Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Nationwide trends in psychiatric prescription practices for drugs with putative cognitive adverse effects in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders from 2013 to 2022.","authors":"Nathan Vidal, Solène Frileux, Nadia Younès, Emmanuelle Corruble, Christine Passerieux, Eric Brunet-Gouet, Paul Roux","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2650543","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2650543","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The management of schizophrenia spectrum (SZ) and bipolar disorders (BD) can involve psychotropic polypharmacy, high psychotropic doses, a high anticholinergic burden, and the use of anticholinergic agents and benzodiazepines, which are associated with poorer cognitive performance. We evaluated trends in those prescription practices in adult outpatients with SZ or BD between 2013 and 2022, to guide future treatment guidelines and interventions for improving cognition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective longitudinal analysis of the nationwide French health claims database. We identified the deliveries of psychotropic drugs (antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and antiepileptics) occurring between 2013 and 2022. We estimated mixed-effects linear regression models of the number of psychotropics prescribed, the total daily dose/DDD of psychotropics, cumulative anticholinergic burden, and the frequencies of benzodiazepine and anticholinergic agent use across diagnoses and age groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2013 and 2022, we measured small but significant declines in the number (<i>β</i> between -0.006 and -0.031) and dose of psychotropic drugs (<i>β</i> between -0.003 and -0.029) and the frequency of benzodiazepine use (<i>β</i> between -0.26% and -0.88%) within most groups. The use of anticholinergic agents decreased in adults with SZ but not BD, and the anticholinergic burden remained globally constant. In 2022, 42.1% adults with BD and 49.4% with SZD had at least once a high anticholinergic burden due to psychotropic drugs. Most trends towards deprescription halted after 2020.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The slight decrease in the number and total dose of psychotropic drugs and the deliveries of benzodiazepines from 2013 to 2022 suggest a better consideration of adverse effects in adults with SZ or BD. However, the use of anticholinergic agents and the anticholinergic burden did not consistently decrease, suggesting that prescribers fail to reduce anticholinergic burden. Efforts to support deprescribing are further required after the pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2650543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13040571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From supply to strategy: leveraging central medical stores experiences and information for health system strengthening.","authors":"Maria-Belen Tarrafeta-Sayas, Christophe Rerat, Sophie Pilon, Mieja Vola Rakotonarivo, Louis Dèhoumon Koukpemedji, Serge Yapo, Rachel Duncan, Danielle Hodjo, Landry Stéphane Baki, Aser Minoungou, Raffaella Ravinetto","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2649302","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2649302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The availability and affordability of essential medicines and other health products are critical to building resilient health systems and achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). In many Francophone African countries, Central Medical Stores (CMS) play a key role in procuring and distributing medicines for the public sector. As such, they generate first-hand data and knowledge on availability, pricing, and the performance of national supply chains. This Comment argues that CMS should be recognised not only as technical providers, but as strategic partners in national pharmaceutical policy and health system governance. Despite their constraints and the challenging environments in which they operate, CMS routinely generate supply-chain data that often remain underused beyond day-to-day operations. Where existing data sources on access to medicines are incomplete or unavailable, CMS data can help fill key gaps and inform planning, monitoring, and policy decisions. To operationalise this shift, we propose strengthening CMS analytical and policy-interface capacity and formalising collaboration and governance mechanisms with Ministries of Health and partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2649302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13037131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public contributions to the development of antibiotics: two successful and two failed investments.","authors":"Louise Schmidt, Ozren Sehic, Ursula Theuretzbacher, Claudia Wild","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2643309","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2643309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The aim is to showcase a detailed analysis of the contribution of public funding to two successful (gepotidacin and zoliflodacin) and two failed (epetraborole and ridnilazole) public sector investments in antibiotic development, using a previously developed and refined framework.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Detailed development histories of four products were constructed using information gathered from publicly available sources. Then searches were carried out on funding sources using press releases, investor reports, annual reports, patents and scientific publications. The framework for classifying public contributions was applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The two successful antibiotics received a significant amount of public funding: $519 million for gepotidacin and $281 million for zoliflodacin. Whilst the two unsuccessful antibiotics received considerably smaller sums from public or philanthropic sources ($85 million for ridinilazole and $18 million for epetraborole). The development trajectories of the two successful antibiotics notably demonstrate that market forces alone were insufficient for their completion. Despite promising clinical results, these products faced potential abandonment and were only advanced through substantial public funding and robust public-private partnerships. National research funding agencies emerged as the predominant source of support. In terms of absolute levels of funding, public private partnerships were the largest single contributors to total R&D contributions in three of the four cases. Specific funding amounts were least likely to be traceable for charitable/philanthropic contributions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using our established methodology for source identification and funder classification, we uncovered compelling evidence of the essential role played by public and philanthropic funding in antibiotic development. However, there is a significant amount of missing funds-related information. The work we have done on identifying sources for funding can be referenced in support pharmaceutical price negotiations to better reflect the level of public contribution to product development.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2643309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13034705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacists' implicit bias in suicide screening of male patients: an experimental vignette study.","authors":"Joseph A Carpini, Shokran Al Hassona, Alain Chai, Ray Darma, Eli Mwambi, Liza Seubert, Rhonda Clifford, Deena Ashoorian","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2639976","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2639976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suicide, a leading yet preventable cause of death, disproportionately affects males and sexual minorities. Community pharmacists, given their expanding scope of practice, are well-positioned to screen for suicide risk; however, there is limited research examining how implicit bias may influence suicide screening. This study aims to examine implicit bias in the screening of potentially suicidal men based on perceived sexual orientation and subgroup membership as well as between registered pharmacists and pharmacy students/interns.