoro evidenzia i progressi registrati nell’indice dopo il riassetto della stamperia a partire dal marzo 2018, nonché la resilienza nello svolgimento dell’attività nella fase più recente di emergenza sanitaria. Tramite verifiche econometriche si misura in circa 10 punti percentuali la flessione dell’indice nella fase più intensa delle trattative che poi ebbero ad esito la riorganizzazione, quantificando così un fenomeno ben attestato nella letteratura di organizzazione industriale.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> In this paper, we present a monthly series of the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) index for the Bank of Italy’s banknote production plant, from January 2014 to September 2020. The OEE index identifies the share of manufacturing time that is truly productive, measured as the ratio between the actual standard-compliant production volume achieved within a given time interval and the planned output for the same period. The paper highlights the increase in the plant’s OEE after the rollout of the reorganization in March 2018, as well as the resilience of the production even during the ongoing health emergency. Based on the results of an econometric exercise, we measure a fall of about 10 percentage points in the index during the negotiations with the trade unions that led to the reorganization, a time of heightened uncertainty. This evidence provides empirical support to the existence of a pattern well known in the industrial organization literature.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123457623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Retirement Age and the Pension System, the Labor Market and the Economy (Wiek emerytalny a system emerytalny, rynek pracy i gospodarka)","authors":"A. Chłoń-Domińczak, F. Chybalski, M. Rutkowski","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3779237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3779237","url":null,"abstract":"English Abstract: European countries face a challenge related to the economic and social consequences of their societies’ aging. Specifically, pension systems must adjust to the coming changes, maintaining both financial stability, connected with equalizing inflows from premiums and spending on pensions, and simultaneously the sufficiency of benefits, protecting retirees against poverty and smoothing consumption over their lives, i.e. ensuring the ability to pay for consumption needs at each stage of life, regardless of income from labor. \u0000 \u0000One of the key instruments applied toward these goals is the retirement age. Formally it is a legally established boundary: once people have crossed it – on average – they significantly lose their ability to perform work (the so-called old-age risk). But since the 1970s, in many developed countries the retirement age has become an instrument of social and labor-market policy. Specifically, in the 1970s and ‘80s, an early retirement age was perceived as a solution allowing a reduction in the supply of labor, particularly among people with relatively low competencies who were approaching retirement age, which is called the lump of labor fallacy. It was often believed that people taking early retirement freed up jobs for the young. But a range of economic evidence shows that the number of jobs is not fixed, and those who retire don’t in fact free up jobs. On the contrary, because of higher spending by pension systems, labor costs rise, which limits the supply of jobs. In general, a good situation on the labor market supports employment of both the youngest and the oldest labor force participants. Additionally, a lower retirement age for women was maintained, which resulted to a high degree from cultural conditions and norms that are typical for traditional societies. \u0000 \u0000The policy of a low retirement age in developed countries was driven by the demographic and economic situation. From the 1970s until the beginning of the 21st century, Europe benefitted from the so-called first demographic dividend: a situation where the working-age population was growing faster than that of non-working-age people. The demographic dividend supported economic growth, and simultaneously the stability of pension systems, as the ratio of those in the labor force to those drawing benefits was high. \u0000 \u0000As an effect of the aging of the population, the period of the first demographic dividend ended at the turn of the millennium. This was one of the reasons for a change in the direction of retirement-age policy. Beginning from the start of the 21st century, in OECD countries we can see a gradual increase in the retirement age for women and men, as well as a gradual reduction in the gap between the ages for women and men. Raising the retirement age significantly affects the relationship between those in the labor force and those drawing benefits, and as a result increases the financial stability of the pension system. Furthermore, from the","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121553341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outsourcing, Inequality and Aggregate Output","authors":"A. Bilal, Hugo Lhuillier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3765873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3765873","url":null,"abstract":"Outsourced workers experience large wage declines, yet domestic outsourcing may raise aggregate productivity. To study this equity-efficiency trade-off, we contribute a framework in which more productive firms either post higher wages along a job ladder to sustain a larger in-house workforce, comprised of many imperfectly substitutable worker types and subject to decreasing returns to scale, or rent labor services from contractors who hire in the same frictional labor markets. Three implications arise: more productive firms are more likely to outsource to save on higher wage premia; outsourcing raises output at the firm level; labor service providers endogenously locate at the bottom of the job ladder, implying that outsourced workers receive lower wages. Using firm-level instruments for outsourcing and revenue productivity, we find empirical support for all three predictions in French administrative data. After structurally estimating the model, we show that the rise in outsourcing in France between 1997 and 2007 increased aggregate output by 1% and reduced the labor share by 3 percentage points.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122686432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swiss National League Goalie Analysis","authors":"Brad Behan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3751132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3751132","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating goalie performance in hockey is a difficult and time consuming pro- cess. However, with the introduction of advanced statistics, this process has become clear. This report combines advanced hockey analytics and statistical analysis to predict the Goals Above Replacement and Support Neutral Winning % goalies of the Swiss National League (NL).","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124556301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Discrimination? Evidence from the Belgian Public Accounting Profession","authors":"Kris Hardies, C. Lennox, Bing Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3258719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3258719","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research finds that women receive lower salaries than men. Similarly, we show that female audit partners in Belgium receive significantly lower compensation than male partners. However, there are alternative explanations for the pay gap other than gender discrimination. For example, the gap in compensation could reflect that men are paid more because they have higher levels of productivity. We provide new predictions and tests of gender discrimination by comparing the fees generated by audit partners (a measure of partner productivity) and the types of clients assigned to partners. Consistent with our prediction of female partners having to meet higher performance thresholds than male partners, we show that female partners generate larger fee premiums, but they are less likely to be assigned to prestigious clients. To test whether these patterns are attributable to gender discrimination, we examine whether the results are stronger in male-dominated offices because this is where we would expect to find the most discrimination against women. We find the fee premiums generated by female partners are larger in male-dominated offices, while the negative association between prestigious clients and female partners is stronger in male-dominated offices. Collectively, our combined predictions and tests are consistent with female partners facing gender discrimination in audit offices that are dominated by male partners.