Journal of Psychopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Interactions of alcohol and the benzodiazepine inverse agonist in healthy male volunteers.","authors":"Nirmal Singh, Ismene Petrakis, Brian Pittman, Christina Luddy, John H Krystal, Deepak Cyril DSouza","doi":"10.1177/02698811251330746","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251330746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is growing interest in developing pharmacological agents to reverse alcohol (ethanol) intoxication, akin to naloxone for opioids. GABAergic modulation offers a potential pathway for reversing alcohol effects, specifically by targeting extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors with a benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist. We tested the hypothesis that iomazenil, a benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist, can counteract alcohol intoxication.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design, healthy male volunteers (<i>n</i> = 33) were administered intravenous alcohol (ethanol) or placebo, followed by intravenous iomazenil or placebo. Biphasic Alcohol Affects Scale, which assesses the stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol, was used as the primary outcome measure. For secondary measures, the Visual Analog Scale was used to assess \"high,\" \"drowsiness,\" \"Buzzed,\" and \"anxiety.\" In addition, all subjects were asked to rate the number of standard alcohol drinks they believed had been administered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Alcohol produced greater sedation and stimulation when compared to placebo. Iomazenil produced the expected effect of increased anxiety compared to the placebo. However, Iomazenil did not attenuate the sedative or stimulatory effects of alcohol intoxication. Similarly, iomazenil did not significantly change feelings of \"High,\" \"Drowsy,\" \"Anxious,\" or \"Buzzed\" produced by alcohol.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although GABA-A receptors are thought to mediate the subjective effects associated with ethanol intoxication, this study failed to demonstrate a significant attenuation of ethanol intoxication by the benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist, iomazenil. This study raises questions as to the role of particular GABA-A receptor subtypes in ethanol intoxication and the extent to which GABA-A receptor subtype function must be reduced to attenuate human ethanol intoxication.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":"39 7","pages":"715-725"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promising strategies for the prevention of alcohol-related brain damage through optimised management of acute alcohol withdrawal: A focussed literature review.","authors":"Darren Quelch, Anne Lingford-Hughes, Bev John, David Nutt, Sally Bradberry, Gareth Roderique-Davies","doi":"10.1177/02698811241294005","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811241294005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an increasing awareness of the link between chronic alcohol consumption and the development of cognitive, behavioural and functional deficits. Currently, preventative strategies are limited and require engagement in dedicated long-term rehabilitation and sobriety services, the availability of which is low. The acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome is an episode of neurochemical imbalance leading to autonomic dysregulation, increased seizure risk and cognitive disorientation. In addition to harm from symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (e.g. seizures), the underpinning neurochemical changes may also lead to cytotoxicity through various cellular mechanisms, which long-term, may translate to some of the cognitive impairments observed in Alcohol-Related Brain Damage (ARBD). Here we review some of the pharmacological and neurochemical mechanisms underpinning alcohol withdrawal. We discuss the cellular and pharmacological basis of various potential neuroprotective strategies that warrant further exploration in clinical populations with a view to preventing the development of ARBD. Such strategies, when integrated into the clinical management of acute alcohol withdrawal, may impact large populations of individuals, who currently face limited dedicated service delivery and healthcare resource.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"652-666"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12267873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142622875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deaths related to the use of diarylethylamines, with a focus on the United Kingdom: A systematic review and case series report.","authors":"John Martin Corkery, Caroline Copeland, Fabrizio Schifano","doi":"10.1177/02698811251349203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251349203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diarylethylamine drugs possess dissociative properties. These emerged as drugs of misuse, with reports of strong addictive potential, high tolerance and compulsive intake.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>Since one of these drugs, diphenidine, was added to the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the United Kingdom (UK) had to consider its control. The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs 2023 advice included toxicity and mortality involving this and related molecules. Relevant mortality data were collated to understand the international and UK situations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review was employed: PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar searches were conducted on 29/30 August 2022 using the terms 'overdose', 'death', 'fatal*', 'toxic*', 'poison*' with molecules' chemical names. UK Mortality Registers (MRs) provided statistical data. The Scottish MR and National Programme on Substance Use Mortality provided case-level information.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven studies were identified. Most decedents were male. The mean death age was 35.3 (range: 17-55) years. Death was commonly from polysubstance poisoning. Globally, 48 deaths involved these drugs (Europe <i>n</i> = 40). Of these, 37 occurred in the UK in 2014-2019. Key characteristics were as follows: male (91%); White (95%), mean age 37.2 (range: 19-65) years; drug use history (72%). Most deaths (89%) were accidental from acute drug toxicity (92%). Diphenidine/methoxyphenidine (MXP) was implicated with other substances (opioids/opiates, benzodiazepines, stimulants) in 66% of cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most deaths were accidental - thus preventable. One-third of deaths involved MXP/diphenidine alone - suggesting they are relatively toxic. Diarylethylamines deaths are rare. These molecules remain available - deaths could occur.