Journal of Range Management最新文献

{"title":"Quantity and Germinability of Oryzopsis hymenoides Seed in Lahontan Sands","authors":"J. A. Young, R. A. Evans, B. Roundy","doi":"10.2307/3897989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3897989","url":null,"abstract":"The location, quantity, and germinability of seed (caryopses) reserves of Oryzopsis hymenoides (R. & S.) Ricker in the soil were investigated at 4 locations in the Carson Desert of western Nevada. Numerous germinable seeds were recovered from the surface 15 cm of Lahontan sands. There was no clear relation between the number of seeds and depth of burial. On sites with pronounced dunes more seeds were found in the dune sands than in the interspaces. Seeds were recovered with and without evidence of sand abrasion of the indurate lemma and paleas. Seeds without wear marks were much more highly germinable (80%) than the more numerous seeds with wear marks (6%). The germhmble seed reserve consisted of seeds that germinated without pretreatment when incubated at 20°C; a much larger portion that required dissection to remove the indurate lemma and palea; and a fnction with embryo dormancy that had to be overcome with gibberellin enrichment of the germination substrate. Large numbers of opened, empty lemma and paler were found in the sands. Rodent enhancement of the germination of Oryzopsis hymenoides seeds appears to be a more valid hypothesis than mechanical abrasion from saltation. Oryzopsis hymenoides (R. & S.) Ricker is the predominant herbaceous species in many plant communities at lower elevations of pluvial lake basins of the Great Basin. This perennial bunchgrass reaches its greatest abundance on sandy soils or on active dune areas. In the northern Carson Desert large areas of relatively pure stands of Oryzopsis hymenoides grow on Lahontan sands (Billings 1945, 1949). This geologic formation is derived from sand-textured sediments that were dumped by rivers into the pluvial Lake Lahontan during the Pleistocene and since have been transported by winds across what is now a desert landscape (Morrison 1964). Oryzopsis hymenoides seeds (caryopses) are highly polymorphic, but all forms are generally dormant (Huntamer 1934). The nature of the dormancy has been attributed to the persistent lemma and palea and pericarp that inhibit oxygen transfer to the embryo (Huntamer 1934, Fendall 1964, Clark and Bass 1970, Shaw 1976, and McDonald and Khan 1977). The lemma and palea have to be removed and the pericarp pricked in order for the seeds to germinate (Plummerand Frischknecht 1952). Considering the nature of thedormancy, 3 hypotheses have been offered to explain how dormancy is broken in the natural environment. The first hypothesis postulates that temperature fluctuations and microbial degradation cause the lemma and palea to split and allow germination (Stoddart and Wilkinson 1938). The second hypothesis takes into account the affinity of this grass for sandy soils and suggests that the relatively small and dense seeds of this species move along the surface of the sands by saltation until the lemma and palea are broken by the abrasive action of the sand grains (e.g. Robertson 1977). The third hypothesis, as recently proposed by McAdoo et al. (1983), is th","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"106 1","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77131480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botanical Composition of Diet of Steers Grazing a Desert Grassland Range (Composicion Botanica de la Dieta de Novillos Pastoreando en un Pastizal Desertico de Gramineas)","authors":"H. D. Galt, B. Theurer, J. Ehrenreich, W. Hale, S. Martín","doi":"10.2307/3896025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3896025","url":null,"abstract":"In conclusion, it should not be inferred from the two changes in land use investigated here that they necessarily represent the expected future trend in Grant County. The reduction in federal grazing was utilized because of available information on reductions in gross ranch incomes from such action. The increase in receipts in the Lumber sector was purely arbitrary; a reduction could also have been discussed. Recent research in northeastern Oregon indicates that improved timber management practices are generally conducive to greater forage production. Thus increased timber harvests could occur simultaneously with increased carrying capacity for livestock (Hedrick et al., 1968). The model used here did not permit the isolation of recreation expenditures but it should be recognized that this is another use of federal lands which can be significant to the rural economy. The expenditures of these users are usually well publicized while much less attention is paid to expenditures by ranchers, loggers, or mining interests. If administrators are made aware of the relative importance to the local economy of all uses of federal lands, policy decisions