Journal of Pharmacopuncture最新文献

{"title":"A Case Report of Prolonged Hemorrhage Following Traditional Phlebotomy (Fasd).","authors":"Sajjad Sadeghi","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.47","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.47","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phlebotomy, a therapeutic method of bloodletting typically performed using a needle, has a traditional technique known as \"Fasd.\" In this method, blood is extracted by creating a longitudinal incision on a vein (3-5 mm) with a surgical scalpel blade, usually blade No. 11. Due to the incision in the vessel wall, establishing hemostasis is more challenging compared to conventional methods. Hemostasis is usually achieved within minutes after Fasd. We present a case highlighting an uncommon yet significant complication of traditional phlebotomy. A 55-year-old man with no prior medical conditions underwent traditional phlebotomy at an academic traditional medicine clinic. Senior MD-PhD students in Iranian Traditional Medicine, under professor supervision, performed Fasd. A sterile scalpel blade No. 11 was used to create a longitudinal incision of approximately 4 mm on the patient's median basilic vein in the right hand. After removing 400 cc of blood, a pressure dressing was applied to the incision site. Despite attempts such as hand elevation, ice pack application, prolonged direct pressure, and tight elastic bandaging, bleeding from the incision persisted. After an hour of supportive therapy, hemostasis was eventually achieved within a few minutes using burnt cotton dressing (a traditional method for blood hemostasis). Following intravenous hydration, the patient was discharged in stable condition and reported no issues during the one-month follow-up. The traditional phlebotomy (Fasd) carries the risk of serious complications, including uncontrolled and prolonged bleeding. Further research on the efficacy and safety of burnt cotton dressing for controlling hemostasis is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"27 1","pages":"47-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10978438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140336063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Study of Stress-Induced Alopecia Areata Treated with Hominis Placenta Pharmacopunture.","authors":"Yeon Woo Song, Seo Young Kang, Chae Won Kang, Seok Hee Kim, Kyung Jin Lee, Yeon Ju Kim, Jong Uk Kim, Tae Han Yook","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.53","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study is to report the clinical application of Hominis Placenta Pharmacopunture for Alopecia areata. Patient was diagnosed as stress-induced Alopecia areata 1 years ago. To reduce symptom, we treated a patient 8 times using Hominis Placenta Pharmacopunture. Hominis Placenta was injected subcutaneously into the lesion of head scalp alopecia. According to photographs, the lesion had been replaced with new terminal hair and the size of the lesion had decreased. This case has shown that stress-induced Alopecia areata patient could be treated by Hominis Placenta Pharmacopunture.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"27 1","pages":"53-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10978437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140336064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacoacupuncture for the Treatment of Frozen Shoulder: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ji-Ho Lee, Hyeon-Sun Park, Sang-Hyeon Park, Dong-Ho Keum, Seo-Hyun Park","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.14","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Frozen shoulder (FS) is one of the most challenging shoulder disorders for patients and clinicians. Its symptoms mainly include any combination of stiffness, nocturnal pain, and limitation of active and passive glenohumeral joint movement. Conventional treatment options for FS are physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, injection therapy, and arthroscopic capsular release, but adverse and limited effects continue to present problems. As a result, pharmacoacupuncture (PA) is getting attention as an alternative therapy for patients with FS. PA is a new form of acupuncture treatment in traditional Korean medicine (TKM) that is mainly used for musculoskeletal diseases. It has similarity and specificity compared to corticosteroid injection and hydrodilatation, making it a potential alternative injection therapy for FS. However, no systematic reviews investigating the utilization of PA for FS have been published. Therefore, this review aims to standardize the clinical use of PA for FS and validate its therapeutic effect.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The protocol was registered in Prospero (CRD42023445708) on 18 July 2023. Until Aug. 31, 2023, seven electronic databases will be searched for randomized controlled trials of PA for FS. Authors will be contacted, and manual searches will also be performed. Two reviewers will independently screen and collect data from retrieved articles according to predefined criteria. The primary outcome will be pain intensity, and secondary outcomes will be effective rate, Constant-Murley Score, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, range of motion, quality of life, and adverse events. Bias and quality of the included trials will be assessed using the Cochrane handbook's risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Meta analyses will be conducted using Review Manager V.5.3 software. GRADE will be used to evaluate the level of evidence for each outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted following PRISMA statement. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review will provide scientific evidence to support health insurance policy as well as the standardization of PA in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"27 1","pages":"14-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10978440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140336077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of Emotional Freedom Techniques in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: a pilot study.","authors":"Yujin Choi, Yunna Kim, Do-Hyung Kwon, Sunyoung Choi, Young-Eun Choi, Eun Kyoung Ahn, Seung-Hun Cho, Hyungjun Kim","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.27","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental health condition, and techniques using sensory stimulation in processing traumatic memories have gained attention. The Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) is a psychotherapy that combines tapping on acupoints with exposure to cognitive reframing. This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of EFT as a treatment for PTSD by answering the following research questions 1) What is the compliance and completion rate of patients with PTSD with regard to EFT protocol? Is the dropout rate reasonable? 