Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness最新文献

{"title":"Pressing, pressure and re-aggressing as tactical movement of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women's soccer.","authors":"Rosario D'Onofrio, Dario Pompa, Cristian Savoia, Matteo Masucci, Francesco Laterza, Vincenzo Manzi","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16402-X","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16402-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A better understanding of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanisms in female soccer can guide better research on both prevention programs and late-stage rehabilitation for the return-to-sport process. This narrative review investigates the technical and tactical game situations in female soccer linked to ACL injury mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>Through a literature search, we reviewed scientific literature to identify soccer-specific technical movements and tactical patterns that increase the risk of ACL injuries in female players. Articles were retrieved through Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and PubMed Central. Inclusion criteria were: 1) studies on ACL injury mechanisms in women's soccer; 2) studies examining soccer techniques/tactics to identify non-contact injury mechanisms. Gray literature was included to supplement limited indexed data, aiming to stay within author guidelines.</p><p><strong>Evidence synthesis: </strong>Female athletes experience a 2-8 times higher risk of ACL injury than males, with 70% of these injuries being non-contact. Common scenarios leading to these injuries involve ball possession/non-possession phases, tactical actions (pressing, pressure, re-aggression), and technical movements (cutting, changing direction). Tactical aspects, particularly pressing and re-aggression, are key contributors to ACL injury risk regardless of ball possession.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In female soccer, ACL injuries are related to non-contact injury mechanisms during technical and tactical situations. The knowledge and study of these situational patterns of play, such as pressing, re-aggression, pressure, and cutting maneuvers, are essential to target prevention strategies and return-to-sport processes objectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"657-664"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142622822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial factors and running-related injuries: unraveling the connection, based on a one-year prospective study.","authors":"Michal Sebera, Jiri Skypala, Steriani Elavsky","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16398-0","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16398-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although runners are healthier than most of the population, they can incur a risk of injury. Literature shows a strong evidence of risk factors for running-related injuries (RRIs) based on characteristics of running. This study aimed to assess differences in psychosocial factors between injured and uninjured recreational runners.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was designed as a 1-year prospective study with 108 participants (age 36.3±8.4y). The primary outcome was the incidence of RRIs at 1-year follow-up. The primary exposure variables were running-related characteristics and psychosocial factors assessed upon entry into the study. The differences between injured and uninjured runners were assessed using Mann-Whitney U Test, independent samples t-test and the effect size was assessed by Cohen's d.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No statistically significant differences were observed between injured and uninjured runners in relation to the psychosocial factors examined.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>However, it is noteworthy that we identified medium-sized effects for the amount of sleep (d=0.46) and restless sleep (d=0.43), providing a basis for future research with larger sample sizes and more refined measures of sleep patterns to elucidate the potential role of sleep in RRIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"716-723"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of preferred music on internal load in adult recreational athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Romina T Herodek, Aleksandra Z Aleksić Veljković, Mladen D Živković, Aleksandra Đ Ilić, Slavoljub V Uzunović, Nebojša Trajković","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16178-6","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16178-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>When exercising to preferred music (PM), participants found more satisfaction and less typical exercise-related fatigue, which made it easier and more enjoyable to maintain the physical activity (PA) until the exercise goals were achieved. The purpose of this review and meta-analysis was to determine whether changes on internal training load in adult recreational athletes were modified by listening to PM and non-preferred music (NPM), during different PA.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>A music-focused search was performed on the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant articles to this topic published after 2000 to investigate the effects of PM on psychophysiological responses to PA.</p><p><strong>Evidence synthesis: </strong>Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. The research studies' sample sizes varied from ten to twenty-five participants. Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) on internal training load were the selected indicators. The use of different kinds of music had mostly, non-significant effects on HR and RPE toward the ability of music to allow participants to dissociate from the intensity level they are experiencing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The meta-analysis confirmed that preferred music had no significant effect on HRmean or RPE. The results of this review contradict the idea that listening to music improves exercise performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"632-640"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy availability and macronutrient intake over a 7-day training period in adolescent rugby players.","authors":"Lisa Lehmann, Magali Giacomoni, Freddy Maso, Julian Colard, Irène Margaritis, Pascale Duché","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16183-X","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16183-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding the dietary intake of elite adolescent athletes and its adequacy with sport nutrition recommendation is a key issue for health and player development, as well as performance and recovery. Energy availability needs to be considered to ensure optimal health and performance in young athletes. The present study aimed to quantify energy availability, energy expenditure and macronutrient intake in young male rugby union players competing at national level.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve male adolescent players (15.6±0.6 years) completed a 7-days prospective observational study (5 days of training and 2 days of full recovery). Total energy expenditure was estimated using indirect calorimetry and heart rate measurement. Energy intake was assessed using weighed food by a dietitian in cafeteria (training days) and image-based dietary (recovery days). Energy availability was calculated using (energy intake-exercise energy expenditure)/fat-free mass.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean energy availability was 38.5±7.5, 40.2±5.4 and 47.8±5.1 kcal/kgFFM/d on heavy training, moderate training and recovery days, respectively. Players consumed a low carbohydrate (~5.0 g/kg/d), high protein (~2.0 g/kg/d) and high fat (~1.8 g/kg/d) diet on training and recovery days in relation to current international nutritional recommendations for young athletes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Athletes showed sub-optimal energy availability on training days, high energy availability on recovery days and did not comply with carbohydrate intake recommendations on training nor recovery days. These results highlight the short-term inadequacy of energy availability as a result of low carbohydrate intake, warning about the possible adverse short-term metabolic effects on health and performance of young athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"641-649"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the impact of combined and aerobic exercise on blood pressure in women with prehypertension: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Ignatio R Haryono, Nawanto A Prastowo","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16599-7","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16599-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evidence on the effectiveness of combined exercise over aerobic exercise alone in lowering blood pressure (BP) remains limited. This study compared the effectiveness of combined aerobic plus resistance training versus aerobic training alone, with both interventions matched for exercise duration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This randomized controlled trial included thirty-one female participants eligible for final analysis. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: 15 to the Control (C) group, which underwent 8 weeks of aerobics, and 16 to the Combined Training (CT) group, which underwent 8 weeks of combined training. Outcome measures included weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), hand grip strength (HGS), and performance on the 30-second Chair Stand Test (30-s CST). These variables were assessed at baseline and at the end of week 8. Two-way ANOVA followed Tukey post-hoc was applied to analyze changes within and between groups over time. The effect size was calculated using partial eta squared (η<inf>p</inf>²).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline characteristics were similar across groups, except for heart rate. Both groups showed significant reductions in SBP and DBP after the intervention ([C: SBP decreased by -7.4±2.2, P=0.00; DBP decreased by -5.1±2.4, P=0.00] [CT: SBP decreased by -6.1±2.1, P<0.01, and DBP decreased by -6.9±2.0, P<0.01]). The reduction in SBP was more pronounced in the C than in the CT (P=0.04), while the reduction in DBP was greater in the CT group (P=0.04). An improvement in the outcome variable is caused by the \"group\" or \"time\" effect but not by the effect of \"group × time.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adding resistance training to aerobic exercise enhances the reduction in diastolic blood pressure compared to aerobic exercise alone in prehypertension middle-aged women.