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A between subject experimental vignette design was used to assess implicit bias whereby the sexual orientation of the presenting patient was manipulated (straight vs gay) as well as subgroup membership for the gay category (twink vs bear). Each participant was presented with a random vignette describing a male patient with signs of potential suicide (physical symptoms and verbal). Participants reported their likelihood of screening the patient for suicide using the validated ASQ.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants (<i>N</i> = 155) reported their propensity to screen for suicide, with results suggesting implicit bias amongst registered but not student/intern pharmacists. Specifically, registered pharmacists were less likely to screen a straight male relative to a gay male. Suicide screening bias occurred against straight males when compared to both twinks and bears. Pharmacists did not discriminate between twinks and bears when screening.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results suggest pharmacists may minimise suicidal indicators amongst straight men, resulting in inaccurate risk assessments that may impede the identification and referral of at-risk patients to support systems. These results are concerning because men die by suicide at a higher rate than comparison groups such as women. Suicide prevention training, including recognising and diminishing implicit bias, is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2639976"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13021017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147574611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analysis of the registration of essential medicines in Namibia: a proxy measure of the availability of essential medicines.","authors":"Anastasia N Aluvilu, Justice E K Sheehama, Saren N Shifotoka, Juliet Nabyonga-Orem, Petra Brhlikova","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2643322","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2643322","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many African countries, including Namibia, face challenges with the availability of essential medicines, impacting health outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the availability of essential medicines in Namibia by examining the registration of medicines on the Namibia Essential Medicines List (NEMList) as a proxy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An in-depth analysis of the registration of essential medicines was carried out by comparing medicines in the NEMList against registered medicines on the Namibian Human Medicines Register as of February 2024. Microsoft Excel was used to capture details about the generic names of medicines, strengths, and dosage forms in which the medicines were available. A sub-analysis of antibiotics, which classified them using the Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) classification, was also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A high proportion of essential medicines listed in the NEMList, 80.2% (386/481) are registered in the country. However, essential medicines only accounted for 23.7% (1,288/5,444) of all medicines on the Namibian Human Medicines Register. Among the essential medicines registered in Namibia, only 45.5% (176/386) had at least three registered products. Of the 55 antibiotics on the NEMList, 94.5% (52/55) had registered products, with 96.2% (25/26), 92.0% (23/25) and 100% (4/4) of Access, Watch and Reserve group antibiotics having registered products, respectively. Despite the high proportions of registered essential antibiotics, only 65.4% of Access group antibiotics, 68.0% of Watch group antibiotics and 25.0% of Reserve antibiotics had at least three registered products.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Registration of essential medicines is crucial to ensure access and availability. Further studies are needed to understand the bottlenecks encountered by the Namibia Medicines Regulatory Council (NMRC) in registering essential medicines. Concerted programmes and policies to strengthen regional harmonisation of medicines registration should be developed, and essential medicines should be prioritised.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2643322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13011098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147513019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory and HTA framework for herbal medicines in Indonesia.","authors":"Mohamad Kashuri, Taruna Ikrar, Rani Sauriasari, Vishnu Juwono, Arry Yanuar","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2640252","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2640252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Herbal medicines are widely used in Indonesia and other LMICs, yet their integration into national health systems relies on coherent regulatory oversight, reliable evidence generation, functional pharmacovigilance (PV), and alignment with health technology assessment (HTA) and financing processes. Existing evidence varies in rigour and maturity, creating uncertainty for regulators and policymakers. A consolidated understanding of how available evidence informs regulatory, HTA, PV, and financing decisions is needed to guide a more predictable, evidence-informed governance framework for herbal medicines in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An integrative review was conducted using Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO IRIS, the ASEAN TMHS repository, and national regulatory portals for literature published between 2015 and 2025. Thirty-seven studies met eligibility and WHO-based methodological quality criteria. Data were extracted using a structured matrix, synthesised thematically, and deductively mapped to five analytic domains: evidence generation, regulatory pathways, HTA processes, pharmacovigilance systems, and financing-governance alignment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three system-level themes emerged. First, substantial misalignment exists between available evidence and regulatory requirements, driven by heterogeneous clinical methods, limited comparator data, and variable standardisation. Second, HTA remains weakly integrated into decision-making due to gaps in clinical effectiveness, limited economic evidence, and challenges in assessing multi-component interventions. Third, PV and governance systems show fragmentation, weak inter-agency coordination, and inadequate safety signal detection. These interdependent weaknesses reduce regulatory predictability, constrain HTA feasibility, and limit informed financing decisions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review provides the first integrated synthesis of evidence generation, regulatory pathways, HTA processes, PV systems, and financing-governance alignment for herbal medicines in Indonesia. Findings highlight the need to strengthen evidence standards, adapt HTA methodologies, reinforce PV and laboratory capacity, and improve regulatory-financing linkages. Implementing the proposed framework can enhance policy coherence, regulatory transparency, and safety oversight, supporting more credible and evidence-informed integration of herbal medicines into Indonesia's health system.