Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness最新文献

{"title":"A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review.","authors":"Luis F D Coutinho, Lucas F DE Oliveira Neves, Rafael P Camilo","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17773-1","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17773-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pursuit of pharmacological enhancement in sport has evolved from the widespread use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) to novel agents such as peptides and peptide analogues. Marketed as more selective and ostensibly safer alternatives, peptides-including growth hormone secretagogues (e.g., Ipamorelin), growth hormone-releasing hormone analogues (e.g., CJC-1295, Sermorelin), and synthetic fragments (e.g., Frag 176-191, KPV)-are promoted for muscle growth, fat metabolism, recovery, and anti-inflammatory effects. Their pharmacological profiles, including enhanced stability and receptor selectivity, have made them attractive in both medical research and bodybuilding communities. Despite their growing popularity, the clinical evidence supporting peptide use in sport is limited. Most published studies examine therapeutic applications under controlled dosing regimens, not the supraphysiological or combined protocols common in bodybuilding. Emerging data highlight potential risks: cardiovascular strain, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and psychiatric instability. The largely unregulated supply chain exacerbates these dangers, as products are often mislabeled or contaminated. Regulatory bodies such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have responded by expanding detection technologies, yet analytical challenges remain due to peptides' structural similarity to endogenous hormones and short half-lives. Beyond elite sport, the extent of peptide use in the general population is unknown. Anecdotal reports and widespread promotion on social media suggest growing uptake among recreational gym-goers, including younger individuals, but prevalence studies are lacking. This represents a critical gap in current knowledge. In conclusion, peptides represent a new phase in performance enhancement but remain experimental substances with poorly defined long-term risks. Until longitudinal data clarify their safety and prevalence, peptide use in both competitive and recreational settings should be considered high-risk and ethically problematic.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"880-885"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids administration on oral health in humans: a scoping review.","authors":"Leandro A Corbari, Joao P Steffens","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17370-8","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17370-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) administration on oral health in humans, distinguishing between medical indications (e.g., replacement therapy) and abuse, while mapping their impact on oral conditions and identifying gaps in knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Virtual Health Library databases. Search terms included keywords related to AAS, testosterone and specific oral health conditions such as dental caries, tooth loss/edentulism, periodontal disease, oral trauma, and oral cancer. Studies were screened and selected based on inclusion criteria: adult humans, AAS use and reported oral health outcomes, with findings interpreted separately according to medical indication (replacement vs. abuse).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;After screening, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. In the context of AAS abuse, users exhibited poorer periodontal health, with higher rates of severe periodontitis, increased gingival inflammation, and greater gingival thickness. Oral trauma studies indicated a higher frequency of temporomandibular dysfunction and malocclusion among users. A severe adverse event (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome) was also reported in one case of AAS abuse. Conversely, studies addressing medical indications found that therapeutic AAS administration was associated with reduced mucosal toxicity, decreased pain, and remission of aphthous lesions. No studies evaluating dental caries, tooth loss/edentulism, or cleft lip and palate were identified. The effect of AAS on human oral health is critically dependent on the context of administration. AAS abuse is associated with significant oral pathology, notably the increased severity of periodontal disease and risk of severe mucocutaneous adverse events.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Conversely, AAS administered under medical indication demonstrated therapeutic potential in reducing treatment-related toxicity (e.g., in oral cancer) and promoting the resolution of recurrent soft tissue lesions (e.g., aphthous ulcers). It is recommended that future studies adopt well-designed sampling strategies in longitudinal studies to enhance clinicians' and researchers' understanding of its effects and mechanisms, ultimately enabling evidence-based recommendations or advisories for or against its use for oral conditions. Health professionals should be aware of the distinct oral health risks and benefits associated with AAS. AAS abuse represents a critical risk factor for severe periodontal pathology and potential mucocutaneous adverse events. Conversely, low-level evidence supports recognizing the therapeutic potential of medically indicated AAS as supportive care for conditions like chemotherapy/radiotherapy-induced mucositis and recurrent soft tissue lesions. Identifying gaps in the literature highlights the need for broader research to ensure th","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"872-879"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sport- and sex-specific differences in rapid weight loss practices among elite combat sport athletes.","authors":"Ki-Jun Park","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17620-8","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17620-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rapid weight loss (RWL) is widely practiced in combat sports, yet comparative data across sports and sexes are limited. This study aimed to compare RWL patterns, methods, and associated physical and psychological difficulties by sport and sex among elite Korean combat sports athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 414 elite athletes from taekwondo, judo, wrestling, and boxing. Body mass was recorded before RWL, at the official weigh-in, and prior to competition. RWL practices, sources of information, and physical and psychological difficulties were assessed using validated questionnaires. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed separately for male and female athletes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Athletes engaged in RWL for an average of 6.53 days, losing 5.49% of body mass and regaining approximately 95% before competition. RWL duration did not differ by sport or sex. However, significant sport-specific differences were observed in absolute and relative weight loss and weight regain, with judo and wrestling athletes showing greater weight loss and wrestlers exhibiting the highest regain. No significant differences were found among sports in RWL methods, sources of information, or reported physical and psychological difficulties. Athletes predominantly relied on coaches and peers and commonly reported fatigue, dizziness, irritability, and impaired concentration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While RWL duration is similar across sports and sexes, the magnitude of weight loss and regain varies according to sport-specific regulations. Despite these differences, RWL methods and associated difficulties are consistent, emphasizing the need for evidence-based weight management and greater involvement of health professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"838-846"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 30-15 intermittent fitness test in young elite male soccer players: evaluating aerobic performance in relation to maturity offset.","authors":"Lucia Imperiali, Sara Bizzozero, Francesco Magenes, Antonio LA Torre, F Marcello Iaia, Roberto Codella, Stefano Borghi","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17778-0","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17778-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The developmental trajectory of young elite soccer players is influenced by maturation and physiological parameters. This study examined age-based differences in maturation, physical performance, and positional variations among young elite male soccer players using the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15 IFT) among 113 elite male players aged 11-17.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Assessments included peak height velocity (PHV), maturity offset, maximum running speed from the 30-15 IFT (MRS30-15IFT), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO<inf>2</inf>max). Age-related and positional differences were analyzed to identify significant variations across categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant age-related differences were observed in maturation and performance parameters. U16 and U17 players differed in PHV (P=0.009), while maturity offset varied significantly across most categories except between U16 and U17. Aerobic performance, measured via MRS30-15IFT and VO<inf>2</inf>max, improved progressively with age; U12 players showed lower values than older groups (P<0.05). Strong correlations emerged between VO<inf>2</inf>max and maturity offset (r=0.73, P<0.001) and between MRS30-15IFT and maturity offset (r=0.73, P<0.001). Positional analysis revealed that central backs had lower PHV than midfielders and wingers in U12-U14 (P<0.015), while wingers showed higher VO<inf>2</inf>max than strikers in U15-U17 (P=0.042).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Maturation and physiological performance parameters vary significantly across age categories in elite young soccer players. Position-specific differences in growth and aerobic capacity emphasize the importance of individualized training approaches to optimize development and performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"819-826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doping prevention in adolescence: findings from a chat-bot assisted educational program for high school students.","authors":"Lucrezia Trani, Andrea Fontana, Anna G Greco, Federico Egidi, Marco Cacioppo, Lucia Sideli","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17642-7","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17642-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Doping is a widespread issue in both professional and amateur sports, affecting athletes of all ages and across different competitive levels. Literature suggests that one in three adolescents who practice sports considers the use of anabolic steroids to achieve a rapid increase in muscle mass. Recently, text-based messaging facilitated by human coaches or an artificial agent (Chatbot) has been increasingly adopted as web-based preventive interventions. This study aimed to describe a chatbot-assisted educational program (the LUDO Project) for adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Overall, 176 adolescents (aged 13-19 years), were recruited from schools across Italy. Half of the participants (N.=90) had access to the LUDO chatbot for two months to enhance their knowledge of doping, while the remaining (N.=86) received only informational contents without interactive engagement with the chatbot. An 18-item multiple-choice questionnaire was used to evaluate the impact of chatbot use on students' knowledge of substances, health-related risks, and physical, psychological, and legal consequences of doping behaviors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between-group comparison revealed significant differences in doping knowledge between LUDO users and non-users. Further regression analysis elucidated that, on average, LUDO users scored 4 points higher on doping knowledge compared to non-users, a result that remained robust after adjusting for sex, age, and sport practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings supported the efficacy of the LUDO chatbot in enhancing adolescents' comprehension of doping risks, thereby underscoring the utility of digital interventions in educational contexts. Research should evaluate the long-term sustainability of these results and explore the applicability of digital tools in diverse settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"864-871"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147690614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jumper's knee risk in elite volleyball: impact of training volume, sex, and position.","authors":"Afonso M Reis, António S Barros, Pedro S Poças, Manuel Gutierres","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17195-3","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17195-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendinopathy, is a common overuse injury among athletes involved in sports that require repetitive jumping and high-impact activities, such as volleyball. Understanding the risk factors contributing to this injury is essential for implementing effective prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to clinically and ultrasonographically evaluate the patellar tendons of senior volleyball players at national division one in Portugal (>18 years old) and investigate the relationship between weekly training volume (in hours), sex and players' positions, and the risk of developing jumper's knee.