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"701-707"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143391217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of the handgrip test for assessing readiness in national level basketball players: a cohort study.","authors":"Bruno Ruscello, Fabrizio Santolamazza, Carlo Castagna, Alessio Pistello, Paolo R Gabrielli, Marco Ceccacci, Gianmarco Mecangeli, Paolo Del Bene, Stefano D'Ottavio","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16490-0","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16490-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Assessing player readiness is crucial in elite basketball. This study aims to provide a practical method for monitoring player readiness through the handgrip test and identify associations with wellness scales.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen players (age: 25.3±3.3 years; weight: 92.2±11.8 kg; height: 1.94±0.09 m; BMI: 24.3±1.8 kg/m²; experience: 6.5±3.4 years) from an elite basketball team participated in this cohort study, which was conducted over 9 weeks of training and official competitions. All players were medically cleared and injury-free for three months prior. Daily psychometric questionnaires assessed different aspects of wellness using analog scales, combined with a handgrip test. Training cycles were developed according to the Game-Day method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All parameters investigated, except the handgrip test, (means ranging from 53.43±8.06 kg to 54.03±7.79 kg) showed significant variations in the weekly training cycle (P<0.05). The linear regression results indicate that while the overall model is statistically significant (P=0.039), the predictive power of the individual independent variables is not strong, with the model able to explain approximately 4.13% of the variability in the dependent variable \"Handgrip.\" The calculation of the minimal detectable change (MDC) confirmed that for this variable, on average, significant changes (approximately 6.77 kg) are generally required to be noteworthy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates that the handgrip test is not an effective tool for objectively assessing player readiness in elite basketball. Regular monitoring using this method cannot help in making informed decisions about training and competition readiness. Conversely, psychometric have shown stronger sensitivity in determining player status during the weekly training cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"614-624"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of short-term different diet modifications on postexercise metabolism following a sprint interval exercise.","authors":"Dilek Seyidoglu, Gorkem A Balci, Hakan As, Ozgur Ozkaya, Gulbin Rudarli","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16201-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16201-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A single sprint interval training (SIT) session is known to have positive effects on fat metabolism by increasing postexercise oxygen consumption (V̇O<inf>2</inf>) and fat oxidation. A short-term high-fat diet intervention has positive effects on fat oxidation pre- and postsubmaximal exercise sessions. However, there is no study on the effects of the combination of diet and a SIT session on fat oxidation. The study aimed to investigate the effect of different short-term diet modifications on fat oxidation following a SIT session.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine healthy active males (24.3±5.27 years) participated in this investigation. Following isocaloric normal (NOR), high carbohydrate (CHO), and high fat (FAT) diet interventions with a weekly interval, participants performed an SIT session (6 repeats × Wingate all-out sprints with 4.5 minutes of rest in-between bouts). V̇O<inf>2</inf> and V̇CO<inf>2</inf> were measured by a gas analyzer throughout a 2-hour recovery period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant time × session interaction for fat oxidation, V̇O<inf>2</inf>, total energy expenditure, and respiratory exchange ratio. The resting fat oxidation (g.min^-1) was statistically greater in the FAT diet (0.12±0.04) than in the CHO (0.08±0.02, P=0.012) and NOR (0.08±0.02, P=0.009) diets. Only a 2-hour postexercise fat oxidation (g.min^-1) (0.22±0.05) was statistically higher for the FAT diet compared to the CHO diet (0.15±0.05; P=0.006).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While the study showed significant differences in fat oxidation between diets, the magnitude of the difference was so small (~0.04 g/min) that it may not have a truly effective 'real world' implication for burning extra calories.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coronary artery calcium in athletes: friend or foe?","authors":"Johan Svensson, Jonatan Fridolfsson, Mats Börjesson","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16885-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16885-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regular physical activity and high cardiorespiratory fitness protect against cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality and all-cause mortality in the general population. Paradoxically, recent evidence indicates that high volumes of aerobic physical activity are associated with an increased prevalence and progression of coronary artery calcium and coronary plaques in males. This review aims to synthesize current evidence concerning the relationship between aerobic physical activity and the development of coronary atherosclerosis. Evidence indicates that engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, exceeding approximately five hours or 2000 Metabolic Equivalent of Task-mins per week, is associated with increased prevalence and progression of coronary artery calcium and coronary plaques in males. This relationship appears intensity-dependent, with