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"2698811251349203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of menthol content on the abuse liability of smokeless tobacco in a randomized crossover trial.","authors":"Eric D Claus, Jacob McDonald, Sean B Dolan, Kia J Jackson, Robert Gahl, Jia Wang, Antonio Paredes, Steven Meredith","doi":"10.1177/02698811251337367","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251337367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Menthol is a common additive in tobacco products and reduces the aversiveness of nicotine. While numerous studies have examined the effects of menthol in cigarettes on nicotine exposure and other addiction-related outcomes, no clinical study to date has investigated the influence of menthol on nicotine pharmacokinetics (PK) and abuse liability in smokeless tobacco (ST).</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The current study investigated the effects of varying levels of menthol in ST on nicotine PK, pharmacodynamics (i.e., heart rate and blood pressure), hypothetical purchasing, subjective effects (e.g., withdrawal, craving, and liking), and nicotine extraction from ST.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-eight male participants completed five sessions of prescribed ST use in a within-subjects, crossover design that included participants' usual-brand ST products and study ST products in which nicotine concentration was held constant and menthol levels were systematically varied: non-menthol, 1 mg of menthol per g of ST, 3 mg/g menthol, and 5 mg/g menthol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences in nicotine or cotinine PK, heart rate, hypothetical purchasing, or nicotine extraction were observed between products. Subjective ratings of \"cooling\" significantly differed between the non-menthol and mentholated study products, and higher ratings of cooling were associated with greater positive subjective effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that menthol content up to 5 mg/g is unlikely to significantly impact nicotine absorption and may have a limited impact on the subjective experience of using ST.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"726-735"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urological symptoms following ketamine treatment for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review.","authors":"Jess Kerr-Gaffney, Anna Tröger, Alice Caulfield, Philipp Ritter, James Rucker, Allan H Young","doi":"10.1177/02698811251350267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251350267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ketamine has emerged as a putative rapid-acting treatment option for psychiatric disorders, particularly treatment-resistant depression. Chronic recreational ketamine use is associated with ketamine-induced urological toxicity, raising concerns over the safety of repeated ketamine treatments. This systematic review aimed to synthesise urological findings from clinical trials and observational studies using ketamine for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Electronic databases were searched up until 4th April 2024 for trials and observational studies using ketamine treatment for psychiatric disorders in adults, and which reported assessment of urinary, bladder or renal symptoms. Twenty-seven studies were included, mostly in depressive disorders (<i>N</i> = 24). Urological symptoms were reported in 0%-24.5% of patients receiving ketamine treatment; symptoms tended to be mild or moderate in severity. Where reported, continuous outcome measures (urinary parameters and symptom questionnaires) did not show significant changes from baseline to follow-up. Only 15% of studies were rated low risk of bias. Most studies did not assess long-term ketamine treatment, and many included undefined or passive monitoring of urological symptoms rather than systematic assessment. Based on the limited data available, ketamine treatment does not appear to be associated with elevated risk of urological symptoms; however, further long-term studies are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"2698811251350267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144528487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional connectivity alterations of the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex by ketamine and the modulation by lamotrigine.","authors":"David Weigner, Marvin Sören Meiering, Anne Weigand, Luisa Carstens, Christian Keicher, Rita Hertrampf, Christian Beckmann, Maarten Mennes, Andreas Wunder, Matti Gärtner, Simone Grimm","doi":"10.1177/02698811251346705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251346705","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuroimaging studies have linked the beneficial effects of subanaesthetic ketamine doses in psychiatric conditions characterized by chronic stress pathology (CSP) to altered functional connectivity (FC) within the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC). Previous research indicates a potential role of glutamate concentration in FC changes; however, the precise relationship between glutamate release and increased FC remains unclear. Lamotrigine, a glutamate-release inhibitor, allows deeper exploration of this relationship. Additionally, CSP and treatment efficacy are closely associated with alterations in working memory (WM), necessitating the examination of FC during resting state and WM tasks.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the acute and sustained effects of altered glutamate transmission induced by ketamine and lamotrigine on pgACC FC during rest and WM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, single-dose, parallel-group study, resting-state and task-related functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data were collected at baseline, during and 24 h after ketamine administration in 75 healthy participants. Participants were randomized to receive ketamine, ketamine with lamotrigine pretreatment or placebo. FC analyses utilized pgACC masks derived from the Julich Brain Atlas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ketamine infusion significantly enhanced FC between the pgACC and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during the WM task, and increased resting-state FC between the pgACC and left insula. These effects were absent following lamotrigine pretreatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings support the hypothesis that ketamine's favourable effects, reflected by enhanced FC within key neural networks, may be attributable to glutamate release.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"2698811251346705"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing mindfulness and compassion through an ayahuasca-inspired formulation containing N,N-DMT and harmine: A randomized controlled trial in healthy subjects.","authors":"Helena D Aicher, Ilhui A Wicki, Daniel Meling, Michael J Mueller, Dario A Dornbierer, Milan Scheidegger","doi":"10.1177/02698811251344689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251344689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mindfulness and compassion are therapeutically relevant and can be increased through different forms of meditation practices. However, meditation practice needs time and commitment. These resources are often limited in patients with mood disorders. Therefore, efficacious remedies that increase mindfulness and compassion could provide therapeutic options. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychedelic experiences induced by an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)/harmine formulation on mindfulness and compassion in healthy subjects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study applies a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled within-subjects design in a laboratory setting with 31 healthy participants. Each subject received a formulation comprising DMT + harmine, harmine + placebo, and placebo only on three different study days. Primary outcomes were mindfulness (MINDSENS) and compassion (SOCS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant effect of the drug on mindfulness (<i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>F</i> = 3.41), self-compassion (SOCS-S; <i>p</i> < 0.01, <i>F</i> = 7.53), and compassion with others (SOCS-O; <i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>F</i> = 3.37) 1 day post-treatment was found. Significant differences between the high- and low-sensitivity groups were found for mindfulness (<i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>F</i> = 6.54), self-compassion (<i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>F</i> = 4.21), and compassion with others (<i>p</i> < 0.05, <i>F</i> = 4.42).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In line with previous studies on traditional botanical ayahuasca, our findings support the notion that the DMT/harmine formulation might have therapeutic potential through its ability to acutely enhance mindfulness and compassion. Continuing studies in therapeutic settings are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of action of ayahuasca-inspired formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"2698811251344689"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty about lithium and suicide: A response to Nassir Ghaemi.","authors":"Joanna Moncrieff, Jacki Stansfeld, Lisa Wood, Martin Plöderl","doi":"10.1177/02698811251346706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251346706","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"2698811251346706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model training curriculum for psychedelic, psycholytic, and entactogen-assisted psychotherapy.","authors":"Torsten Passie, Anja Loizaga-Velder, Alicia Danforth, Charles S Grob, George R Greer, David Erritzoe, Peter Oehen, Juraj Styk, Michael Schlichting, Eric Vermetten, Ivar W Goksøyr, Tomas Palenicek, Michael C Mithoefer, Annie Mithoefer, Brian Anderson, Erwin Krediet, Peter Gasser, Elizabeth M Nielson, Ingmar Gorman, Janis Phelps, Alexander B Belser, Jeffrey Guss","doi":"10.1177/02698811241282759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811241282759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors offer a model for curriculum for education and training in substance-assisted psychotherapy (SAP), that is, psychedelic, psycholytic, and entactogen/MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-assisted psychotherapy, addressing both the detailed contents of training and the question of experiential training. All authors of this model have an abiding interest and extensive experience in both the theory and practical aspects of SAP and questions relating to training. The model curriculum has been written through an international consensus building process and represents a consensus statement about the topic. The model includes an enumeration of theoretical themes and topics, which we suggest for inclusion in an SAP curriculum. The practical part of the curriculum includes experiential training with the following components: (1) apprenticeship observation: learning from observing experienced therapists, (2) ongoing clinical supervision: conducting treatment under direct supervision of experienced SAP therapists, and (3) a proposal for the inclusion of self-experiences for the trainees. Other parts address the use of peer supervision and conventional supervision. The authors are aware of the abiding need for respect of intercultural differences. We are conscious that the proposed model is one largely adapted to western industrialized countries with established graduate level education and training procedures for psychotherapists. However, the model curriculum includes teachings about the use of related substances and treatment techniques in indigenous cultures and traditions. This curriculum model may be valuable to psychedelic researchers, those endeavoring to train therapists for research studies, and those preparing for the clinical work to follow, once SAP is conducted outside of research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"2698811241282759"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monoamine neurotransmitter-related gene-based genome-wide association study of low-dose ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression.","authors":"Chung-Feng Kao, Shih-Jen Tsai, Tung-Ping Su, Cheng-Ta Li, Wei-Chen Lin, Chen-Jee Hong, Ya-Mei Bai, Pei-Chi Tu, Mu-Hong Chen","doi":"10.1177/02698811251326939","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251326939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low-dose ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that exerts an antidepressant effect on patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This antidepressant effect may extend beyond the glutamatergic hypothesis. Nevertheless, the roles of genes encoding other monoamine neurotransmitters (i.e., serotonin and dopamine) in the neuromechanism of low-dose ketamine remain unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this clinical trial, which involved 65 patients with TRD, 21 patients received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, 20 received 0.2 mg/kg ketamine, and 24 received normal saline. All patients were genotyped for 684,616 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 50 monoamine neurotransmitter-related candidate genes, including HTR2A and HTR2C from the serotoninergic system, CHRM4 and CHRNB1 from the cholinergic system, and DRD2 from the dopaminergic system, were selected to conduct a gene-based genome-wide association study of the antidepressant effects of ketamine.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Gene-set enrichment analysis revealed that the pathway underlying neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (KEGG) played a pivotal role in the biomechanisms underlying ketamine's antidepressant effect. Specifically, the genes and SNPs related to the cholinergic system (e.g., rs2644247 in CHRM5), μ1 opioid receptor (e.g., rs2473546 in OPRM1), dopaminergic system (e.g., rs2617577 in SLC6A3), serotonergic system (HTR2A), cannabinoid receptor (CNR2), and σ1 receptor (SIGMAR1) were associated with the antidepressant effect of low-dose ketamine.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Low-dose ketamine has an antidepressant effect, which may be associated with multiple monoamine neurotransmitter systems and the σ1 receptor.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"593-602"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}