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The diagnosis of jumper's knee was clinically determined using a pain questionnaire and confirmed via imaging through ultrasonography of the athletes' knees. Both tendons of total of 78 athletes were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed that the odds ratio for weekly training volume was 1.37 (P<0.001), indicating a significant positive relationship between training hours and the risk of developing the injury. Male athletes were significantly more likely to develop jumper's knee compared to females, with an odds ratio of 4.41 (P=0.003). Regarding player positions, attackers had an odds ratio of 6.18 (P=0.095), and setters had an odds ratio of 5.81 (P=0.14), both compared to liberos. Although the effects of positions were positive, they did not reach statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results demonstrate that male athletes and those engaging in higher weekly training volumes are at greater risk of developing jumper's knee. While positions involving greater jumping volume and explosive effort showed a higher odds ratio, these findings did not achieve statistical significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"847-852"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147723158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of smart socks to identify different skating styles in professional inline speed skate athletes.","authors":"Giulia Bongiorno, Gaia Sartori, Francesca Poles, Arianna Michelutti, Helena Biancuzzi, Francesca Dal Mas, Dario Filiputti, Luca Miceli","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17676-2","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17676-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"886-887"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidisciplinary oversight in sports eligibility: a medico-legal perspective from a regional appeal commission in Italy.","authors":"Francesco Gongolo, Livia Aita, Stefano DE Carli, Gianluigi Moise, Lucio Mos, Cristiano Pesavento, Irena Tavčar","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.18003-7","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.18003-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"887-889"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability and anthropometric influence of a new Light-Based Reactive Agility Wall Test in basketball.","authors":"Audrius Snieckus, Jerald Pathadan Titus, Kestutis Matulaitis, Gal Ziv, Sigitas Kamandulis","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17568-9","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17568-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a newly developed Reactive Agility Test and examine the impact of body dimensions on performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male university-level basketball players (N.=32; age: 22.3±2.2 years; height: 190.7±8.2 cm; arm span: 189.9±9.6 cm; weight: 80.1±10.9 kg) completed testing over three laboratory visits within one week. Tests on days 1 and 2 assessed the test-retest reliability of the Light-Based Reactive Agility Wall Test (LBRAT-W), developed through multiple pilot trials using the Witty SEM electronic system. On day 3, to evaluate the influence of anthropometric factors, the equipment layout was customized to each participant's height, arm span, and downward reach. Each session included eight trials: four unplanned (Unplanned Light-Based Reactive Agility Wall Test, U-LBRAT-W), with unpredictable light sequences, and four planned (Planned Light-Based Reactive Agility Wall Test, P-LBRAT-W), with numbered plates indicating the sequence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both U-LBRAT-W and P-LBRAT-W demonstrated good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.895 and 0.848), the same as the time difference between planned and unplanned tasks (Reactivity Index [RE-Index], ICC=0.891). Performance improved on day 2 for both tests (P<0.05), suggesting a learning effect, while RE-Index remained stable (P>0.05). Height explained approximately 10.8% of the variance in the unplanned test and 5.0% in the planned test but had minimal influence on the RE-Index.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The LBRAT-W is a reliable tool for assessing reactive agility, with the RE-Index independent of height, although scaling may be considered for planned and unplanned task completion times if these are the primary outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"719-725"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A brief, clinically feasible alternative to evaluate response to exercise following sport-related concussion: initial validation of the 10-M in male healthy controls.","authors":"Aaron M Sinnott, Michael Paddack, George Ruddy, Blake Carlton, Victoria L Kochick, Shawn R Eagle, Michael W Collins, Jason P Mihalik, Sarah Ostop, Christopher Connaboy, Anthony P Kontos","doi":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17477-5","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0022-4707.26.17477-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to compare physiological responses, concussion symptoms, and rating of perceived exertion between the 10-M and treadmill protocols for the aerobic component of the dynamic exertion test (EXiT). We hypothesized that these outcomes would be similar between protocols and have moderate-to-strong agreement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a within subject, cross-over study design comprised of fourteen healthy and physically active male adults. Participants performed the treadmill and the 10-M protocols in a randomized order separated by a 30-minute rest period. Pre- and postexercise resting heart rate (HR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were measured. Symptoms (headache, dizziness, and nausea), and RPE were recorded. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were conducted for HR and BP, and Cronbach's alpha for symptoms and RPE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was moderate agreement for HR across minutes 6-12 (ICC>0.723, P<0.002) and postexercise diastolic BP (ICC=0.776, P<0.022), but not postexercise systolic BP or resting HR (P>0.05). Concussion symptoms and RPE were equivocal (Cronbach's alpha = 0.955, P<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Physiological and clinical responses between 10-M and treadmill conditions for the aerobic component of EXiT were comparable; the 10-M protocol may be an alternative approach to implement the aerobic component of EXiT.</p>","PeriodicalId":17013,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness","volume":" ","pages":"751-754"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147377879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}