{"title":"Kinetic, Spectral and Mechanistic Regularities of New Reaction Systems With Chromogenic SN2-Type Reaction for Detection of Epoxy Compounds","authors":"Anton Charyarov, Stanislav Bakhtin","doi":"10.1002/poc.4668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4668","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>New reaction systems “oxirane – nucleophile <b>X</b><sup>–</sup> – proton-donor reagent <b>A</b>H – solvent” have been proposed for the detection of epoxides in which nucleophilic opening of the oxirane ring occurs accompanied by the formation of a colored product. The kinetic and mechanistic regularities of reactions in the proposed systems were investigated. Reaction orders with respect to the components of the systems have been determined: close to 1 – for oxirane and <b>X</b><sup>−</sup>, close to 0 – for <b>A</b>H. It was shown that the proposed chromogenic reactions represent nucleophilic substitution of S<sub>N</sub>2-type and allow the detection of epoxides containing both a terminal and internal epoxy group, which can be used to monitor processes in systems where epoxides are either the initial compounds or the synthesis products. Based on the conducted studies, it is possible to develop methods for the quantitative determination of epoxides using kinetic methods of analysis and UV–visible spectroscopy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iqra Shafiq, Sana Nasrullah, Maria Zafar, Iram Irshad, Syed Muddassir Ali Mashhadi, Saifullah Bullo, Muhammad Arshad, Rajeh Alotaibi
{"title":"Structural Modeling of Fluorinated Quinoxaline Core–Based Chromophores for Efficient Photovoltaic Materials: A DFT Study","authors":"Iqra Shafiq, Sana Nasrullah, Maria Zafar, Iram Irshad, Syed Muddassir Ali Mashhadi, Saifullah Bullo, Muhammad Arshad, Rajeh Alotaibi","doi":"10.1002/poc.4663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4663","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Herein, a series of fluorinated quinoxaline core–based chromophores (<b>MTH1-MTH6</b>) with A<sub>1</sub>–<i>π</i>–A<sub>2</sub>–<i>π</i>–A<sub>1</sub> configuration was designed by structural modulation of end-capped acceptors in <b>MTHR</b>. The quantum chemical calculations were accomplished at MPW1PW91/6-311G(d,p) functional to explore optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties of these designed compounds. The findings revealed that all the derivatives exhibited narrow band gap (<i>E</i><sub>gap</sub> = 2.163–2.666 eV) with red shift spectra (610.24–766.944 eV in chloroform) as compared with <b>MTHR</b>. The designed compounds exhibited comparable open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i><sub>oc</sub>) and higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) as compared with the <b>MTHR</b>. Among the entitled chromophores, <b>MTH1</b> was found to be a promising chromophore for organic solar cells (OSCs) owning to its lowest <i>E</i><sub>gap</sub> (2.163 eV) with highest absorption peak (766.944 nm in chloroform and 717.709 nm in gaseous phase). The aforementioned findings indicate that molecular engineering of chromophores with extended acceptors enhances photovoltaic response, and this motivates researchers to develop highly effective photovoltaic devices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christian Laurence, Sergui Mansour, Daniela Vuluga, Julien Legros
{"title":"A 19F Solvatomagnetic Comparison Method for the Determination of the α1 Scale of Solvent Hydrogen-Bond Donation and Its Application to Deep Eutectic Solvents","authors":"Christian Laurence, Sergui Mansour, Daniela Vuluga, Julien Legros","doi":"10.1002/poc.4665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4665","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We develop a nonsolvatochromic comparison method for the determination of the <i>α</i><sub>1</sub> scale of solvent hydrogen-bond acidity by means of <sup>19</sup>F NMR spectrometry. We compare the <sup>19</sup>F chemical shifts of 4-fluoro-2-methylpyridine (as a sensitive hydrogen-bond acceptor probe) and of 4-fluoronitrobenzene (as a chemically similar but less basic reference probe). This so-called <sup>19</sup>F solvatomagnetic comparison method yields the hydrogen-bonding contribution to <i>δ</i> (<sup>19</sup>F)(4-fluoro-2-methylpyridine) that is well correlated to <i>α</i><sub>1</sub> values obtained from the solvatochromism of Reichardt's betaine dye. Therefore, this solvatomagnetic comparison method is applied to determine the <i>α</i><sub>1</sub> values of 13 choline chloride–based deep eutectic solvents.</p>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/poc.4665","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Insensitive Energetic Materials Based on 5-(5-Nitro-1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl)-1H-Tetrazole","authors":"Chenchen Lin, Pingping Yi, Xiaoyi Yi, Tingwei Wang, Jianguo Zhang, Piao He","doi":"10.1002/poc.4667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4667","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The design and synthesis of insensitive energetic materials are a necessary and challenging work. The synthesis of novel nitrogen-rich salts based on 5-(5-Nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1H-tetrazole (H<sub>2</sub>NTT) has been presented. Structural characterization of these two salts was accomplished by utilizing NMR, MS, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The standard heats of formation were calculated, and the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and sensitivity test were carried out. Their detonation performances were estimated by EXPLO 5 program. These newly synthesized salts showed highly positive heat of formation and low sensitivity. It is noteworthy that the diaminoguanidine salt <b>b</b> exhibited good detonation performance superior to traditional explosive TNT (Trinitrotoluene), making it a prospective candidate for insensitive energetic material.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jasmin I. Koski, Emilia Poijärvi, Anne Tulisalo, Heidi Korhonen, Satu Mikkola