higher-intensity physical activity linked to greater progression of coronary artery calcium and coronary plaques. However, females seem to be less susceptible to physical activity-associated coronary atherosclerosis. Recent findings challenge the hypothesis that increased coronary artery calcification in athletes represents plaque stabilization. Athletes with elevated coronary artery calcium levels show an increased risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes and all-cause mortality compared to those without coronary artery calcium. However, their typically higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity, partially mitigate this risk, particularly for all-cause mortality. For optimal cardiovascular health, evidence supports maintaining physical activity volumes aligned with World Health Organization guidelines and emphasizing moderate-intensity activity (in relative terms), as this pattern appears to protect against coronary atherosclerosis development and is associated with reduced coronary artery calcium progression and lower prevalence of mixed plaques in males.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute effects of overload strength training on vertical jump performance in young female volleyball players.","authors":"Ignazio Leale, Guglielmo Pillitteri, Valerio Giustino, Orazio Scarpa, Provvidenza Cataldo, Manuel Gómez-López, Giuseppe Battaglia","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16497-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16497-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The vertical jump performance is one of the most used parameters for the evaluation of lower limb strength in volleyball. Indeed, vertical jumps are frequently performed by volleyball players during the match both in defensive and offensive actions. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of a 90-minute strength training session (STS) with different overload intensities on vertical jump performance and on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in young female volleyball players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten young female volleyball players (14.00±1.01 years; 165±0.03 cm; 58.33±10.25 kg; 21.52±3.84 kg/m²) were included in this randomized crossover study. The participants were subjected to the three following STS: STS-A without overload; STS-B with 10% body weight (BW) overload; and STS-C with 20% BW overload. The RPE for the three sessions was recorded using the modified 20-point Borg Scale. For the evaluation of lower limb strength, the following tests were used: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump with hands on the hips (CMJ), and countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJ-AS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although a significant interaction was detected after the STS, no significant changes were observed among the three sessions (i.e., STS-A, STS-B, and STS-C). No differences were detected in the Borg Scale across the three sessions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed that a STS administered without load or with an overload of 10% or 20% of BW, does not lead to significant changes on vertical jump performance in young volleyball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of sports drinks with different molecular weight carbohydrates on rehydration during endurance exercise: a comparative study.","authors":"Qiushi Tan, Zhiguang Zhao, Aiqi Yu, Mai Xiang, Qi Han, Jingyi Zhu, Xuemei Sui, Qirong Wang","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16364-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.25.16364-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare the impacts of low-molecular-weight (LMW) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) carbohydrate (CHO) sports drinks on rehydration during endurance exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten middle- and long-distance running athletes were selected in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. One day before the experiment, a pre-experiment was performed to determine the VO<inf>2peak</inf>. The formal experiment consisted of a two-stage exercise test. In the first test, participants rode an electrically braked cycle ergometer for 1 hour with an intensity of 70%VO<inf>2peak</inf> and were supplemented with three kinds of sports drinks, namely, LMW CHO (oligosaccharides), HMW CHO (Vitargo), and placebo (PLA), at 1.8 mL/kg·bw every 15 minutes. Venous blood, capillary blood, and urine were collected during exercise. The second test was conducted 6 hours after the first test and employed an intensity of 75%VO<inf>2peak</inf> and the same rehydration strategy. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded every 15 minutes until exhaustion, and the time to exhaustion (TTE) was recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The percentage of body weight loss before and after exercise was significantly lower in the LMW group than in the HMW group (P<0.05). The serum or urine Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^- concentrations did not significantly differ among the groups (P>0.05). No significant differences in plasma osmolarity, urine osmolarity, lactic acid, blood pH, or exercise exhaustion time were found among the groups (P>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sports drinks containing LMW CHO were better at maintaining hydration than those containing HMW CHO. Sports drinks with different molecular weights of CHO had no significant effect on athletic performance or blood pH.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}