Journal of Pharmacy Technology最新文献

{"title":"Impact of a Standardized, Pharmacist-Initiated \"Test-Claim\" Workflow for Anticipating Barriers to Accessing Discharge Antimicrobials.","authors":"Surafel G Mulugeta, Nancy C MacDonald, Caren J El-Khoury, Susan L Davis, Rachel M Kenney","doi":"10.1177/87551225231196047","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231196047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Inability to access and afford discharge oral antimicrobials may delay discharges or result in therapeutic failure. \"Test-claims\" have the potential to identify such barriers. <b>Objective:</b> This study evaluated discharge antimicrobial access and patient outcomes after implementation of a standardized, inpatient pharmacist-initiated antimicrobial discharge medication cost inquiry (aDMCI) process. <b>Methods:</b> This was an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved, pilot retrospective cohort study that included adults admitted for ≥72 hours from November 1, 2018, to February 28, 2019, and discharged on oral antimicrobials. Patients with a cost inquiry (aDMCI group) were compared with those without (standard-of-care, SOC, group). Primary endpoint was discharge delay. Secondary endpoints included percentage of patients discharged on suboptimal antimicrobials and medication errors from aDMCI. <b>Results:</b> 84 patients were included: 43 in SOC and 41 in aDMCI. Seventy-five antimicrobial cost inquiries were evaluated among 41 patients. There were no discharge delays or medication errors associated with the standardized \"test-claim\" (aDMCI) workflow. Patients in the SOC group had a greater Charlson Comorbidity Index (4 [2-6] vs 2 [1-4], <i>P =</i>0.004), were more likely to be immunosuppressed (24, 56% vs 12, 29%; <i>P =</i>0.014), and had longer hospitalization (8 [5-15] vs 6 [5-9] days, <i>P =</i>0.026). Primary access barriers were prior-authorization (8, 11%) and associated with linezolid and moxifloxacin cost inquiries. Most aDMCIs results were available in <24 hours (66, 88%). <b>Conclusions:</b> The aDMCI process is safe and offers an actionable transition of care tool that can identify barriers to accessing discharge medications while insulating patients from surprise out-of-pocket cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"218-223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41133863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proton Pump Inhibitor Deprescription Prospective Study in Patients Without Indication: Are There Differences in Proportion of Restarts According to Withdrawal Strategy?","authors":"Anna Barraquer Comes, Pedro Roy Millán","doi":"10.1177/87551225231195216","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231195216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The increasing utilization of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients without clear medical indications has raised concerns regarding potential risks, highlighting the importance of deprescription. However, comparative analyses of withdrawal strategies (abrupt vs gradual) in this context remain scarce or of low quality. <b>Aim:</b> This study aimed to evaluate the success rate of deprescribing PPIs in hospitalized patients without a documented indication and compare the proportion of treatment restarts based on withdrawal strategy. <b>Method:</b> An uncontrolled, open-label prospective observational study was conducted on patients receiving PPI treatment during hospital admission between May 2017 and July 2018. Deprescription was recommended for patients without a clear indication. Follow-up continued until discharge, with monitoring for rebound symptoms. The percentage of restarts based on the withdrawal strategy was compared using the chi-square test. <b>Results:</b> A total of 402 patients were reviewed, among whom 27% lacked a medical indication (mean age > 60 years, polymedicated), while 70% were prescribed PPIs electronically. Deprescription was performed in 49% of patients, with 64% undergoing abrupt withdrawal. Rebound symptoms led to treatment restart in 15% of cases. However, the chi-square test revealed no significant differences in restart proportions between the abrupt and gradual withdrawal groups (<i>P</i> = 0.365). <b>Conclusion:</b> Deprescribing PPIs is deemed safe, particularly for polymedicated geriatric patients, as it leads to a low percentage of restarts regardless of the chosen withdrawal strategy. However, the high percentage of PPI prescription without a clear indication underlines the need for periodic reassessment to avoid unnecessary risks and overuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"224-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41136031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Telepharmacy in Rural Communities in Africa: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Chukwuemeka Augustine Nwachuya, Anthony Uche Umeh, Jennifer Chinaza Ogwurumba, Ifunanya Ngozi Chinedu-Eze, Chukwunenye Christopher Azubuike, AbdulMuminu Isah","doi":"10.1177/87551225231190567","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231190567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> This review examined the effectiveness of telepharmacy in rural communities in Africa to identify the barriers that hinder its implementation and integration as well as highlight the gaps in the existing research on telepharmacy. <b>Data Source:</b> PubMed and Google Scholar search (2008-2023) was conducted using keywords related to