{"title":"The Cleavage of RNA Model Compounds: The Interplay Between the Nucleophile and the Leaving Group","authors":"Jasmin I. Koski, Emilia Poijärvi, Anne Tulisalo, Heidi Korhonen, Satu Mikkola","doi":"10.1002/poc.4664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4664","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrolytic reactions of phosphodiester bonds of RNA have been extensively studied over several decades. Information on the factors that affect the reactivity of phosphodiester bonds in biomolecules is important for the development of new nucleic acid-related therapeutics. Furthermore, the development of artificial nucleases requires efficient catalytic entities, and rational design of catalysts requires detailed understanding of the catalytic mechanisms. In the present article, we concentrate on the interplay between the nucleophile and leaving group both in the absence and in the presence of metal ion catalysts. The effect of the nucleophile on the reactivity of RNA model compounds has been studied with 2-hydroxypropyl and uridine 3′-aryl phosphates as well as with bis-(<i>p</i>-nitrophenyl)phosphate as substrates. pH-rate profiles for three different 2-hydroxypropyl arylphosphates were compared with those obtained with a uridine 3′-alkyl and aryl phosphates. The observations are discussed in terms of the relative goodness/poorness of the nucleophile and the leaving group. Metal complex-dependent reactions were studied in the presence of well-known and robust CuTerPy and CuBiPy complexes. The results show that CuTerPy and CuBiPy favour different types of phosphodiesters as substrates, depending on the properties of the nucleophile and leaving group, and suggest that the complexes utilize different catalysis mechanisms, which may depend also on the structure of the substrate. The results obtained further the understanding on the basic principles of metal complex-promoted cleavage of RNA and model compounds, help to assess the relevance of data obtained with model compounds and support the design of artificial enzymes for phosphodiester cleavage.</p>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/poc.4664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142868334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computational Justification Towards Detection of Dual Anions on a Single Molecular Platform: The Role of Solvent in Decoration of Dual Channels","authors":"Suvendu Paul","doi":"10.1002/poc.4666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4666","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ratiometric optical detection of analytes is a convenient strategy as the technique is devoid of relative error and background correction. Herein, solvent-guided ratiometric optical recognition of fluoride and bisulfate anions by a low-cost, “off-the-shelf” bioactive molecule, harmane (<b>HRH</b>) is thoroughly explored. Interestingly, solvent plays a dynamic role in the selective recognition of the dual anions via the dual channels of <b>HRH</b> in an intelligent manner. The probe displays high-fidelity recognition behavior towards fluoride ion in an aprotic solvent (acetonitrile) and towards bisulfate ion in a protic environment (acetonitrile/water; 5:1; v/v). Both the channels of <b>HRH</b> are very selective for a particular anion (F<sup>−</sup>/HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>) in a specific solvent. Organized and comprehensive theoretical calculation denotes that hydrogen bonding between the acidic pyrrolic proton of <b>HRH</b> and fluoride for the first channel and the acidic proton of bisulfate and the pyridinic nitrogen for the second channel of <b>HRH</b> led to the formation of a hydrogen-bonded ion pair (HBIP). Consequently, significant optical changes are observed in the visible region, which is convenient for real-life detection of F<sup>−</sup> and HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> independently. The essential role of solvent in tuning the dual channels of <b>HRH</b> is an important artifact in the literature of fundamental photochemistry.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theoretical Investigation of Energetic Materials Based on Imidazole Framework Featuring Azido/Nitro/Nitrato/Fluoro Groups","authors":"Anjali Sharma, Kshetrimayum Dhruba Singh, Mridula Guin","doi":"10.1002/poc.4661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4661","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Development of new high-energy materials (HEMs) is one of the thrust areas of research. These compounds are important for various applications such as propellants, gas generations, explosives in mining, construction, civil and military applications, and safety equipment for national security and defense. HEMs based on imidazole frameworks are currently getting research spotlight due to their exceptional detonation performance with optimum sensitivity. This study reports five imidazole derivatives containing azido/nitro/nitrato/fluoro functional groups. These groups are viable options to design promising explosives with moderate sensitivity. Density functional theory (DFT) method is adopted to determine the geometries, thermodynamic properties, detonation properties, and impact sensitivity of the designed molecules. All the compounds have high density in the range of 1.89–2.03 g/cm<sup>3</sup> along with high heat of formation. These compounds aid in new strategy to design HEMs with optimum sensitivity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Naeem Ahmed, Humaira Kashif, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Tahani Mazyad Almutairi, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Muhammad Adnan Bashir, Hiram Pérez, Diego M. Gil
