Journal of Raptor Research最新文献

{"title":"AMERICAN KESTREL NESTING BIOLOGY AND LONG-TERM TRENDS IN THE ALASKAN ARCTIC: 2002–2021","authors":"E. Craig, T. Craig, Jenny McMillan","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-12","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We monitored a population of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) nesting in boxes at the northern extent of the kestrel range (between 66° and 68°N) in the Alaskan Arctic, 2002–2021. There was no significant trend in occupancy during the study period but yearly variation in occupancy was high (range = 17–70%). Occupancy rate was positively related to the lowest temperature recorded in May (7–20°C). The mean estimated clutch initiation date was 16 May ± 6 d; we observed a slight but significant trend for later clutch initiation (4 d) during the study period. Kestrel clutch size averaged 4.7 ± 1.0 (range = 1–7), brood size averaged 4.6 ± 0.8, and the mean minimum number of young fledged/successful pair was 4.9 ± 0.4. Clutch and brood sizes remained stable from 2002–2021, with no significant trend. Nest failure was low (16%). We report a late nesting and possible double brooding attempt in 2018, suggesting a possible response to the warming trend (2002–2021) in average temperatures at the end of the normal nesting season.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77340334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RELOCATING NEST BOXES FROM POOR QUALITY SITES CAN BIAS INFERENCE INTO POPULATION DYNAMICS","authors":"C. Mcclure","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-50","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Nest boxes are often used to monitor animals, and it is common practice to relocate nest boxes from unproductive sites into presumably better habitat. This relocation of nest boxes means that a given nest box program progressively monitors better sites over time. Ecological theory holds that occupancy and reproduction should generally increase with habitat quality. Thus, relocating nest boxes from poor quality sites might positively bias trends in occupancy and reproduction. These biased trends might cause researchers to be overly optimistic about the status of their focal populations. To demonstrate this potential pitfall, I built a stochastic model to simulate a nest box program that relocates the least productive 25% of nest boxes every 5 yr over a 25-yr study. The model assumed occupancy and reproduction levels for the entire population were stable throughout the study, so changes in occupancy and reproduction observed in nest boxes could only be due to relocation. I implemented this model under three settings: (1) Stable, where the same sites are monitored over the entire study; (2) Random, where the unproductive nest boxes are relocated to random sites; and (3) Learning, where the unproductive nest boxes are relocated to sites of better quality. For each of the 1000 simulations per setting, I performed logistic and Poisson regressions to determine whether there were statistically identifiable (P < 0.05) temporal trends in occupancy and number of young fledged from nest boxes. As expected, occupancy and number of offspring fledged from nest boxes were stable during the Stable simulations, and increased over the 25 yr during the Random and Learning simulations. Trends in occupancy were rarely identifiable during Stable simulations, were identifiable in 46% of simulations under Random settings, and in 97% of simulations under Learning settings. Trends in number of young fledged were identifiable in 18% of simulations under Stable settings, 91% of simulations under Random settings, and 100% of simulations under Learning settings. Such statistically significant trends, induced solely by relocating poorly performing nest boxes, represent a potential pitfall when interpreting vital rates measured using nest boxes. Potential solutions might include calculating occupancy using a subset of boxes that are never considered for relocation, or statistical models that account for preferential sampling.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73733413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Documenting Occurrence and Rates of Spraddle-leg in American Kestrel Nestlings within a Nest Box Monitoring Network","authors":"Jesse L. Watson, D. Oleyar","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-19","url":null,"abstract":"Winter, migration, and breeding surveys indicate widespread declines of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius; Farmer and Smith 2009, McClure et al. 2017). Suspected drivers of declines include degradation of habitat, direct mortality, and impaired reproduction due to contaminants, including insecticides and anticoagulant rodenticides in the environment, and the loss of natural nest cavities (McClure et al. 2017, Rattner et al. 2020). Documented causes of nestling mortality include the loss of a parent, predation, cannibalism (Bortolotti et al. 1991), and high loads of ectoparasites (Lesko and Smallwood 2012). We report on the frequency of ‘‘spraddle-leg,’’ a mortality source that is well known in the poultry and birdfancier sectors but minimally documented in wild nestling American Kestrels. Spraddle-leg