Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"A new insight on feasibility of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics-based therapies in Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"M. Talebi, Vida Ebrahimi, Ahmadreza Rasouli, Afasneh Farjami, Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani, Alireza Soleimanian, Haleh Forouhandeh, Vahideh Tarhriz","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_170_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_170_21","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease is a prevalent cause of dementia in the elderly population. The existing treatments in this issue are limited in efficacy besides having several adverse effects. Therefore, developing new therapeutic strategies is a major concern of scientists. This disease is closely linked to gut microflora through the brain–gut–microbiota axis. Targeting gut microbiota by pre-, pro-, and synbiotics supplementation can be effective for its treatment. Herein, we discuss the protecting effects of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics products against Alzheimer’s disease based on comprehensive assessment of animal studies and performed clinical trials. Primarily, we briefly introduced involved pathogenesis, probable drug targets, and its correlation with gut microbiota. Subsequently, we debated preclinical and clinical research studies on the effect of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics agents on brain functionality, metabolic features, and biomarkers that are proven to have therapeutic effects. Searching the online databases revealed therapeutic capabilities of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics in Alzheimer’s disease treatment by some mechanisms such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, prohibiting of apoptosis and DNA damage, insulin regulation, suppressing the aggregation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins, which can be considered as important outcomes of this application.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"141 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47164142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth inhibitory activity of Brassica oleracea var. Alboglabra on human gastric cancer cells","authors":"Dai-Hung Ngo, Hoang-Yen T Nguyen, Thi Nguyen, Dai-Nghiep Ngo, T. Vo","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_119_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_119_21","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate anticancer activity of Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (BOA) against the proliferation of BGC-823 human gastric cancer cells. Materials and Methods: B. oleracea var. alboglabra was extracted by ethanol 98% at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:8, (w/v) for 24h at room temperature. The cytotoxic effect of vegetables was examined by MTT assay. The migration of the cancer cells was conducted by wound healing assay and visualized under an inverted microscope. The mRNA expression level was quantified by real time PCR. Major Findings: It was found that ethanol extract of BOA exhibited the inhibitory activity against the proliferation of BGC-823 cells at IC50 value of 217.6 ± 2.8 µg/ml. Moreover, the treatment of BOA extract at concentration of 100 µg/ml for 24 h significantly suppressed the migration of gastric cancer cells into the gap as compared to the untreated cell group. Notably, the cytotoxic effect of BOA extract on human gastric cancer cells was found due to induction of apoptosis, mediating the up-regulation of caspase-8, -9, -3, and Bax in cancer cells. Conclusion: These results indicated that B. oleracea var. alboglabra have the potential inhibitory activity against the development of gastric cancer.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"199 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45973909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The protective effect of melatonin on diazepam-induced genotoxicity in peripheral blood lymphocytes using micronucleus assay","authors":"Bahar R Soufi, Mehdi Evazalipour, A. Motavallian, Mojtaba H Chakosari, E. Zamani","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_111_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_111_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diazepam belongs to the benzodiazepine family of drugs and is mainly used for anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures, and insomnia. Long-term diazepam administration can cause genotoxicity, and oxidative stress is a likely molecular mechanism involved. Objectives: In this study, the benefits of melatonin against diazepam-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity were investigated. Materials and Methods: Cultured peripheral lymphocytes were allocated to five groups: control, diazepam (100 μg/mL), melatonin (50 and 100 μM) with diazepam and cisplatin (0.05 μg/mL). After harvesting and preparing slides, the incidence of micronuclei (MN) was observed as a marker of genotoxicity. Then, in order to measure oxidative stress parameters, contents of glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined. Results: Results documented increased MN and LPO and decrease in GSH levels in diazepam-administered lymphocytes versus those of the control group. When melatonin was given to diazepam-administered lymphocytes, they almost attenuated the increase of MN and LPO and restored the levels of GSH. Conclusion: Results showed that diazepam seems to induce genotoxicity in cultured human lymphocytes and oxidative stress plays an important role in it. Furthermore, it is concluded that melatonin efficiently protects against genotoxicity through its anti-oxidative effects.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"92 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70821633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and chemical fermentation conditions affect the growth and metabolite production of endophytic fungi Athelia rolfsii","authors":"Ririn Suharsanti, S. Wahyuono, Puji Astuti","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_136_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_136_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The effort to explore antimicrobial agents isolated from an endophytic fungus of Coleus amboinicus resulted in the finding of a potential aromatic compound having methoxy, hydroxyl, and methyl groups produced by Athelia rolfsii. This compound exhibited antibacterial activities with IC50 values of <2 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study was aimed to determine the effect of varying fermentation conditions (types of media, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, temperature, and pH) on biomass, total metabolites, and bioactive compound production. Materials and Methods: The fungal cultures were subjected to various treatment conditions and incubated for 12 days at 25°C 160 rpm followed by analyzing the biomass, metabolite, and bioactive compound production. Results