could be made in the light of more complete knowledge than is now the case.","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82314979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Point Frame for Circular Plots in Southern Forest-Ranges","authors":"R. Baker, C. E. Thomas","doi":"10.2307/3897998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3897998","url":null,"abstract":"A point frame has been modified to allow for plant cover estimates to a 152 cm height. Construction ofa third crossmember that can be added to a 76.cm tall point frame allows sampling pins to be projected both upward and downward. Spacings between pins were changed to produce equal sampling areas while sampling circular plots. This design was tested with a miniature point frame on artificial plant populations and was shown to measure within 3~5% of actual cover values. The point frame, widely used in range ecological work, is normally placed at selected field points or moved along a transect. Point frames have been used to measure plant height (Heady 1957) insect damage (Nerney 1960) leaf area (Warren-Wilson 1963) basal cover (Fisser and Van Dyne 1966), foliar cover, frequency, herbage production and species composition (Hughes 1962), and to determine plant density in rectangular quadrats (Ellison 1942). The basic point frame with its sampling precision (Schultz et al. 1961, Hutchings and Pase 1963, Fisser and Van Dyne 1966) is easily modified and retains its accuracy and usefulness with design modifications. Point frames have been constructed of wood, steel, and aluminum. Modifications are normally made for specific purposes such as the sampling of a vegetation type, the increase of accuracy, or the ease of sampling (Nerney 1960, Long et al. 1972, Sharrow and Tober 1979). Foliar cover of herbaceous and woody vegetation is important in determining understory vegetation production and composition in southern forests (Pearson and Sternitzke 1974). The point frame can be used to determine foliar cover and botanical composition accurately; therefore, it was selected for use in training and checking ocular estimates of plant cover on I-m* circular plots by Forest Service Renewable Resource Evaluation field personnel during extensive forest resource surveys in midsouth forests. (Foliar cover of herbage can be used to estimate herbage production from established foliar cover-herbage production relationships). We will discuss how modifications in frame height and pin spacing can allow the point frame to be used in small, circular plot sampling.","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"42 1","pages":"121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86551694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineral and Protein Contents of Blue Grama and Western Wheatgrass (Contenido de Minerales y Proteinas en el Navajita Azul (Bouteloua gracilis) y Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii))","authors":"F. Rauzi, L. Painter, A. Dobrenz","doi":"10.2307/3896033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3896033","url":null,"abstract":"Resume& Este estudio se llev6 a cabo en la Subestacion de ARCHER cerca de Cheyenne, Wyoming, EUA. El contenido de proteina de cada especie decline generalmente con el desarrollo. Sin embargo, el navajita azul mostrci variaciones en el contenido de proteina por el crecimiento nuevo despues de las lluvias a6n durante el otono y despues de algunos dias con heladas. Se observe un aumento ripido en el contenido de proteina con el crecimiento nuevo per0 este no ocurrio para el Western Wheatgrass. A mediados de agosto el contenido de fosforo en ambas especies decline por abajo de 10s requisitos alimenticios dados por el National Research Council (NRC). Esto sugiere la necesidad de","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"28 1","pages":"47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81153050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proceedings of the Inter-American Conference on Conservation of Renewable Natural Resources","authors":"A. W. Sampson","doi":"10.2307/3894712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3894712","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"38 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78803994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burning and 2, 4, 5-T Application on Mortality and Carbohydrate Reserves in Saw-Palmetto","authors":"R. Kalmbacher, K. Boote, F. Martin","doi":"10.2307/3897970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3897970","url":null,"abstract":"On the flatwoods of the southeastern United States control of saw-palmetto (Serenoa repetrs (Bartr.) Small) is an important step in the improvement of native pastures. This study, conducted at the Ona Agricultural Research Center in south Florida, measured fluctuations in total available carbohydrates (TAC) in rhizomes of burned and unburned saw-palmetto