Journal of Psychopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Behavioral effects of three synthetic tryptamine derivatives in rodents.","authors":"Rebecca D Hill, Ritu A Shetty, Nathalie Sumien, Jeanne Priddy, Michael J Forster, Michael B Gatch","doi":"10.1177/02698811251330737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251330737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>New synthetic tryptamine derivatives have emerged in the underground market. They act on serotonin receptors mimicking the effects of hallucinogenic drugs such as DOM. The DEA has identified three tryptamine derivatives of concern, 5-MeO-DBT, 5-Cl-DMT, and 4-OH-MiPT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Swiss Webster mice were tested for locomotor activity. Discriminative stimulus effects were tested in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate DOM (0.5 mg/kg, 30-min pretreatment) from vehicle (0.9% saline).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the locomotor activity tests, DOM (ED₅₀ = 4.8 mg/kg) produced a 40-100-min depressant phase. 5-MeO-DBT (ID₅₀ = 16.5 mg/kg; ED₅₀ = 0.074 mg/kg) had a 50-min depressant phase and a 100-min stimulant phase. 5-Cl-DMT (ID₅₀ = 12.3 mg/kg; ED₅₀ = 6.1 mg/kg) produced a 20-40-min depressant phase and a 30-min stimulant phase. 4-OH-MiPT (ID₅₀ = 5.8 mg/kg; ED₅₀ = 0.6 mg/kg) had a 30-130-min depressant phase and a 50-minute stimulant phase. In the drug discrimination assay, 4-OH-MIPT (ED₅₀ = 0.77 mg/kg) was fully substituted, whereas 5-Cl-DMT partially substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects produced by DOM (ED₅₀ = 0.23 mg/kg). 5-MeO-DBT failed to substitute for the discriminative stimulus of DOM. 5-CL-DMT and 5-MeO-DBT decreased response rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The locomotor depressant effects of the three synthetic tryptamine derivatives were similar to DOM, but not as potent. In the drug discrimination assay, only 4-OH-MIPT was substituted fully for DOM. These results support the possibility that 4-OH-MIPT has abuse liability similar to DOM, whereas 5-MeO-DBT and 5-Cl-DMT may not.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"2698811251330737"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabimimetic and discriminative stimulus effects of hexahydrocannabinols in mice.","authors":"Julie A Marusich, Cassandra Prioleau, Luli R Akinfiresoye","doi":"10.1177/02698811251330739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251330739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) recently appeared on the recreational drug market and is often sold as a legal replacement for Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC). Users primarily consume HHC for recreational purposes, but adverse effects have been reported. Given the scant literature on HHC, additional research is needed to better understand its effects.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The present study sought to determine whether 9(R)-hexahydrocannabinol [9(R)-HHC] and 9(S)-hexahydrocannabinol [9(S)-HHC] are psychoactive cannabinoids that share behavioral effects with Δ⁹-THC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult male mice were administered 9(R)-HHC, 9(S)-HHC, or Δ⁹-THC and tested in the tetrad battery to examine cannabimimetic effects (i.e., locomotor suppression, antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy). Separate mice were trained to discriminate Δ⁹-THC from the vehicle in drug discrimination and subsequently tested with 9(R)-HHC and 9(S)-HHC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Δ⁹-THC and 9(R)-HHC produced cannabimimetic effects in all tetrad measures, and 9(R)-HHC fully substituted for Δ⁹-THC in drug discrimination. Δ⁹-THC and 9(R)-HHC showed similar potency across measures, except that 9(R)-HHC produced more hypothermia than Δ⁹-THC. By contrast, 9(S)-HHC only produced cannabimimetic effects in two tetrad measures, was less potent than Δ⁹-THC, and only partially substituted for Δ⁹-THC in drug discrimination.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>9(R)-HHC is likely to possess abuse liability in humans, whereas 9(S)-HHC may produce weak Δ⁹-THC-like psychoactivity in humans. The differences in the pharmacology between the two HHC epimers may lead to a range of effects in human users depending on the ratio of the epimers consumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"2698811251330739"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mechanism of action of clozapine.","authors":"Paul D Morrison, Sameer Jauhar, Allan H Young","doi":"10.1177/02698811251319458","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251319458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous hypotheses for the superiority of clozapine over other antipsychotics have failed to stand the test of time. Here we describe how the unique pharmacology of clozapine in the peripheral nervous system held clues for solving the puzzle of clozapine in the central nervous system. Clozapine appears to have been the prototype for a new class of antipsychotics, now entering clinical psychiatry, which activates muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"297-300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11967075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143408710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study of cannabis-related driving impairment assessed by driving simulator and self-report.","authors":"Shashwath A Meda, Michael C Stevens, Erwin R Boer, Brian Pittman, Ralitza Gueorguieva, Marilyn A Huestis, Godfrey D Pearlson","doi":"10.1177/02698811251324379","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251324379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>In the context of increasing cannabis use, understanding how cannabis affects specific driving behaviors is crucial in mitigating risks and ensuring road safety.