telepharmacy, telemedicine, telehealth, and rural communities. <b>Study Selection and Data Extraction:</b> The inclusion criteria for the review include peer-reviewed articles published in English language and studies that focus on the implementation and evaluation of telepharmacy in rural communities. <b>Data Synthesis:</b> In all articles used, access to quality health care in rural communities has been a persistent challenge in Africa. Digital technologies such as telemedicine, telepharmacy, and artificial intelligence were reported to have emerged as promising solutions to improve health care access and outcomes in rural communities. Telepharmacy, in particular, has the potential to provide medication-related services to patients irrespective of one's location. However, the implementation of telepharmacy in Africa has been slow, and there are several barriers affecting its integration and adoption in rural communities that include access to technology, limited infrastructure, and regulatory challenges. Gaps and limitations in the existing research on telepharmacy in rural communities were highlighted from the articles. <b>Conclusion:</b> Telepharmacy can improve health care access and outcomes in rural communities by bridging the gap between pharmacists and patients. However, the lack of infrastructure, inadequate funding, and regulatory challenges pose significant barriers to its implementation. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges and exploring the potential of telepharmacy to improve health care in rural communities in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"241-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41118908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noncorticosteroid Topical Therapies for the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Rithi J Chandy, Diem-Phuong D Dao, Cristian C Rivis, Divya M Shan, Steven R Feldman","doi":"10.1177/87551225231193057","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231193057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> The objective was to compare the safety and efficacy of noncorticosteroid topical treatments for plaque psoriasis. <b>Data Sources:</b> A literature search of the PubMed database was performed (January 1978 to May 2023) using the keywords <i>plaque psoriasis</i>, <i>tapinarof, benvitimod, Vtama, roflumilast, Zoryve, pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, tazarotene, tacalcitol, calcitriol, Vectical, calcipotriene, Dovonex, tacalcitol, vitamin D analogs, salicylic acid, non-corticosteroid topical, Investigator's Global Assessment</i>, and <i>Physician's Global Assessment</i>. <b>Study Selection and Data Extraction:</b> Relevant English-language articles and clinical trial data were considered. <b>Data Synthesis:</b> Six noncorticosteroid topical classes for the treatment of plaque psoriasis were selected. The percentage of patients with plaque psoriasis who achieved Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) success after 8 weeks of treatment with tacalcitol, calcipotriene/betamethasone dipropionate compound, tazarotene/halobetasol propionate, and roflumilast was 17.9%, 39.9%, 40.7%, and 42.4%, respectively. For 12-week trials of tapinarof and coal tar, 37.4% and 58.2% of patients achieved IGA success, respectively. There were 48% and 71.4% reductions in IGA scores with salicylic acid (12 weeks) and pimecrolimus (4 weeks), respectively. Finally, 66.7% of patients achieved Physician's Global Assessment success with 8 weeks of tacrolimus. There were no serious adverse events for the noncorticosteroid topicals. <b>Conclusion:</b> Noncorticosteroid topicals are suitable options for patients with plaque psoriasis who would like to avoid topical corticosteroids or have experienced adverse effects from chronic corticosteroid use. Due to treatment duration differences and varied outcome measures, it is unclear which noncorticosteroid topical is most efficacious; however, calcineurin inhibitors appear to exhibit the greatest efficacy. Each topical was efficacious in treating plaque psoriasis and had an adequate safety profile. Despite several treatment options for plaque psoriasis, medication adherence is a limiting factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"247-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41124344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Clinical Effect of Personal Continuous Glucose Monitoring in a Diverse Population With Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Riley J Larson, Ann M Philbrick, Caroline S Carlin, Ila M Harris","doi":"10.1177/87551225231194027","DOIUrl":"10.1177/87551225231194027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To determine the clinical effect of personal continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in a diverse population with type 2 diabetes (T2D). <b>Research Design and Methods:</b> A report was created from the electronic health record identifying adults prescribed CGM at an urban family medicine clinic between January 1, 2019, and February 23, 2022. An \"index date\" was identified as the start of CGM. The closest hemoglobin A_1c (A1c) 6 months or more after the index date was identified as the \"follow-up date.