which received a June or October application of 8.9 kg/ha (acid equiv.) of 2,4,5-T. Palmetto kill, change in palmetto cover, and grass canopy cover were evaluated. Burning reduced TAC concentration in rhizomes from 48.8% in March to 14.3% in July as compared to a drop from 47.2% to 37.4% for unburned plants. Applying 2,4,5-T caused a further significant decline in TAC concentration. Both burning and 2,4,5T resulted in lower rhizome percent dry matter indicating that treatment stress caused metabolism of carbohydrate which was replaced by water. After 1 year there was higher mortality on palmetto receiving 2,4,5-T in June, but after 2 years there was no difference in mortality between June (48%) and October sprayed (39%) plants. Burning was not found to have a significant effect on mortality of sprayed plants. Burning and 2,4,5-T decreased palmetto cover, and burned plants treated with 2,4,5-T in June had less cover than burned plants treated in October with 2,4,5-T. Burning followed by 2,4,5-T application in June increased grass cover from 29.4% at the beginning of the study to 67.5% at the end. Saw-palmetto (Serenou repens (Bartr. Small)) is one of the most abundant shrubs on the sandy flatwoods from southern South Carolina to southern Mississippi and throughout all of Florida. The primary method of reproduction is by sprouting from partially buried stems or rhizomes which are capable of elongation. However, palmettos flower in late April and produce some fruit in September or October. In Florida palmettos are relatively dormant in the winter and produce 80% of their annual growth during the rainy May to October period (Hilmon 1968). Carbohydrate reserves of saw palmetto are principally starch which is stored in the rhizomes (Hough 1968). These reserves follow seasonal cycles which are influenced by periods of dormancy, frond growth, and flowering. In rhizomes of unburned plants grown in Georgia, starch was highest in winter (37%) and lowest in summer (27%). Florida cattlemen burn range every 3 to 4 years after winter grazing in order to remove old forage and litter, but palmettos regain 80% of their crown coverage the first year after burning (Hilmon 1968). Burning significantly lowered plant reserves, and three repeated summer burnings after a winter burn lowered starch to 12% (Hough 1968). Interest in reducing palmetto cover has increased with demands for forage production. McCaleb et al. (1960) tested 25 chemicals Authors are associate agronomist, Ona Agricultural Research Center. Ona, Florida 33865; and associate plant physiologist and associate statistician, University of Florida, Gainesvi","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77677006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infiltration Rates of Various Vegetative Communities within the Blue Mountains of Oregon","authors":"R. E. Gaither, J. Buckhouse","doi":"10.2307/3897983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3897983","url":null,"abstract":"Mean infiltration rates differed among several natural vegetation communities with ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa) exhibiting the lowest mean infiltration rate of 6.0 cm/hr and larch (Larix occidentalis) demonstrating the highest at 8.8 cm/hr. A trend toward increasing infiitration rates corresponded to increasingly mesic sites. Alpine, Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga me&e@), mountain meadow, and larch types demonstrated the greatest vegetative cover, occupied the most mesic sites, and exhibited the highest infiltration rates. Infiltration differences within vegetative communities,based upon changes in condition and productivity were also noted. The forested sites were more dependent upon condition class than productivity class, with higher infiltration rates being exhibited on pole sites than on timbered sites, apparently in response to higher plant densities associated with the pole thickets. Nonforested sites were responsive to both productivity and condition class with higher infiltration rates being exhibited on these sites with the more productive or better condition classifications. Water is a primary factor limiting production on many western rangelands. Many of these areas are subject to low annual precipitation and high potential evaporational losses. Activities which disturb the soil surface or vegetative composition and cover have the potential for reducing soil water intake, thereby reducing productivity which in some instances may be minimal at best. A prime concern of land managers is to maintain or enhance those factors within managerial capabilities which affect soil water intakeand to identify those areas most susceptible to disturbance. Blackburn and Skau (1974) studied infiltration rates and sediment production fo 29 plant communities and soils in central and eastern Nevada. The highest infiltration rates occurred on sites with weliaggregated surface soils