Culture Area Studies eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Gender Differences in Willingness to Compete: The Role of Culture and Institutions","authors":"Alison L. Booth, Elliott Fan, Xin Meng, Dandan Zhang","doi":"10.1111/ECOJ.12583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ECOJ.12583","url":null,"abstract":"In the laboratory experiment reported in this paper we explore how evolving institutions and social norms, which we label 'culture', change individuals' preferences and behaviour in mainland China. From 1949 China experienced dramatic changes in its socioeconomic institutions. These began with communist central planning and the establishment of new social norms, including the promotion of gender equality in place of the Confucian view of female 'inferiority'. Market-oriented reforms, begun in 1978, helped China achieve unprecedented economic growth and at the same time Marxist ideology was gradually replaced by the acceptance of individualistic free-market ideology. During this period, many old traditions crept back and as a consequence social norms gradually changed again. In our experiment we investigate gender differences in competitive choices across different birth cohorts of individuals who, during their crucial developmental-age, were exposed to one of the two regimes outlined above. In particular we investigate gender differences in competitive choices for different birth cohorts in Beijing using their counterparts in Taipei (subject to the same original Confucian traditions) to control for the general time trend. Our findings confirm: (i) that females in Beijing are significantly more likely to compete than females from Taipei; (ii) that Beijing females from the 1958 birth cohort are more competitive than their male counterparts as well as more competitive than later Beijing birth cohorts; and (iii) that for Taipei there are no statistically significant differences across cohort or gender in willingness to compete. In summary, our findings confirm that exposure to different institutions and social norms during the crucial developmental age changes individuals' behaviour. Our findings also provide further evidence that gender differences in economic preferences are not innately determined.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123999275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Capital and Urbanization in the People's Republic of China","authors":"C. Xing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2888757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2888757","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between human capital development and urbanization in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is explored, highlighting the institutional factors of the hukou system and a decentralized fiscal system. Educated workers disproportionately reside in urban areas and in large cities. Returns to education are significantly higher in urban areas relative to those in rural areas, as well as in large, educated cities relative to small, less-educated cities. In addition, the external returns to education in urban areas are at least comparable to the magnitude of private returns. Rural areas are the major reservoir for urban population growth, and the more educated have a higher chance of moving to cities and obtaining urban hukou. Relaxing the hukou restriction, increasing education levels of rural residents, providing training for rural–urban migrants, and guaranteeing equal opportunity for all residents are necessary for a sustainable urbanization process in the PRC. In terms of health, rural–urban migration is selective in that healthy rural residents choose to migrate. Occupational choices and living conditions are detrimental to migrants’ health, however. While migration has a positive effect on migrant children, its effect on “left-behind” children is unclear.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132595526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-Economic Factors of Readymade Garments Workers in Bangladesh","authors":"N. Islam, Abu Sayef Bari Chowdhuri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2851802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2851802","url":null,"abstract":"Readymade garment industry is the prime sector of foreign earnings of Bangladesh. There are more than 4,500 garment companies are operating in Bangladesh. More than 80% of the foreign earnings are coming from this sector. At present, four million workers are working in this sector in which 90% are rural women. It is claimed by the employers that the garment companies have helped to develop the socio-economic status of the rural women employed in this sector. Hence, this paper aims at identifying the socio-economic status factors of the garment workers of Bangladesh. This study suggests that housing, water and sanitation conditions, medical facilities and first aid treatment, wages, social status, adaptation of cultural values and norms, attachment with labor unions, ownership arrangement, leave with pay and overtime are significantly related to the socio-economic status of the garments workers of Bangladesh. This study recommends that the measures for improving the socio-economic status of the women workers are related to the improvement of their housing conditions, education, health and sanitation, and the favorable service rules for the women workers.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123326740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Integration in Eurasia: The Legal and Political Framework","authors":"Zhenis Kembayev","doi":"10.1163/15730352-04102002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04102002","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the legal and political aspects of regional integration processes in Eurasia since the end of the Soviet era. It contends that both political and economic factors are driving these processes, including the desire of a number of post-Soviet countries to consolidate regional peace and security and, also, to create a larger and more effective economic space, thus increasing these countries’ power and international influence. It also argues that the formation of a united Eurasia is being conducted in the framework of two separate but closely connected—with almost identical membership—international organizations: the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). This article provides some background to the CSTO and the EAEU and explains their consolidating factors. It also examines the institutional framework of these groupings and expounds on their purposes, principles, and major areas of cooperation. It argues that these two organizations, in combination, constitute a single de facto structure that, for discussion purposes in this article, is referred to as the Eurasian alliance. Finally, the article attempts to illustrate problems and to assess prospects related to integration processes in Eurasia.