and Conclusion: The study found that although the maximum total metabolite production was achieved in the Tryptic Soy Broth medium, both biomass and bioactive compound production accumulated at the highest amount in Potato Dextrose Broth and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth media. Adding 1% of different types of carbon sources did not significantly enhance biomass, total metabolite, and bioactive compound production. Three types of organic nitrogen sources used in this study did not significantly affect biomass and total metabolite production, but adding peptone produced the highest amount of bioactive compound. Supplementing inorganic source of nitrogen to the culture medium decreased the production. While pH 5.5 was found to be the optimum condition for total metabolite production, pH 6–7 resulted in higher productivity of the bioactive compound. The total metabolite production was best produced at 25°C, whereas higher temperatures were needed to get optimum bioactive and biomass production. This study found that the total metabolite production was 7.8 times higher when the culture was grown in PDB medium supplemented with 1% sucrose and 1% peptone and incubated at 27°C at pH 6.5; whereas a 15% increase was observed in the bioactive compound production.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"85 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41894182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of substance abuse among elective surgical inpatients in teaching hospitals in Kerman, Iran","authors":"G. Sepehri, M. Khaksari, Sara Vafadar, Hossein Satari","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_35_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_35_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Opioid abuse prior to hospitalization in patients undergoing surgical procedures is associated with challenges in pain management, determining anesthetic dose, and providing nursing care. This study aimed to evaluate opioid abuse/dependence in hospitalized patients undergoing major elective surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 1000 patients who were candidates for major elective surgery were assessed for demographic characteristics, perioperative and postoperative pain management, type and route of opioid abuse, and the current use of other abused substances. Results: Substance abuse was observed in 34% of surgical inpatients. The mean duration of substance abuse was 4.3 ± 1.9 years. Opioids were the most frequently abused substances (67.9%), followed by naswar (16.4%) and marijuana (8.5%). The inhalation route (60%) was the most common route for opioid use, followed by injection (29.4%) and oral route (10.6%). The prevalence of opioid abuse in females (54.6%) was significantly higher than males (45.4%), (P = 0.032, odd ratio =1.18, 95% CI = 1.03 -1.42). Low education level was associated with a higher rate of substance abuse (P = 0.042, Odd ratio=1.39, 95% CI = 1.14 -1.64), but there was no significant correlation between sex, education level, and substance abuse type. Overall, opioid abuse and dependence were associated with at least a 30% increase in the need for opioid analgesics to relieve postoperative pain. No opioid withdrawal signs were recorded in opioid-abusing patients. Conclusion: The results showed substance/drug abuse in more than one-third of surgical inpatients (34%) and a higher rate of drug abuse in women, which was an unexpected finding. Opioid abuse was significantly associated with education level. Opioid-dependent patients received higher doses of opioids during postoperative periods. Since opioid abuse can affect both preoperative and postoperative surgical and nursing health professionals, especially nurses, need continued medical education and professional support in caring for these individuals.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"104 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45157106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic antidepressant use: Effects on various organ histology and blood cell counts in adult albino rats","authors":"M. Bariweni, Y. Oboma, Ebibodo Samuel","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_122_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_122_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chronic use of antidepressant drugs often results in drug-induced organ damage, which is mostly undetected and under-reported. The study aimed at evaluating the effect of selected antidepressants on organs and blood cell counts in adult albino rats. Materials and Methods: Adult rats were divided into four groups (n = 5): Group 1 (5 mL/kg of body weight/day normal saline), Group 2 (1 mg/kg of body weight/day risperidone), Group 3 (5 mg/kg of body weight/day fluoxetine), and Group 4 (15 mg/kg of body weight/day imipramine) for 14 days. The animals experienced different stressors during the treatment period to simulate physiological state of depression. On the 14th day, the animals were exposed to the forced swimming test 1 h after the respective treatments. On the 15th day, the animals were sacrificed under halothane anesthesia. Blood sample was collected. Liver and kidney were excised for histological examination. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: Kidney histology was normal for all groups. Risperidone-exposed rats presented with hepatotoxicity with areas of zonal necrosis and partial central vein congestion. Neutrophil (%) was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in all treatment groups when compared with controls. White blood cell count was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the imipramine and risperidone treatment groups but significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in the fluoxetine treatment group when compared with controls. Also, the platelet count was significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the fluoxetine group but decreased in imipramine-and risperidone-treated groups. Conclusion: Chronic antidepressant use can cause changes in blood cell counts and drug-induced organ damage; hence, frequent organ function tests and blood count are required in patients undergoing chronic antidepressant therapy.