free of vesicular porosity. Williams et al. (1972) used multiple regression analysis to determine relationships between vegetative and soil factors and infiltration rates and erosion from 550 infiltrometer plots at chained pinyon-juniper sites in Utah. Factors found to be most important in predicting infiltration rates were: (1) total porosity in the O-8 cm layer of soil, (2) percent bare soil surface, (3) soil texture in the O-8 cm layer of soil, and (4) crown cover. Raindrop impact on bare soil tends to rapidly close the natural channels of percolation by degrading soil structure. Studies at the Manti County watershed in Utah showed that runoff varied inversely with the total amount of ground cover (Orr 1957). Vegetative cover tends to reduce the energy of rainfall by reducing velocity and by breaking the large drops into a fine spray which can then enter the soil without damage to the soil surface. Gifford (1972) reported that the ability to predict infiltration rates, using cover characteristics alone varies with time, both within a given storm The authors are teacher, Monument","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"25 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90276758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical note: Physical and chemical comparisons between microphytic and non-microphytic soil seedbeds.","authors":"R. Blank, F. Allen, James A. Young","doi":"10.2458/azu_jrm_v54i2_blank","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_jrm_v54i2_blank","url":null,"abstract":"In arid and semi-arid climates, the physical and chemical nature of the soil seedbed greatly effects success or failure of plant recruitment. We hypothesized that the presence or absence of microphytic soil crusts may influence the character of soil seedbeds. To test this hypothesis, we compared chemical and physical attributes of the soil seedbed (0-6 cm) between adjacent areas of well-expressed microphytic soil crusts and non-microphytic soil surfaces for 2 sites on granitic alluvial fans in north-western Nevada. As compared with non-microphytic areas, microphytic soil seedbeds were finer-textured and contained more DTPA-extractable Mn, Cu, and Zn. Further research should examine in greater detail the role of microphytic soil surfaces in eolian dust entrapment, its relationship to nutrient deposition, and the interaction with seed recruitment. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v54i2_blank","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73432588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering diversity: envisioning, designing, and developing range management science.","authors":"D. L. Scarnecchia","doi":"10.2458/AZU_JRM_V56I6_SCARNECCHIA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/AZU_JRM_V56I6_SCARNECCHIA","url":null,"abstract":"The fragmented, weak identity of range science has been disadvantageous to the institutions and individuals involved with it. This paper addresses a complex, interrelated group of issues related to range science, the Journal of Range Management, and the Society for Range Management. Beginning with the long-standing conception of the art of range management, it presents a concept of range management science that has multiple implications for the Society for Range Management and its flagship publication, the Journal of Range Management. The paper presents a strategically designed identity for range management science as a synthetic science, i.e., a science of synthesis, and examines the elements of diversity, synthesis, and communication that are the essence of that identity. It encourages a diverse, inclusive, synergistic character for, and offers many suggestions related to the philosophy and conduct of, the science, the Journal, and the Society. The harmonious vision of range management science that it presents is designed to give the science a strong, coherent, marketable identity. The vision is dynamic in that it can readily accommodate evolving changes. That vision is designed to make the diversity of the science and the Society work for us, rather than against us, by establishing a philosophical environment where the kind of scientific, institutional, informational, and professional synergies we need can flourish. DOI:10.2458/azu_jrm_v56i6_scarnecchia","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"119 ","pages":"558-569"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91412243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of digital surface model for hardwood rangeland monitoring.","authors":"P. Gong, G. Biging, R. Standiford","doi":"10.2458/AZU_JRM_V53I6_GONG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2458/AZU_JRM_V53I6_GONG","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Range Management","volume":"2008 1","pages":"622-626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83351746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}