is a condition that results in malformed legs, which impairs movement and fledging of affected individuals, and is often associated with inadequate nest-site substrate. Given that kestrel declines have catalyzed the creation and expansion of many nest box monitoring networks that are operated by various groups, including private citizens, research labs in academia, and other conservation groups, we feel it important to spotlight this phenomenon and ensure those working toward the recovery and conservation of kestrels and other cavity-nesting species via management of nest box networks take steps to provide sites that enhance success of these species. We also call for a collaborative approach among kestrel researchers to better document this issue. Since 2014, HawkWatch International and its team of community scientists have monitored an average of 100 nesting kestrel pairs per year within a network of 500þnest boxes and non-box nesting locations in Utah as part of an ongoing demographic study. During this time, we identified six separate broods in which at least one nestling presented with a condition causing both legs to splay laterally from the body, resulting in the nestlings being unable to stand, perch, or jump (Fig. 1A). Between 2017 and 2021, we observed seven spraddle-legged nestlings (four males, two females, and one unknown sex) from six nest boxes (occurring in ,0.35% of 2241 nestlings and in ,1% of 767 nesting attempts from 2014–2021). Siblings of spraddle-legged nestlings fledged from five of the six nest boxes, and one brood included two siblings with spraddleleg. A spraddle-legged nestling was the only individual in a brood in only one case. Unfortunately, we know the breeding history for only one pair of adults that produced spraddle-legged young. This pair successfully raised a healthy brood of three nestlings in 2018 before having a brood in 2019, in which one of two nestlings was spraddlelegged. None of the seven spraddle-legged nestlings fledged, and all presumably died from starvation or other causes 15–30 d after hatch. Our observations fit the description of conditions called ‘‘splay-leg’’ or spraddle leg; as well as angular","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86825011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nest Boxes Increased Presence of American Kestrels in a Blueberry Production Region Despite Low Box Occupancy","authors":"Melissa B. Hannay, Megan E Shave, Olivia J. Utley, Sarah A. Groendyk, C. Lindell","doi":"10.3356/JRR-21-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-21-80","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Landscape enhancements such as nest boxes can attract birds to agricultural areas, where they can provide ecosystem services such as pest reduction through their consumption of crop pests. However, there are large gaps in knowledge about how birds respond to enhancements. From 2014 to 2018 we installed American Kestrel (Falco sparverius; hereafter kestrel) nest boxes in a blueberry production region in western Michigan. From 2015 to 2018 we conducted surveys to monitor kestrel presence along 1.6-km transect segments (hereafter, sites) to estimate kestrel occupancy in areas with and without boxes. We also monitored box occupancy and reproductive success. Kestrel presence increased over time in the study area although there was some uncertainty in this trend. The presence of a box at a site did not increase kestrel presence there, but boxes in neighboring sites did increase presence. This indicated that enriching an area with boxes increases kestrel presence. Box occupancy rates were positively influenced by occupancy of the same box the previous year. Percent successful nests ranged from 75 to 100 percent, and mean number of fledglings produced was approximately 4 per nest box. Our results showed that nest boxes can serve as effective landscape enhancements to attract kestrels to agricultural landscapes, but the degree to which kestrels occupy boxes can vary geographically. Local-scale studies can provide information about the potential benefits and challenges of using nest boxes as a pest management tool. Resumen. Las mejoras del paisaje, tales como la colocación de cajas nido, pueden atraer aves a las áreas agrícolas, donde pueden prestar servicios ecosistémicos como la reducción de plagas en cultivos. Sin embargo, existen grandes lagunas en el conocimiento sobre cómo responden las aves a estas mejoras. De 2014 a 2018 instalamos cajas nido para Falco sparverius en una región de producción de arándanos en el oeste de Michigan. De 2015 a 2018 realizamos censos para determinar la presencia de la especie a lo largo de transectos de 1.6 km (en adelante, sitios) y estimar la ocupación de F. sparverius en áreas con y sin cajas nido. También monitoreamos la ocupación de las cajas nido y el éxito reproductivo. La presencia de F. sparverius aumentó con el tiempo en el área de estudio, aunque hubo cierta incertidumbre en esta tendencia. La presencia de una caja nido en un sitio no aumentó la presencia de la especie allí, pero las cajas en lugares vecinos sí aumentaron la presencia. Esto indicó que enriquecer un área con cajas nido aumenta la presencia de F. sparverius. Las tasas de ocupación de cajas nido