</p><p><strong>Design and setting: </strong>The current study included 38 adults aged 18-40 years, administered a single 0.5 g acute dose of vaporized cannabis (5.9% Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 13% THC or placebo) in a randomized, within-subject, double-blind, counterbalanced design. Throughout each of the three, 8-h assessment days, at 4 time points, participants underwent simulated driving tests, including lane-keeping, car following, and overtaking tasks, capturing 19 behavioral metrics. An SPSS linear mixed model assessed the main effects of dose, time, and dose × time.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>During lane-keeping, participants exhibited reduced steering reversal rates up to 5.5 h following 13% THC and 3.5 h for 5.9%. For car following, participants showed reduced pedal peak-to-peak deviation and reversal rates, persisting for 1-3 h post-dose (only at 13% THC). During overtaking, following 13% THC, subjects demonstrated a shorter median gap to passed cars, lower time-to-potential collision, and more time in the oncoming lane. Drug effects on driving metrics improved gradually, to varying degrees over time. Approximately 66% of participants reported willingness to drive, despite subjective awareness of being impaired and objectively worse driving performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study reveals for the first time long-lasting cannabis-induced impairments across multiple driving behaviors, that extend beyond the typical 3-h window explored in most previous research. The observed discrepancy between participants' willingness to drive and their actual impairment highlights an important public safety concern. In addition, the lack of correlation between cannabinoid metabolite concentrations and driving performance challenges the reliability of blood THC levels as impairment indicators, emphasizing the need for a multifaceted approach to assessing cannabis-impaired driving risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"364-372"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sweet-liking and sugar supplementation as innovative components in substance use disorder treatment: A systematic review.","authors":"Jan van Amsterdam, Wim van den Brink","doi":"10.1177/02698811251319454","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251319454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Substance use disorders are a major global public health concern. While a wide range of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies are available for their treatment, efficacy is limited and many patients fail to benefit from these treatments. Like addictive substances, sugar seems to trigger the dopaminergic reward centre, and sweet-liking might be a modifier of substance use disorder treatment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Systematic review to summarize the role of sugar and sugar-liking in addiction and addiction treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies suggests that a certain portion of the population has a genetic predisposition for sweet-liking, which might be related to a higher risk for substance use and dependence. Regarding nicotine dependence, glucose supplementation prior to or during smoking cessation rapidly mitigates withdrawal symptoms and increases smoking abstinence rates during nicotine replacement therapy. In alcohol dependence, sweet-liking patients encounter more challenges in achieving abstinence than sweet-disliking patients. In addition, sweet-liking patients with high cravings demonstrate higher abstinence rates than sweet-disliking patients. Finally, sweet-liking is associated with successful outcomes of naltrexone treatment in patients with an alcohol use disorder.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings present promising new challenges and opportunities to fine-tune and optimize treatment protocols in addiction care.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"328-338"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143408708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the impact of MDMA and oxytocin ligands on anxiety and social responses: A comprehensive behavioural and molecular study in the zebrafish model.","authors":"Monika Maciag, Olga Doszyn, Artur Wnorowski, Justyna Zmorzynska, Barbara Budzynska","doi":"10.1177/02698811251324596","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251324596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mental disorders, including anxiety and depression, impact nearly 1 billion people worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the potential of certain amphetamine compounds in the therapy of psychiatric disorders, with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) emerging as a promising candidate.