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"118 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vanillic acid prevents interferon-alpha and cyclosporine A-induced depressant-like behavior in mice","authors":"Omid Hajhashemi, A. Mesripour, V. Hajhashemi","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_82_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_82_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a useful therapy for some types of cancers and viral infections. Cyclosporine A (CSA) is an immunosuppressant drug used to reduce the risk of graft rejection. Chronic use of IFN-α and CSA are related to psychological symptoms such as depression. Vanillic acid (VA) is a naturally occurring flavoring substance with antidepressant potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of VA on depression caused by these two drugs in a mice model. Materials and Methods: Male Swiss mice (25–30 g) were used. Depression was induced by IFN-α 1600000 IU/kg, sc for six days, or CSA20 mg/kg, ip for 3 days as VA 25 mg/kg, and pretreatment was ip injected. After evaluating the locomotor activity, depression was assessed by forced swimming test (FST) and sucrose preference (SP) test. Results: The selected treatments did not cause significant changes in the locomotor activity. IFN-α significantly increased the immobility time during FST (184.5 ± 12.9 s vs. vehicle 107.1 ± 11.4s) indicating depressive-like effect, and VA pretreatment reversed it (94.8 ± 17.8 s vs. IFN-α), SP increased to 76%. CSA also increased the immobility time during FST (160.3 ± 3.4 s vs. vehicle 113.2 ± 7.6 s; P < 0.05), VA pretreatment reduced it (81.8 ± 16.9 s, vs. cyclosporine; P < 0.001), and SP increased from 38% to 75%. SP results were in agreement with FST results. Conclusion: VA showed useful effect against IFN-α and cyclosporine-induced depression in mice. Further clinical studies regarding VA antidepressant effect in patients receiving IFN-α or CSA are warranted.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"59 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46965636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of Mimusops elengi leaf extract in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells","authors":"B. Kar, P. Haldar, Goutam Rath, G. Ghosh","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_53_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_53_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Mimusops elengi Linn. (Sapotaceae) is commonly known as bakul. Traditionally, the various parts of the plants have been used in the treatment of wound healing, pain, and tumor. Objective: To evaluate the role of Mimusops elengi extract (MEE) on proliferation, apoptosis, and bcl2 gene expression in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells lines and establish the possible mechanisms linked with anticancer activity. Settings and Design: EAC cells were treated with methanol MEE (20–400 µg/mL) in time intervals of 24, 48, and 72 h. Materials and Methods: The antiproliferative effect of extract was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation study, cell cycle analysis, and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) assay were performed to assess the apoptosis, and lastly, western blotting study was performed to assess the bands intensities using the ImageJ® analysis (a Java-based image processing program system, National Institutes of Health and the Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI). Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by the Dunnett’s post hoc test. Results: MEE shows significant antiproliferative effect on EAC cell lines. In the DNA fragmentation assay, it shows significant fragmentation of DNA. In the cell cycle analysis and Annexin V-FITC assay, there was arrested in sub-G1 phase and initiation of cell apoptosis. In western blotting study, the extract shows low expression of bcl-2 and overexpression of Bax proteins. Conclusions: From the above result, it concludes that MEE has significant apoptosis-inducing properties.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"98 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42695733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal side effects of improper antibiotic use: Cause, symptoms, and treatment through probiotic food sources","authors":"Amirabbas Nikmaram","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_108_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_108_21","url":null,"abstract":"When antibiotics emerged, they gained lots of interest on the basis that they could protect and help human beings against a variety of bacterial diseases. These include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, sinus infections, etc. However, they have the potential to cause undeniable side effects including the drastic alter of gut microbiota. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal side effects could also result from these alterations in gut microbiota. To diminish these side effects, the use of probiotics was proposed. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that have health benefits for the host by countervailing the bacteria which were lost in the gut, and they can be gained through different resources such as supplemented capsules and foods (especially dairy products). In this review, we discussed the antibiotic-associated side effects which can be treated or prevented by consuming probiotic foods.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"12 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46521042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and antihistaminic potential of some novel substituted dinitrophenothiazine derivatives","authors":"D. Bisht, Anita Singh, Ashok Sharma, V. Parcha","doi":"10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_72_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_72_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Phenothiazine consists of a three-ring structure compound in which two benzene rings are connected with nitrogen and sulfur atoms at nonadjacent sides. Phenothiazine and its substituted derivatives are abundantly able to produce a variety of important pharmacological and valuable therapeutic effects, and till now, these are under profound investigational processes. Objective: To synthesize and evaluate the antihistaminic potential of some newly synthesized dinitrophenothiazine derivatives. Materials and Methods: Different derivatives have been synthesized by the appropriate chemical scheme using dinitrophenothiazine as a basic nucleus. The completion of the chemical reactions has been monitored by thin-layer chromatography. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized products (P1–P25) were affirmed by elemental analysis and by spectral (infra-red, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy) findings and further examined for antihistaminic potential in guinea pigs. The synthesized products were also evaluated for their acute toxicity study and were found nontoxic. Results: The majority of the synthesized products of the dinitrophenothiazine series, namely, P07, P11, P12, P13, P15, P16, P17, P18, P19, and P20, have shown antihistaminic activity and compared with mepyramine (standard drug) at 0.8 µg/mL. Among the synthesized products, P18 was found to exhibit maximum antihistaminic activity. However, all the synthesized compounds were found to elicit a significant antihistaminic effect when compared with the standard drug. Conclusion: Therefore, dinitrophenothiazine compounds could be a good starting point to develop efficacious and potent analogues, as an antihistaminic agent in the treatment of allergic disorders.","PeriodicalId":16966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"132 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42488889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}