\" The primary outcome of this study was to compare the percentage of individuals meeting the MN Community Measure (MNCM) D5 HbA1c goal of <8% at the follow-up date versus the index date. <b>Results:</b> Seventy-two patients were identified after the exclusion criteria were applied. Approximately one-third of patients required utilization of an interpreter and 76% of patients were of a racial or ethnic minority. The mean HbA1c prior to CGM use was 9.8%, with 16.7% of the population meeting the MNCM D5 A1c goal of <8%. At the follow-up date, the mean A1c was 8.4% (mean difference -1.4%; <i>p</i> < 0.001), with 41.7% of the population meeting goal (mean difference +25%; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Subgroup analyses affirm that the results of the primary outcome were sustained despite insulin use status. <b>Conclusion:</b> A diverse population with T2D had a significant reduction in A1c and was more likely to meet the MNCM D5 A1c goal of <8% after an average of 6 months using personal CGM.</p>","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"39 5","pages":"231-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10515968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41136029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgment","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/87551225211073553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225211073553","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"63 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90962321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of the hospitals’ antimicrobial stewardship programs implemented to improve antibiotics’ utilization, cost and resistance patterns","authors":"Ovais Ullah Shirazi, Norny Syafinaz Ab Rahman, C. S. Zin","doi":"10.31436/jop.v2i1.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i1.76","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The high reliance of the physicians and surgeons on the antibiotics since their discovery has led to an irrational antibiotic utilization which not only has raised the incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) but also increased the cost of treatment with antibiotics as high use of antibiotics has been found related to the occurrence of certain nosocomial infections which need extra antibiotic courses to be cured. In order to overcome these antibiotic utilization related problems an antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program being the set of various persuasive, restrictive and structural interventions is considered an effective tool to rationalize the in-patient antimicrobial utilization worldwide.\u0000Method: The focus of this review is on the interventions that are being implemented during the in-patient AMS programs and have been described effective in controlling the antibiotic utilization, their cost of treatment and an overall infection control. The literature containing the information about various AMS interventions effecting the utilization and cost patterns along with the impact on AMR was searched in various databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Ovid (Medline) and Scopus. The categorical sorting of the published data is based on various AMS interventions such as the guideline development, formulary restriction (pre-authorization), educative interventions, clinical pathway development and prospective (post prescription) audit. Considering the objectives of the study such as the goal to curb overutilization of antibiotics, control of their cost of treatment for in-patients and infection control the sorted literature is presented in three different tables describing the AMS impact on the said outcomes.\u0000Results: The post AMS changes in utilization patterns are described as fall of antibiotics defined daily doses (DDD) and days of therapy (DOT) which resulted in the reduction of the cost of treatment with antibiotics. The reduction of the cost of treatment with antibiotics also resulted due to the AMS impact on the control of various nosocomial and multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections.\u0000Conclusion:  It has been concluded that the AMS program if implemented under the supervision of an expert AMS team mainly comprising of an infectious disease (ID) physician, clinical pharmacists and microbiologists with considerable support by the hospital authorities could be a highly efficient tool of the pharmacovigilance for rationalizing the in-patient antimicrobial practice.","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83930375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors affecting waiting time in Outpatient Pharmacy at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II (HRPZ II)","authors":"Fairul Ezwan Fahrurazi, Nuraddeen Ibrahim, Nurul Musfirah Mafauzy, Wan Nor Ain Wan Ismail, Syauqin Syazwani Mohamed Rusli","doi":"10.31436/jop.v2i1.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i1.105","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) has identified that patient waiting time as one of the most important measurements of a responsive health system for healthcare services. Outpatient pharmacy is associated with patient waiting time as the indicator for satisfaction of the services. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting waiting time in Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan. Materials and method: A cross sectional study was conducted by collecting prescription received in outpatient pharmacy from 1st October 2020 till 31st December 2020. All prescriptions prescribed manually were excluded. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the factors affecting waiting time and the data were analysed using SPSS version 25. Results: A total of 248 prescriptions were collected in outpatient pharmacy. The mean waiting time in outpatient pharmacy was 23.0 minutes (SD = 11.0). Waiting time was found to be associated with number of medications in the prescription, number of staff working on that day, prescriptions which required intervention and filling personnel. Conclusion: The waiting time at the outpatient pharmacy of HRPZ II indicated the acceptable range of quality services which met the patient’s satisfaction. Future studies are needed to confirm the satisfaction level of patients and further improve quality of the service.","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84701919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescribing Practices of Antibiotics for Acute Diarrhea in Children Aged Less than Five Years Old in Pakistan","authors":"Durr-e-Shahwar Siddiqui","doi":"10.31436/jop.v2i1.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v2i1.116","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Childhood diarrhea accounts for 16% of child deaths in Pakistan. Irrational prescribing of antibiotics, prescribing of antibiotics for viral infections, self-medication using antibiotics, prescription sharing, and refilling are very common practices in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prescribing practices of antibiotics for acute diarrhea in children less than five years of age at a Secondary Healthcare Hospital of Pakistan and to assess the compliance of prescribers with authentic clinical guidelines of treatment for childhood acute diarrhea.\u0000Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year, from August 2020 to August 2021, at a Secondary Care Hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. It was based on the collection of outpatient clinic prescriptions of children aged less than five years and suffering from acute diarrhea. The regimens or suggested therapies by prescribers for acute diarrhea were assessed as per The National Institute of Care and Health Excellence and World Health Organization guidelines. A brief questionnaire was also distributed among prescribers, pharmacists, and caretakers of children to extract their opinions regarding antibiotic prescribing in acute diarrhea.Results: Antibiotics were inappropriately prescribed for acute diarrhea among children in Pakistan because p-value was less than 0.05 (p<0.05) as calculated by descriptive statistical tools using Z-test. More than 90% prescriptions of acute diarrhea in children less than five years of age failed to comply with the authentic treatment guidelines.Discussion: Due to the limited knowledge of prescribers regarding treatment guidelines and compliance of parents with antibiotic prescribing for diseases in children, irrational prescribing of antibiotics for acute diarrhea in children less than five years of age is frequent in Pakistan. Healthcare professionals must be adequately trained to ensure the proper management of acute diarrhea by following authentic clinical guidelines.\u0000Conclusion: Antibiotics are irrationally prescribed for acute diarrhea in children less than five years of age in Pakistan and prescriptions do not comply with authentic clinical guidelines.","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90588564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflections of pharmacy students on experiential education in providing health services to people with history of substance use disorders in Malaysia","authors":"Nor Hidayah Mohd Taufek, Syafiqah Nadiah Halimi, Norny Syafinaz Ab Rahman, C. S. Zin, C. J. Turner","doi":"10.31436/JOP.V1I2.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31436/JOP.V1I2.31","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Accreditation standards for pharmacy students’ education include the requirement for experiential education (EE) and acknowledge, in building life-long learning skills, the need to develop students’ skills in analysing their practice-based performance. The goal of this qualitative study was to assess students’ ability to reflect on their experience providing face-to-face care to patients with a history of substance use disorders (PHSUDs).\u0000Materials and methods: Interviews were conducted with undergraduate pharmacy students who provided care to PHSUDs in an EE programme. An interview guide was used to explore students’ experiences and their perceptions regarding the challenges they encountered, changes in their attitude towards PHSUDs and ways to improve their ability to care for PHSUDs. Data relevant to the study was extracted from interview transcripts, manually sorted and coded using Microsoft Excel and subjected to thematic analysis. \u0000Results: The themes identified were 1) Increased self-confidence in face-to-face interactions with PHSUDs 2) Increased empathy towards PHSUDS 3) Reduction in stigmatised attitudes towards PHSUDs 4) Positive nature of the interactions with PHSUDs 5) Appreciation for the opportunity to apply knowledge in practice 6) Recognition of the need for improved communication skill training 7) Recognition of the need to improve training for dealing with unexpected questions and situations.\u0000Conclusion: Pharmacy students demonstrated reflective skills in identifying multiple positive learning outcomes stemming from a one-day EE programme involving PHSUDs. In addition, they provided insights useful to faculty in curriculum planning.","PeriodicalId":16796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacy Technology","volume":"70 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72466525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}