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127562630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Государство и отраслевые съезды предпринимателей в России в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ века (The State and Branch Congresses of Entrepreneurs in Russia at the End of Xix – Beginning of Xx Century)","authors":"A. Bessolitsyn","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2840420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2840420","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: Настоящая статья прослеживает основные этапы формирования представительных организаций предпринимателей, представлявших интересы как добывающих, так и обрабатывающих отраслей промышленности, а также транспорта. Возникшие сверху, по инициативе правительства в основном на этапе экономической модернизации рубежа XIX-XX вв. в виде отраслевых съездов, эти организации стали ведущей формой представительства интересов предпринимательского сообщества перед государством. В статье на основе архивных документов и опубликованных трудов отраслевых съездов раскрыты механизмы взаимодействия государственных органов и представительных организаций предпринимателей.Сделан вывод о том, что, несмотря на ряд особенностей, эти организации были адекватной формой представительства интересов российских предпринимателей. Именно они осуществляли определенные функции посредника между государством и деловым сообществом и закладывали основы системы социального партнерства.English Abstract: In the present article the author tracks down the main stages of the formation of representational entrepreneurial organizations, which represented the interests of both mining and manufacturing industries, as well as transport. These organizations, which were created as branch congresses at the initiative of the government mostly at the stage of economic modernization at the edge of XIX-XX cc., became the leading form of representing the interests of entrepreneurial society in front of the state. The author based on the archive documents and published works of branch congresses reveals the mechanisms of cooperation between the governmental authorities and representational organizations of entrepreneurs.There is a conclusion made that in spite of the number of features, these organizations were an adequate form of representing the interests of Russian entrepreneurs. It were them who performed certain intermediary functions between the state and business community and established the ground for a social partnership system).","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133116383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming India's Manufacturing Sector","authors":"R. Ramakrishnan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2873159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2873159","url":null,"abstract":"Industrialization has historically been one of the biggest drivers of Economic Growth ever since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. India followed a path of planned self-reliant development after her Independence in 1947 like most countries in the developing world. India’s post-independence development plans emphasized industrialization as a very important instrument for sustained growth. \u0000The manufacturing activity has been considered to be the main engine of economic growth. Industrial sector plays a vital role in the development of Indian economy because they can solve the problems of general poverty, unemployment, backwardness, low production, low productivity and low standard of living etc. \u0000Before 1980, based on the perception of Soviet Union success, it was thought that the key strategy for development was to focus on large and heavy industries under state control and central planning. The strategy also involved import substitution, rigid price controls and severe restrictions on private initiatives. \u0000For a variety of reasons, lack of industrial demand, especially for investment goods, was widely accepted to be the principal reason for the relative stagnation since the 1960s. Reportedly, controls led to widespread inefficiency in resource use, as reflected in poor total factor productivity growth, or rise in incremental capital output ratios in the 1970s. The Indian Government had undertaken policy reforms since 1980, but the most radical reforms have occurred since 1991, after the severe economic crisis in fiscal year 1990-91. \u0000The Indian growth story has been unique. Unlike the transformation stories of many of the other developed economies, India's growth story was dominated by the service sector. In contrast manufacturing has been less robust; Manufacturing production recovered rapidly from negative growth of -0.8% in the crisis year of 1991-92 to a peak of around 14.1% in 1995-96. It has since declined rapidly to 2.9% in 2001-02 and remained around that level for the next 25 years except for a sporadic increase in 2010-11. The share of the manufacturing sector in the country’s GDP has remained stagnant, for almost three decades. Services alone are not sufficient to create growth to drive mass prosperity for a country the size of India. \u0000India's reform programme has emphasized gradualism and evolutionary transition rather than rapid restructuring or \"shock therapy\" and its growth has not been based on using cheap labor for labor-intensive exports, the development path taken by other Asian tigers including China. China’s has grown at a CAGR of 10% over the last three decades reaching per capita GDP (US$7,000) while India’s, growing at half that pace, is currently at ($1,500) In spite of similar population sizes and low-cost profiles with a per capita GDP of US$300 in 1981. China’s industrial sector at US$4 trillion (and still growing), now dwarfs India’s which is estimated at US$300 billion. But China is now trying to re-bal","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132937010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden Human Capital: Psychological Empowerment and Adolescent Girls'Aspirations in India","authors":"Sanchari Roy, M. Morton, S. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-7792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7792","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the role of social-emotional or psychological capital in determining education and employment aspirations of adolescent girls and young women in India. We find that girls’ self-efficacy and mental health are important determinants of their educational and employment aspirations, suggesting that these hidden forms of human capital may serve as critical targets for interventions aiming to alter girls’ educational and economic trajectories. We also identify factors that correlate with girls’ level of self-efficacy, and find that an “enabling” and supportive family and community environment appears to be important","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115277503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Long-Term Effect of Demographic Shocks on the Evolution of Gender Roles: Evidence from the Transatlantic Slave Trade","authors":"Edoardo Teso","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2927221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2927221","url":null,"abstract":"Can demographic shocks affect the long-run evolution of female labor force participation and gender norms? This paper traces current variation in women’s participation in the labor force within Sub-Saharan Africa to the emergence of a female-biased sex ratio during the centuries of the transatlantic slave trade. This historical shock affected the division of labor along gender lines in the remaining African population, as women substituted for the missing men by taking up areas of work that were traditionally male tasks. By exploiting variation in the degree to which different ethnic groups were affected by the transatlantic slave trade, I show that women whose ancestors were more exposed to this shock are today more likely to be in the labor force, have lower levels of fertility, and are more likely to participate in household decisions. The marriage market and the cultural transmission of internal norms across generations represent important mechanisms explaining this long-run persistence.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123484070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zoning in Reunified Berlin","authors":"Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt, W. Maennig, F. Richter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2993196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2993196","url":null,"abstract":"While urban renewal programs have become widely-used policy measures to target urban development, the reasons why certain areas are more responsive to policy interventions than others are less known. With this study, we address some of these issues by analyzing an urban renewal program in Berlin, Germany, with 22 designated renewal zones between 1990 and 2012. We separately estimate the effects of the renewal policy on property prices for each respective redevelopment area by comparing price developments in these areas to a series of runner-up areas and to geographically close transactions. We find a considerable amount of heterogeneity. While some areas profit from the renewal policies, there are several areas which develop quite differently and end up with a decrease in property prices due to the urban renewal policy.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116149789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pursuit of Climate Change Mitigation under International Investment Law: Republic of Korea as a Global Test Bed","authors":"Yonjong Yoon","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2921787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2921787","url":null,"abstract":"Republic of Korea is taking a leading role in mitigating climate change and the Paris Agreement will definitely boost its efforts as it enters into force sooner or later. This Agreement obliges its Parties to pursue domestic mitigation measures with the aim of achieving the objectives of their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) setting forth greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goals, and such measures may involve highly regulatory measures affecting investments owned by foreign investors as a consequence. Unfortunately, however, most of the existing international investment agreements (IIAs) between national governments protecting such investments and investors have been evolved without taking climate change concerns into account seriously. Accordingly, Korea’s major climate change policies may trigger foreign investors to initiate or at least threaten to initiate investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) procedures and bring investor-State disputes against the Korean government in response. In this context, this thesis reviews the legal framework of Korea’s major climate change policies and analyzes the previous jurisprudence of international arbitration tribunals concerning environmental measures of host States. This thesis also proposes the Korean government and other host States to incorporate climate change-savvy preamble and operative clauses as well as general exception clauses in the future IIAs. By doing so, host States will be able to integrate their climate change policies with the international investment regime and minimize a risk of triggering investor-State disputes against them under a new climate change regime.","PeriodicalId":169556,"journal":{"name":"Culture Area Studies eJournal","volume":"602 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116336153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}