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study investigates the effects of MDMA on anxiety and social behaviours using 3-week-old zebrafish. Additionally, the role of oxytocin in regulating these behaviours was examined through the use of an oxytocin receptor agonist (WAY-267,464) and antagonist (L-368,899).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Behavioural effects were assessed using the novel exploration test, light-dark preference test and social preference test. To explore the underlying mechanisms, changes in gene expression in serotonin, oxytocin and vasopressin systems and changes in AKT and EKR1/2 signalling pathways were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Acute MDMA exposure reduced thigmotactic behaviour and increased the social preference index, indicating anxiolytic and prosocial effects. However, these effects were biphasic - the lowest tested dose of 0.5 μM showed anxiogenic and prosocial effects. As the concentration increased, these effects reversed, with a peak at 2.5 μM. MDMA suppressed the expression of serotonin receptors (<i>htr1b</i> and <i>htr2b</i>) and transporter (<i>scl6a4</i>) genes while increasing oxytocin receptors (<i>oxtra</i> and <i>oxtrb</i>) genes, decreasing vasopressin receptor (<i>avpr1aa</i>) gene expression, and reducing AKT phosphorylation. The oxytocin receptor agonist mimicked MDMA's effects, while the antagonist had no significant effect on anxiety or social behaviour.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MDMA demonstrates therapeutic potential for treating anxiety disorders and social impairments. Moreover, 3-week-old zebrafish proved to be a valuable model for neurobehavioural research and high-throughput screening of psychiatric treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"373-393"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ashwagandha (<i>Withania somnifera</i>) extract with Sominone (Somin-On™) to improve memory in adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","authors":"Hari Prakash Rai, Deo Nidhi Mishra","doi":"10.1177/02698811251324377","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251324377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which people have memory or thinking problems than other people of their age. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of ashwagandha extract standardized with Sominone (Somin-On™) in enhancing memory and cognitive functioning in adults with MCI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study, 40 subjects with MCI were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either Somin-On™ (250 mg daily) or a placebo for 60 days. The outcome measures, improvement in memory and other cognitive functions after 30 and 60 days were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); Mini-mental state examination (MMSE); Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III)); and Shepard mental rotation task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Subjects treated with Somin-On™ showed significant improvements in immediate memory, general memory, working memory and visuospatial processing and the response assessed using WMS-III after 30 and 60 days outperforming the placebo group. Scores on the Shepard Mental Rotation test in Somin-On™ group showed a significant rise by 12.22% at 30 days and 31.67% at 60 days, from baseline. Significant improvement was observed with Somin-On™ in memory assessment scales viz. MoCA (7.83% at 30 days and 14.77% at 60 days, from baseline) and MMSE (9.26% at 30 days and 19.21% at 60 days, from baseline) compared to placebo group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The supplementation of Somin-On™ is an effective therapy to improve the immediate, general and working memory, as well as cognitive functions like attention and information processing speed in adults with MCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"350-363"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ayahuasca enhances the formation of hippocampal-dependent episodic memory without impacting false memory susceptibility in experienced ayahuasca users: An observational study.","authors":"Manoj K Doss, Lilian Kloft, Natasha L Mason, Pablo Mallaroni, Johannes T Reckweg, Kim van Oorsouw, Nina Tupper, Henry Otgaar, Johannes G Ramaekers","doi":"10.1177/02698811241301216","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811241301216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ayahuasca is an Amazonian brew with 5-HT_2A-dependent psychedelic effects taken by religious groups globally. Recently, psychedelics have been shown to impair the formation of recollections (hippocampal-dependent episodic memory for specific details) and potentially distort memory while remembering. However, psychedelics spare or enhance the formation of familiarity-based memory (cortical-dependent feeling of knowing that a stimulus has been processed).