2) Is the effect size of EFT protocol for PTSD sufficient to justify a future trial?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty participants diagnosed with PTSD were recruited. They received weekly EFT sessions for five weeks, in which they repeated a statement acknowledging the problem and accepting themselves while tapping the SI3 acupoint on the side of their hand. PTSD symptoms were evaluated using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) before and after the intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 30 PTSD patients (mean age 34.1 ± 9.1, 80% female), 96.7% showed over 80% compliance to the EFT sessions, and 86.7% completed the entire study process. The mean PCL-5 total score decreased significantly after the intervention, with a large effect size (change from baseline -14.33 [95% CI -19.79, -8.86], p < 0.0001, d = 1.06).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study suggests that EFT is a feasible treatment for PTSD, with high session compliance and low dropout rates. The effect size observed in this study supports the need for a larger trial in the future to further investigate EFT as a treatment for PTSD. However, the lack of a control group and the use of a self-rated questionnaire for PTSD symptoms are limitations of this study. The findings of this pilot study can be used to plan a future trial.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"27 1","pages":"27-37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10978442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140336076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suggestion for Objective Evaluation of Comparative Pulse Diagnosis.","authors":"Jun-Sang Yu","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.21","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2024.27.1.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Pulse is a method of Korean medicine diagnosis and is an important clue to detect the organs, nature, and progress of the disease. Pulse examination is included in the basic examination of Korean medicine doctors, but there is no standardized method for diagnosing pulse although the types and methods of the pulse taking are briefly described in the literature, making it difficult to spread the examination method. In this regard, I would like to propose an objective evaluation method.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Although the importance of pulse examination and the method of pulse examination are known in the literature, it is difficult for undergraduate students or inexperienced Korean medicine doctors to access it, so in this paper a method of marking the size of the pulse power in the blank space for objective evaluation was devised and presented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The size of the pulse power should be indicated using the 1-cell, 3-cell, or 5-cell method according to the left and right wrists and the <i>cun</i>, <i>guan</i> and <i>chi</i> on both sides.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The method of pulse diagnosis is an important diagnostic method as a verification process for making a Korean medical diagnosis. The remaining Korean medicine diagnostic methods, including pulse diagnosis, also need to undergo objectification. It is believed that the objectification of these diagnostic methods will lead to an improvement in the treatment rate of Korean medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"27 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10978443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140336078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Effectiveness of Manual Therapy for Infant Crying: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Ui Jin Park, Hye In Jeong, Kyeong Han Kim","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.285","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess and compare the effectiveness of manual therapy in alleviating infant crying, a common symptom of nocturnal crying (NC) and infantile colic (IC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Total effective rate, crying time and adverse events were used as outcome indicators. To assess the quality, the risk of bias was determined for each study by two authors, using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. RevMan 5.0 was used for data analysis. A total of 98 articles were identified from 6 electronic databases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among them, twenty-seven studies which included 13 NC and 14 IC were included. Meta-analysis showed favorable effects tuina therapy on total effective rate (TER) of NC (RR 1.20 [95% CI 1.05 to 1.37], p = 0.007), chiropractic therapy on crying time change of IC (SMD -0.83 [95% CI -1.61 to -0.06], p = 0.04) and massage on total crying time of IC (SMD -0.86 [95% CI -1.09 to -0.63], p < 0.00001). This systematic review compares different manual therapies for the treatment of NC and IC. While tuina, chiropractic, and massage show results in alleviating symptoms, the overall evidence remains limited due to the low quality and heterogeneity of the included studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therefore, further high-quality research with unified control groups is needed to establish manual therapy as a recommended treatment option for NC and IC. Protocol registration number is CRD42022348143 01/08/2022.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"26 4","pages":"285-297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10739473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of Glycation End Products Formation and Antioxidant Activities of <i>Ilex paraguariensis</i>: comparative study of fruit and leaves extracts.","authors":"Laura Cogoi, Carla Marrassini, Elina Malen Saint Martin, María Rosario Alonso, Rosana Filip, Claudia Anesini","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.338","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong><i>Ilex paraguariensis</i> (Aquifoleaceae) is cultivated to produce \"yerba mate\". Due to its nutritional, energizing, hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects, it is used in the elaboration of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The oxidative stress related to protein glycation and production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) leads to the development of several diseases. The objective of this work was to compare the antioxidant and anti-AGEs activity of a decoction of fruits (F) and leaves (L).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The antioxidant activity was assayed by the DPPH assay and the inhibition of egg yolk lipid peroxidation (ILP), and anti-AGEs activity, through the inhibition of the formation of fructosamine (IF), β-amyloid (Iβ), protein carbonylation (IC) and AGEs (IA). Polyphenols were quantified by HPLC.