se vieron influidas positivamente por la ocupación de la misma caja el año anterior. El porcentaje de nidos exitosos varió del 75 al 100 por ciento, y el número medio de volantones producidos fue de aproximadamente 4 por caja nido. Nuestros resultados mostraron que las cajas nido pueden servir como mejoras efectivas del paisaje para atraer a F. ","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"62 1","pages":"12 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91160465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakeven Points in Nest Management of an Endangered Island Endemic Raptor","authors":"C. Mcclure, Hana C. Weaver, Melissa Murillo, J. Gallardo, R. Thorstrom","doi":"10.3356/JRR-22-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-39","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Conservationists often face tradeoffs. We present a tradeoff that we recently faced involving nest management of the endangered Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus venator). Given our logistical constraints, we determined we were able to either continue our ongoing efforts to induce laying of a second clutch (hereafter, double clutching) of four nests per year, or we could stop double clutching and apply insecticide for parasitic nest flies (Philornis spp.) to as many nests as possible. Observed fledging rates justified our assumptions that the fledging rate of unmanaged nests was approximately one young per nest per year, whereas nests sprayed with insecticide for flies fledged two young, and double-clutched nests fledged three young. These three young from double-clutched nests were a combination of the young from both the parent-raised and hand-raised clutches. Although double clutching is more effective than spraying nests, it is also more labor intensive. We developed a model to determine how many nests we would need to spray to produce the same number of fledglings as if we continued the ongoing double clutching regime. Modeling revealed that if we could find and spray at least eight nests, then cessation of double clutching was justified. We also performed sensitivity analysis and determined that our management conclusion was robust to uncertainty in the assumed values of fledging rates. Our modeling exercise presents an example of informed decision making in the face of uncertainty. Resumen. Los conservacionistas a menudo se enfrentan a soluciones de compromiso. Presentamos una solución de compromiso que tomamos recientemente asociada al manejo de nidos de Accipiter striatus venator, una especie en peligro de extinción. Dadas nuestras limitaciones logísticas, determinamos que podíamos o bien continuar con nuestros esfuerzos en curso para inducir la puesta de una segunda nidada (en adelante, nidada doble) de cuatro nidos por año o, alternativamente, podíamos detener la nidada doble y aplicar insecticida para las moscas parásitas del género Philornis a tantos nidos como fuera posible. Las tasas de emplumamiento observadas justificaron nuestras suposiciones de que la tasa de emplumamiento de los nidos no manejados fue de aproximadamente una cría por nido por año, mientras que los nidos rociados con insecticida para moscas produjeron dos crías y los nidos con nidada doble produjeron tres crías. Estas tres crías de nidos de nidada doble eran una combinación de las crías de las nidadas alimentadas por los progenitores y alimentadas a mano. Aunque la nidada doble es más efectiva que rociar los nidos, también requiere más trabajo. Desarrollamos un modelo para determinar cuántos nidos necesitaríamos rociar para producir la misma cantidad de polluelos que si continuáramos con el régimen de nidada doble en curso. La modelización reveló que, si podíamos encontrar y rociar al menos ocho nidos, entonces se justificaba el cese ","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"58 1","pages":"44 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85619122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female-Female Spring Fling in American Kestrels: An Observation of a Female–Female Pair and Copulation Behavior","authors":"H. Bullock, K. Biles, J. Bednarz","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-14","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Same-sex copulations by raptors, and birds in general, have been rarely reported. In American Kestrels (Falco sparverius), there have been no previous reports of a female copulating with a female. Here, we summarize our observations of a pair of female kestrels that were documented to copulate repeatedly with each other over a 5-wk period in north Texas. Two females were first observed together on 17 March 2020, when they copulated 23 times. That same day, we trapped and marked both females with coded anodized color bands. Between 17 March and 20 April 2020, we observed the pair copulate an average of 9.2 times/hr (7 d of observation, 7.9 hr), with both kestrels being present during 74.9% of our observations. The kestrels alternated which bird was in the top position during copulations, with the female with band code E/17 on top during 55.8% of copulations (n = 45) and female E/20 on top during 44.2%. One or both kestrels vocalized during 75.6% of copulations. We recorded other behaviors typical of breeding kestrels, including nest-site inspection, territorial defense, and an apparent aerial courtship display. Contrary to published speculations on same-sex pairs in birds, our observations do not support the hypothesis that the females typically adopt separate sex-specific behavioral roles. We propose probable benefits of a female-female pairing may include (1) stimulating ovulation, (2) sharing incubation and provisioning duties that could result in a greater number of young fledged, and (3) the ability to more easily defend and hold territory by two females, which typically hold higher-quality territories than males in American Kestrels.