</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>Given the growing literature on the plasticity-promoting effects of psychedelics, we investigated the acute impact of ayahuasca on recollection, familiarity, and false memory in an observational study of 24 Santo Daime members with >500 lifetime ayahuasca uses on average.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants completed a false memory task at baseline and after they consumed a self-selected dose of ayahuasca prepared by their church (average dose contained 3.36 and 170.64 mg of <i>N,N</i>-dimethyltryptamine and β-carbolines, respectively).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Surprisingly, pre-encoding administration of ayahuasca enhanced hit rates, memory accuracy, and recollection but had no impact on familiarity or false memory. Although practice effects cannot be discounted, these memory enhancements were large and selective, as multiple measures of false memory and metamemory did not improve across testing sessions. β-carboline activity potentially accounted for this recollection enhancement that diverges from past psychedelic research. Although ayahuasca did not impact familiarity, these estimates were generally elevated across conditions compared to past work, alluding to a consequence of frequently driving cortical plasticity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When encoding and retrieval took place under acute ayahuasca effects in experienced ayahuasca users, susceptibility to memory distortions did not increase, potentially owing to enhancements in memory accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"339-349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11967096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142755266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between Parkinson's disease and sexual hyperactivity secondary to drug treatment: A systematic review.","authors":"Verónica Aparicio-López, María Rueda-Extremera, María Cantero-García","doi":"10.1177/02698811241277200","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811241277200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This review addresses the prevalence of hypersexual behavior in Parkinson's patients and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, identifying risk and protective factors, comparing incidence among different treatments, and proposing recommendations for management and prevention.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a review on the relationship between Parkinson's disease and hypersexual behavior as a result of pharmacological treatment.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The search strategy, guided by PRISMA and PICOS criteria, focuses on the correlation between Parkinson's disease and hypersexual behavior due to pharmacological treatment. Utilizing databases like PubMed and Proquest, studies from the last 10 years in English or Spanish were selected, emphasizing clinical trials with Parkinson's patients under treatment. Inaccessible, irrelevant, or mixed-sample studies were excluded. The Cochrane Scale assessed the risk of bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 122 records, 103 remained after eliminating duplicates; 48 were reviewed, and ultimately, 6 studies met the inclusion criteria for analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Synthesizing the risk and protective factors linked to hypersexual behavior in Parkinson's patients receiving pharmacological treatment underscores the critical need for early detection and incorporation of these factors into clinical care. The suggested guidelines for managing and preventing hypersexual behavior in these patients carry substantial practical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"316-327"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A three-stage strategy for conducting an experimental investigation: A recommendation to improve the reproducibility of reported conclusions.","authors":"Simon T Bate, S Clare Stanford, Lee Page","doi":"10.1177/02698811251319453","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811251319453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reproducibility of the results from preclinical research rests on many factors, including the selection of appropriate experimental designs for the individual experiments that constitute the investigation. The design of each of these experiments depends on their purpose within the entire investigation and the information to be gained from conducting them. Here, we explain and justify a three-stage strategy comprising a series of different types of experiment, each with a different purpose and design: a pilot study, a hypothesis-generating experiment and a final hypothesis-confirming experiment. Compliance with this three-stage strategy, over the course of an entire investigation, will not only strengthen its reproducibility but, importantly, can save time and other resources, including the total number of animals used.</p>","PeriodicalId":16892,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"301-312"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}