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Maximum response ± SEM For F 0.01 µg/mL IF = 42 ± 4%, IC = 17 ± 2% and for 10 µg/mL IA = 38 ± 4%, Iβ = 67 ± 7%. For L 0.1 µg/mL IF = 35 ± 2%, IC = 19 ± 2% and for 100 µg/mL IA = 26 ± 3%, Iβ = 63.04 ± 2%. The DPPH IC₅₀ = 134.8 ± 14 µg/mL for F and 34.67 ± 3 µg/mL for L. The ILP IC₅₀ = 512.86 ± 50 µg/mL for F and 154.8 ± 15 µg/mL for L. By HPLC L presented the highest amounts of flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids. F and L showed strong anti-AGEs activity, affecting the early stages of glycation at low concentrations and the late stages of glycation at high concentrations. The highest activity for both F and L was seen in the IF and Iβ. F presented the highest anti-AGEs potency. L presented the highest antioxidant potency, which was related to the highest content of polyphenols.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The fruits of <i>I. paraguariensis</i> could be a source of antioxidant and anti-AGEs compounds to be used with medicinal purposes or as functional food.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"26 4","pages":"338-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10739477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Combination Electroacupuncture and Tenuigenin on the Migration and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells following Ischemic Stroke.","authors":"Jae Ho Lee, Byung Tae Choi, Hwa Kyoung Shin","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.357","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Since stroke is a serious health issue, novel therapeutic strategies are required. In a mouse model of ischemic stroke, this study analyzed the potential of electroacupuncture (EA) and tenuigenin (TE) to improve the efficacy of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) transplantation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with reperfusion was used to generate ischemic stroke. Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups control, MCAO-operated, MCAO-EA, MCAO-TE, or MCAO + EA + TE. Subsequently, hMSCs were transplanted into the ischemic region and EA, TE, or the combination was administered. Behavior assessments and immunohistochemistry were conducted to evaluate motor and cognitive recovery and hMSCs survival, migration, and differentiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The combined treatment of EA and TE exhibited enhanced hMSCs survival, migration and differentiation into neural cell lineages while suppressing astrocyte formation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased neurogenesis through hMSCs transplantation in the ischemic brain. Immediate behavioral improvements were not significantly different between groups, but there was a gradual recovery in motor and cognitive function over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the potential of EA and TE co-treatment as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke, opening avenues for further research to optimize treatment protocols and elucidate underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"26 4","pages":"357-365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10739475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Adansonia digitata</i> L. Stem Bark Attenuates Epileptic Seizure, Depression, and Neurodegeneration by Mediating GABA and Glutamate in Pentylenetetrazol-Kindled Rats.","authors":"Adamu Muhammad, Luteino Lorna Hamman, Samaila Musa Chiroma, Martha Orendu Oche Attah, Nathan Isaac Dibal","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.327","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by repeated seizures attributable to synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. The study evaluated the effect of acetone extract of <i>Adansonia digitata</i> stem bark (ASBE) on seizure score, cognition, depression, and neurodegeneration as well as the level of Gamma-Aminobutyrate acid (GABA) and glutamate in Pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five rats were assigned into five groups (n = 7). Groups 1-2 received normal saline and 35 mg/kg PTZ every other day. Groups 3-4 received 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg ASBE orally while group 5 received 5 mg/kg diazepam daily for twenty-six days. Group 3-5 received PTZ every other day, 30 mins after ASBE and diazepam.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induces seizure, reduces mobility time in force swim test and decreases the normal cell number in the brain. It also significantly decreases (p < 0.05) catalase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione activities compared to the ASBE pre-treated rats. Pre-treatment with ASBE reportedly decreases seizure activities significantly (p < 0.05) and increases mobility time in the force swim test. ASBE also significantly elevate (p < 0.05) the normal cell number in the hippocampus, temporal lobe, and dentate gyrus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ASBE reduced seizure activity and prevented depression in PTZ-treated rats. It also prevented neurodegeneration by regulating glutamate and GABA levels in the brain as well as preventing lipid peroxidation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"26 4","pages":"327-337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10739472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vivo Genotoxicity Evaluation of a No-Pain Pharmacopuncture Extract Using the Micronucleus Test.","authors":"Ji Hye Hwang, Chul Jung","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.366","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2023.26.4.366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of a recently developed no-pain pharmacopuncture (NPP) targeting muscle relaxation and analgesia using the micronucleus test.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To evaluate the potential of NPP extracts to induce micronuclei in rat bone marrow cells, a micronucleus test was performed using male Sprague-Dawley rats. The test substance NPP was administered intramuscularly at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mL/animal. Saline was used as the negative control and cyclophosphamide as the positive control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No NPP treatment-related deaths or abnormal changes in general appearance were observed at any dose level during the experimental period. No statistically significant differences in body weight were observed in any of the NPP dose groups compared to the saline negative control group. NPP did not cause a significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) and PCEs or in the ratio of PCE-to-total erythrocytes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The NPP extract did not exhibit genotoxic in Sprague-Dawley rat bone marrow cells under the conditions of this study. Further toxicity studies of the NPP extract are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"26 4","pages":"366-372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10739474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139074453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}