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89962167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breeding Habitat and Factors Affecting the Cliff Selection by Egyptian Vultures in Central-West Nepal","authors":"Sandesh Gurung, T. Subedi, R. Baral, J. Pérez-García, M. Ghimire, H. S. Baral, Munir Virani, R. Buij","doi":"10.3356/JRR-21-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-21-59","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) is a resident species in Nepal, and breeds in the lower mountains in the southern plains of Nepal. Nest-site availability is an important factor that determines the population growth of vultures; however, such information is lacking in South Asia. We here describe the characteristics and spatial distribution patterns of Egyptian Vultures' nest sites in the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains in central-west Nepal, and the factors that influence their nest-site selection. From 2012 through 2018, we surveyed all the known and potential nesting cliffs of the Egyptian Vulture located in the Pokhara Valley and its periphery during the nest building and nestling-rearing periods. In addition, we used generalized linear models to analyze the influence of landscape configuration, topography, and human disturbance factors on nest-site selection. We found a total of 21 occupied nests in a sampled area of 346 km2. Nests were not uniformly distributed, and the nearest neighbor distance between nests averaged 8.8 ± 6.1 km. Nests were located at an elevation of 523–1644 masl on cliffs with a mean height of 20.1 ± 12.2 m; 76% were in caves and 24% were on open ledges. Our models suggested that cliff height, anthropogenic trophic resources, and altitudinal variation around the cliff were the main determinants of the nesting cliff selection. Selection of small cliffs closer to food sources could minimize energy expenditure during food delivery and interspecific competition for nesting sites. The high altitudinal variation around the nest sites suggest that Egyptian Vultures preferred heterogeneous habitat, which might also be relatively difficult for humans to access and use easily. Resumen. Neophron percnopterus es una especie residente en Nepal, que se reproduce en las montañas más bajas de las llanuras del sur de Nepal. La disponibilidad de sitios de nidificación es un factor importante que determina el crecimiento de la población de buitres; sin embargo, dicha información falta en el sur de Asia. Aquí describimos las características y los patrones de distribución espacial de los sitios de nidificación de N. percnopterus en las estribaciones de las montañas del Himalaya en el centro-oeste de Nepal, y los factores que influyen en la selección de sus sitios de nidificación. Desde 2012 hasta 2018 inspeccionamos todos los roquedos de cría conocidos y potenciales de N. percnopterus ubicados en el valle de Pokhara y áreas periféricas durante los períodos de construcción de nidos y cría de polluelos. Además, usamos modelos lineales generalizados para analizar la influencia de la configuración del paisaje, la topografía y los factores relacionados con los disturbios humanos en la selección del lugar de cría. Encontramos un total de 21 nidos ocupados en un área muestreada de 346 km2. Los nidos no se distribuyeron uniformemente y la distancia entre nidos vecinos más cercanos promedió 8.8 ± 6.1 km. Los nidos se ubica","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"40 1","pages":"81 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76214007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult Home Range Size and Juvenile Movements of Gray Hawks in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, USA","authors":"Michael T. Stewart, W. S. Clark, B. Millsap, B. Bibles, Timothy Brush","doi":"10.3356/JRR-22-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We studied the natural history of Gray Hawks (Buteo plagiatus) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. We used GPS-GSM telemetry to quantify dispersal time and distance, winter home range size of juveniles, and home range size of adults. Home ranges were calculated using the kernel Brownian bridge home range estimator. The median dispersal date for 14 juvenile Gray Hawks was 11 August and they traveled a median straight-line distance of 453 km. Mean winter home range sizes for 11 juveniles was 707 ha. For juveniles, female winter home ranges were larger than those of males, and juvenile winter home ranges were larger in natural than in urban areas. Mean 95% home range sizes for 20 adult Gray Hawks was 530 ha. Mean adult male