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122866344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Transfer Cost of Parenthood in Europe","authors":"R. Gál, Márton Medgyesi, P. Vanhuysse","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3691515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3691515","url":null,"abstract":"What are the net inter-age resource transfer burdens over the life course of working-age parents as compared to working-age non-parents in Europe? We estimate all cash, in-kind, and time transfers of the market economy and the household economy, through both public and familial channels, for fourteen European countries in the early 2000s. We advance National Transfer Accounts methodology by splitting up macro-aggregates into three groups: parents, non-parents living in childless households and non-parents cohabiting with children. We find that non-parents contribute almost exclusively to public transfers in net terms, somewhat more than parents do. But parents provide, in addition, a still larger amount of familial transfers. As a result, parents contribute on average 1.8 times as many net transfers as non-parents do, overall. Especially in view of the public good nature of children and contemporary rates of childlessness in Europe, this asymmetric transfer burden carries multiple implications for debates on public policy and a just society.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125604735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Gap in Pension Income: Cross-Country Analysis and Role of Gender Attitudes","authors":"A. Veremchuk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3662968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3662968","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to study the gender pension gap in Europe based on the newest EU-SILC data from the 2018 wave. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it provides evidence on factors shaping the gender pension gap in a large number of EU countries. Second, it analyses the relationship between the pension gap and: \u0000 \u0000(1) the coverage of occupational (second pillar) pensions and \u0000 \u0000(2) gender attitudes. \u0000 \u0000The main factor contributing to gender inequality in pension income is the number of years in employment. The influence of tertiary education is in the direction of increasing the gap, while the effect is the opposite when the hourly labor income gap is considered. The higher coverage of occupational pensions corresponds to a higher gender pension gap. This implies that the privatization of pension plans can lead to the conversion of a wage gap into a pension income gap and reinforces women’s disadvantage after retirement. In addition, a positive relationship is observed between unexplained portions of the pension income gap and the labor income gap. This could justify the hypothesis that unexplained portions are formed by the same factors persistent over time. One such factor could be gender norms; it has been found that countries with more gender equality support have lower unexplained portions of the labor income and pension gaps.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121954850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Master's Thesis: Economics or Identity? A Meta-Study of the Principal Determinants of Brexit","authors":"Piero Lorenzini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3739397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3739397","url":null,"abstract":"After the Brexit referendum of June 2016 scholars have tried to determine the roots of the vote for leave. Some observers argue that economic factors were key determinants of Brexit, whereas other researchers consider cultural/identity variables as the main causes of the leave vote. This debate forms part of a broader dispute on the factors associated with the growing importance of Eurosceptic populist politics in WesternEurope. In fact, Brexit is widely considered by scholars as an example of the rise of populism (Inglehart and Norris, 2016). This argument takes two basic forms: the Economic Insecurity Thesis (Rodrick, 2018; Boeri, 2018) and the Cultural Insecurity Thesis (Inglehart and Norris, 2016).<br><br>Firstly, this thesis concludes that both set of variables influenced the vote for leave, through a Meta-Study of different research on the principal determinants of Brexit. Secondly, it assesses which studies are the most robust. Finally, it stresses the importance of the interaction between economic and cultural variables in influencing the vote for leave.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"32 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141204752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of the Economic Situation on the Socio-Economic Development in the European Union Countries by Means of the Modified HDI Index","authors":"Aldona Migała-Warchoł, M. Sobolewski","doi":"10.21303/2613-5647.2020.001296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21303/2613-5647.2020.001296","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research is an analysis of the influence of the economic indicators on the socio-economic development of EU countries. The synthetic measure of socio-economic development is calculated by means of the following determinants: ‘Economy and Finance’, ‘Science and Technology’, ‘Health’, ‘Education’ and ‘Living Conditions’. This index of the socio-economic development of residents of the European Union countries has been created as an arithmetic mean of indicators, counted for particular determinants. The index, which has been created, is treated as a modified Human Development Index due to the fact that it is completed with the added information. The data has been collected from the Eurostat for the years 2006–2016. In the second part of the research there have been developed the models for the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in terms of particular economic indicator, used in the analysis, as well as the analysis of the relationship between the synthetic measure of socio-economic development in EU countries, and the selected economic measures: unemployment rate, GDP per capita, indicator of real expenditure per capita, and the percentage of people at risk of poverty. The results are obtained, using the Statistica 12 program.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123286362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motherhood Employment Penalty and Gender Wage Gap Across Countries: 1990–2010","authors":"Y. Chu, Harold E. Cuffe, Nguyen Doan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3584920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3584920","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we use twin birth as an instrument to estimate the effects of fertility on female labor force participation using 70 censuses from 36 countries in 1990–2010. We document a strong relationship between the gender wage gap and the size of the motherhood penalty. The penalty is smallest in countries with small gender wage gaps. Both cross- and within-country relationships between motherhood penalty and gender wage gap remain strong and negative even when we condition on per-capita GDP and educational attainment. Our estimates suggest that a reduction of 1-percentage-point in the gender wage gap is associated with a decrease of 0.45–0.65 percentage-points in the estimated motherhood employment penalty.","PeriodicalId":170522,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other European Economics: Labor & Social Conditions (Topic)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131736571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}