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2640252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2636423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20523211.2026.2636423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2415416.].</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2636423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of mHealth interventions on medication adherence in breast cancer: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Rabia Hussain, Bayan F Ababneh, Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2633827","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2633827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Non-adherence to medication can reduce therapeutic effectiveness in breast cancer patients, thereby increasing the risk of disease progression or recurrence. This study aimed to systematically review the existing scientific literature on the impact of mHealth interventions on medication adherence among breast cancer patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and focused on randomised clinical trials published in English. The review evaluated the effectiveness of mHealth interventions in improving medication adherence in breast cancer patients from their inception through June 2025. The databases searched included PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Scopus. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers using Cochrane Risk-of-Bias version 2. The protocol was registered in the INPLASY database (INPLASY2024100061).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review included six randomised controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria. Various mHealth interventions were utilised to improve medication adherence among breast cancer patients. Examples included a smart pill bottle connected to the Pillsy mobile application, SMS reminders, text messaging, phone call reminders, and mobile games. Notably, most mHealth interventions were associated with significant improvements in medication adherence compared to traditional healthcare approaches; however, two studies reported no significant adherence benefits from text messaging compared with standard care. Three out of six studies measured adherence using self-administered questionnaires. For quality assessment, all trials demonstrated adequate randomisation techniques, appropriate allocation concealment, and used appropriate analysis to estimate the effect of assignment to intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Breast cancer patients who received mHealth interventions such as SMS reminders, phone call reminders, a smart pill bottle connected to the Pillsy application, and mobile games showed better medication adherence. To implement mHealth interventions, it is crucial to understand key factors that may influence outcomes, including the timing and frequency of interventions, the methods of measuring adherence, patients' preferences, and the duration of intervention assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2633827"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12951683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147348723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world effectiveness, safety, and quality of life of biosynthetic semaglutide in Pakistani adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a study protocol.","authors":"Muhammad Daoud Butt, Arshad Hussain, Siew Chin Ong","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2631932","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2631932","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a critical public health crisis in Pakistan, which currently holds the highest age-standardised prevalence globally. While semaglutide significantly improves glycemic control and weight, high costs limit access to the innovator molecule in low - and middle-income countries. Biosynthetic semaglutide provides an affordable local alternative, yet real-world evidence regarding its clinical performance and impact on quality of life (QoL) is currently lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>The BIOSURE study is a 30-week, multicenter, prospective, non-interventional, single-arm observational protocol evaluating biosynthetic semaglutide in 268 adults with T2D across Pakistan. The primary objective is to quantify the absolute change in glycated hemoglobine (HbA1c) from baseline to 30 weeks. Secondary objectives include assessing changes in body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and safety. Patient-centered outcomes will be measured via the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, and SF-36v2 health survey. Statistical analysis will utilise mixed-effects modelling and multiple imputation for missing data.</p><p><strong>Ethics and dissemination: </strong>Ethical approval has been obtained from the USM Human Research Ethics Committee and local IRBs. The study is registered with the ANZCTR (ACTRN12625000610437). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and policy forums to provide a clinical and assistive framework for scalable diabetes care in resource-constrained settings.<b>Trial registration:</b> Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry identifier: ACTRN12625000610437.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2631932"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12954801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147355460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial reimbursement incentives in the use of biosimilars for rheumatoid arthritis in Japan.","authors":"Hiroaki Mamiya, Toshiki Fukasawa, Koji Kawakami","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2633832","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2026.2633832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Biosimilars present a significant opportunity for cost savings. However, the uptake of biosimilars has been inconsistent across different regions and drugs, highlighting the need for effective policy interventions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Japan's reimbursement incentive policy on the utilisation of etanercept and infliximab biosimilars among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an interrupted time-series (ITS) analysis using data extracted from the JMDC claims database in Japan. Participants included those prescribed either the brand-name biologics or their biosimilars. The primary outcome was the proportional use of biosimilars relative to the total use of both biosimilars and originator drugs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ITS analysis demonstrated varied responses to the reimbursement policy across the two biosimilars. For infliximab, although the policy did not result in a significant level change (0.14%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.83, 3.11), there was a positive but nonsignificant slope change of 0.21% per month (95% CI: -0.13, 0.55). In contrast, for etanercept, the policy led to a significant level change, with an immediate increase in use by 13.48% (95% CI: 7.82, 19.14). However, the slope change showed a significant decrease by -1.09% per month (95% CI: -1.50, -0.68).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results indicate that while the reimbursement policy was associated with a short-term increase in the uptake of etanercept biosimilars, it had limited impact on infliximab biosimilars. This variation suggests that financial incentives alone may not be sufficient to enhance biosimilar adoption and that policies must consider drug-specific and healthcare setting-specific factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":"2633832"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12943821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}