{"title":"Deciphering the Importance of Weak CH…O and CH…π Interactions in S-Propyl (E)-2-(1,1-Dioxido-2-Propylbenzo[d]Isothiazol-3(2H)-ylidene)-1-Propylhydrazine-1-Carbothioate: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach","authors":"Muhammad Naeem Ahmed, Humaira Kashif, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Mohammad Shahidul Islam, Tahani Mazyad Almutairi, Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim, Muhammad Adnan Bashir, Hiram Pérez, Diego M. Gil","doi":"10.1002/poc.4660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4660","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The title compound, C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>25</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub>, hereafter <b>1</b>, has been prepared and fully characterized by FTIR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR and <sup>13</sup>C NMR. Its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak C<span></span>H···O and C<span></span>H···π interactions. The CLP-Pixel method was used to quantify the energetically significant molecular dimers. The intermolecular contacts were identified and quantified using Hirshfeld surfaces (HS) and the corresponding fingerprint plots. The main contributions to the HS of <b>1</b> come from H<span></span>H, O<span></span>H/H<span></span>O and C<span></span>H/H<span></span>C contacts, which cover about 93% of the total HS surface. The enrichment ratios showed that the favorable contacts accountable for the crystal packing are consistent with their contributions to the HS. Interaction region indicator (IRI) analysis was used to visualize the location and type of intermolecular contacts, allowing identify the C<span></span>H···O contacts as van der Waals interactions. To visualize the 3D topology of interactions in the crystal structure, interaction energy values were used to construct energy framework diagrams, which showed that the dispersion energy dominates over other interaction energies, as expected for crystal packing governed by weak interactions. Finally, a combination of MEP surface, QTAIM and NCIplot analysis energetically confirmed the existence of C<span></span>H···O and O···O dichalcogen interactions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"38 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring Spectral and Electrochemical Behavior of Hydroxy-N-Benzylideneanilines by Integrated Theoretical and Experimental Approaches","authors":"Prabhudatta Hota, Supriya Priyambada Biswal, Manas Ranjan Dash, Bijnyan Ranjan Das, Pramila Kumari Misra","doi":"10.1002/poc.4659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4659","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present work explored the effect of –OH group substitution (o/p) on the spectral and electrochemical behavior of N-benzylideneaniline. The geometry optimization of unsubstituted and (o/p)-OH-substituted analogs revealed the coplanarity of the molecules. The vibrational spectra of the compounds were computed using density functional theory (DFT) and compared with the experimental data. The observed bands were assigned based on total energy distribution (TED). Predicted electronic absorption spectra from time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculation were compared with the UV–visible spectra of the molecules. The analysis of the lowest spin-allowed (singlet-singlet) excited states divulged possible electronic transition. The o-substituted benzylideneaniline possessed the lowest highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap among the substituted and unsubstituted analogs. The intramolecular contacts were interpreted using natural bond orbital and localized molecular orbital analysis. The –CH=N– linkage was investigated as a bridge for the electron delocalization from the donor to acceptor moieties. The manifestation of a reduction peak in the cyclic voltammetric studies confirmed the electrochemical behavior in the –OH-substituted molecule, which was diffusion-controlled. The discrepancy in the electrochemical property concerning the position of the –OH substituent of the candidate molecules was put forward.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muzammil Hussain, Muhammad Adnan, Zobia Irshad, Riaz Hussain, Hany W. Darwish, Jongchul Lim
{"title":"Correlating Chemical Structure and Charge Carrier Dynamics in Phenanthrocarbazole-Based Hole Transporting Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Muzammil Hussain, Muhammad Adnan, Zobia Irshad, Riaz Hussain, Hany W. Darwish, Jongchul Lim","doi":"10.1002/poc.4662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.4662","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polymeric hole transport materials (HTMs) have emerged because of their potential to produce dopant-free, efficient, and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Therefore, we engineered 10 novel donor materials (SMH1–SMH10) containing phenanthrocarbazole-based polymeric structures for organic and PSCs. These molecules underwent bridging-core modifications using different spacers, such as furan (N1), pyrrole (N2), benzene (N3), pyrazine (N4), dioxane (N5), isoxazole (N6), isoindole (N7), indolizine (N8), double bond (N9), and pyrimidine (N10), in comparison to reference molecule R. The study examined the structure–property relationship and the impact of these modifications on the optical, photovoltaic, photophysical, and optoelectronic characteristics of the newly designed SMH1–SMH10 series. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were conducted to analyze frontier molecular orbitals, density of states, reorganization energies, open-circuit voltage, transition density matrix, and charge transfer processes. Results show that the newly designed molecules (SMH1–SMH10) exhibited superior optoelectronics characteristics compared to the R molecule. Among these, SMH4 is the most promising candidate, with a small band gap (2.79 eV), low electron and hole mobility (<i>λ</i><sub>e</sub> 0.0028 eV, <i>λ</i><sub>h</sub> 0.0020 eV), lower binding energy (<i>E</i><sub>b</sub> 0.58 eV), high <i>λ</i><sub>max</sub> values (656.42 nm in gas, 573.34 nm in chlorobenzene), and a high <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> of 1.30 V. Therefore, this study demonstrated that bridging-core modifications offer a simple and effective strategy for designing desirable characteristics molecules for photovoltaic applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","volume":"37 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}