home range size was larger in natural than in urban areas. Adult Gray Hawks remained in their home ranges year-round. Resumen. Estudiamos la historia natural de Buteo plagiatus en el Valle Inferior del Río Grande de Texas. Utilizamos telemetría GPS-GSM para cuantificar el tiempo y la distancia de dispersión, el tamaño del área de campeo de los juveniles en invierno y el tamaño del área de campeo de los adultos. Las áreas de campeo se calcularon utilizando el estimador de puentes brownianos del método kernel. La fecha mediana de dispersión de 14 juveniles de B. plagiatus fue el 11 de agosto y recorrieron una distancia mediana en línea recta de 453 km. El tamaño medio del área de campeo de invierno para 11 juveniles fue de 707 ha. Considerando los juveniles, las áreas de campeo de invierno de las hembras fueron más grandes que las de los machos, y las áreas de campeo de invierno de los juveniles fueron más grandes en las áreas naturales que en las urbanas. El tamaño medio del 95% del área de campeo para 22 adultos de B. plagiatus fue de 526 ha. El tamaño promedio del área de campeo de los machos adultos fue mayor en las áreas naturales que en las urbanas. Los adultos de B. plagiatus permanecieron en sus áreas de campeo durante todo el año. [Traducción del equipo editorial]","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"99 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79282472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation Letter: Monitoring Raptor Populations – A Call for Increased Global Collaboration and Survey Standardization","authors":"C. Mcclure, F. H. Vargas, A. Amar, Camille B. Concepcion, Christopher MacColl, P. Sumasgutner","doi":"10.3356/JRR-22-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-68","url":null,"abstract":"A minimum of 159 bird species, including eight raptor species, have gone extinct since the year 1500 (BirdLife International 2021). Monitoring programs can help prevent extinction if they alert conservationists to population losses in time to take action (Martin et al. 2012, Lindenmayer et al. 2013, Woinarski et al. 2017). Indeed, monitoring, which is defined as ‘‘collecting and analyzing repeated observations or measurements to identify changes and evaluate progress of management towards stated aims’’ (Robinson et al. 2018) is essential for conservation (Wiens 1984, Nichols and Williams 2006, Lovett et al. 2007) and provides for the prioritization of taxa and places for conservation effort. Raptors tend to be long-lived and to reproduce slowly, making their populations susceptible to changes in adult survival (Newton 1979). Decreases in survival of adult raptors can therefore cause precipitous population declines (Pain et al. 2008, Ogada et al. 2016) that must be detected quickly to avert catastrophe. Importantly, these species tend to be wide-ranging and occur at relatively low densities (Newton 1979). Thus, a single scientist or program might not be able to cover sufficient area or attain the sample sizes necessary for inference of population dynamics, whereas a consortium of researchers could monitor raptors more effectively. Collaboration is therefore needed for global populations of most raptors to be properly monitored. This Conservation Letter provides the results of a survey of raptor researchers across the globe to identify current spatial, taxonomic, and topical gaps in raptor monitoring. The intent of the Raptor Research Foundation (RRF) is to provide readers with evidencebased recommendations for more impactful global raptor monitoring and greater collaboration among raptor researchers, and to provide readers with a better understanding of where and for which species gaps in raptor monitoring persist.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"91 1","pages":"106 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78593301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MANAGEMENT OF EUROPEAN STARLINGS IN AN AMERICAN KESTREL NEST BOX PROGRAM","authors":"Jessica N. Schlarbaum, J. Hull, Sara M. Kross","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-08","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Artificial nest boxes have played an important role in American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) conservation worldwide, facilitating nesting and research efforts. However, these conservation efforts frequently unintentionally facilitate other cavity-nesting species including the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), a widespread invasive species in North America. Understanding how to deter European Starlings from occupying nest boxes is an essential responsibility of project design when deploying nest boxes. We examined the efficacy of five different abatement methods to mitigate the use of our nest boxes by European Starlings: nest removal, nest and egg removal, egg shaking, egg cracking, and egg oiling. We found spraying European Starling eggs with 100% food-grade corn oil and cracking eggs to be the most effective abatement methods. We recommend future American Kestrel nest box programs in this region use egg oiling or egg cracking on European Starling eggs.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80363728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}