Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the preparedness of hospital pharmacists practising in Southwest London for implementing pharmacogenomics testing.","authors":"Thuy Mason, Éirne Ní Dheasmhúnaigh, Heba Ghazal","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2432460","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2432460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pharmacogenomics (PG), the study of how genetic variations impact individual responses to drugs, has seen significant advancements globally in recent years. Hospital pharmacists play a crucial role in multi-disciplinary teams and understanding their preparedness to deliver PG services is essential for successful integration into the healthcare systems. This study evaluates their knowledge, training and seeks their views on PG testing implementation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on hospital pharmacists practising in Southwest London with the sample size determined as 137. The study was ethically approved. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was initially piloted, then distributed using emails with a link to Microsoft Form over a three-month period. It comprised 31 questions covering training levels, confidence, knowledge, perceptions, barriers to implementation and demographics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 46 responses were received achieving a response rate of 33.6%. The study revealed that 65% of participants had limited familiarity or understanding of PG. Over 50% indicated not receiving previous undergraduate or postgraduate training relevant to PG and accordingly their responses to the PG knowledge questions were lacking. Pharmacists with postgraduate training demonstrated better awareness and knowledge. An overwhelming number of participants envisaged carving a role for themselves favouring those that would complement their expertise in medicine management such as recommending appropriate treatment and dosages and suggestions based on PG testing results. Barriers identified were mostly concerning financial cost and shortage of trained staff to support PG services.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Most surveyed pharmacists were not prepared to deliver PG services and thus require tailored training; nonetheless, they exhibited a positive attitude towards PG suggesting a willingness to bridge learning gaps. This presents an opportunity for relevant organisations to provide necessary training and for universities to enhance the curriculum enabling pharmacists to be involved in PG implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2432460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug utilisation study in hospitalised chronic kidney disease patients, using World Health Organisation prescribing indicators: an observational study.","authors":"Wadia S Alruqayb, Vibhu Paudyal, Price Malcolm, Asif Sarwar, Jeff Aston, Anthony R Cox","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2430436","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2430436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with comorbidities and altered pharmacokinetics, making appropriate prescribing, and monitoring necessary to minimise drug-related problems (DRPs). Therefore, this study aimed to describe the drug-utilisation pattern in hospitalised CKD patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational study was conducted in hospitalised adult (≥18 years old) CKD patients in the UK using WHO prescribing indicators, from November 2021 to April 2022 in a large teaching hospital in England from admission until discharge. This study used STATA version 16 for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean number of drugs per prescription was 11.1(±5), the percentage of encounters resulting in the prescription of an antibiotic was 62%, the percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name was 90%, the percentage of encounters resulting in the prescription of an injection was 94%, and the percentage of drugs prescribed from essential drugs list or formulary was 89%. The most frequent drug group prescribed Alimentary Tract and Metabolism was 22%. Longer hospital stays, admission to a renal ward, and the number of comorbidities were independently associated with polypharmacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Not all prescribing indicators evaluated in this study were in full compliance with WHO recommendations. Polypharmacy was found in most participants which might require interventions to avoid DRPs. Further research is needed to evaluate factors associated with prescribing in the CKD population and prescriber perspectives on decision-making in the context of available guidelines and patient factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2430436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of electronic prescription system modifications on reducing prescribing errors in a military hospital.","authors":"Wafa K Alanazi, Saleh H Almutairi, Abdullah A Alamri, Muneerah F Alsubaie, Omar M Tohary, Mai T Hussein, Mohammed H Alshamrani, Ghalia G Alharbi, Hanaa M Alsomali, Qassem T Alsadran, Omar A Alzuwayed, Abdulaziz M Sumayli, Fahad S Alrasheedi, Yosef A Alamari","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2431177","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2431177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The implementation of electronic prescription systems has become a crucial advancement in healthcare, intending to enhance the precision, safety, and effectiveness of the prescription process. Electronic prescription systems provide many solutions to reduce prescribing errors by allowing system modifications that streamline the prescribing process to improve communication between healthcare practitioners<b>.</b> In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of electronic prescription system modification on minimising prescribing errors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective quantitative study assessed the effects of electronic prescribing system modification in a tertiary military centre in Saudi Arabia, specifically focusing on decreasing prescribing errors in different hospital departments. Collected data include all prescribing errors that occurred in the inpatient setting during the study period, while exclude prescribing errors for outpatient settings as they have different e-prescribing system. A total of 29,554 patient admissions were analysed to compare the frequency of prescribing errors before and after the introduction of electronic prescriptions modification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings from this study indicate a total reduction in prescribing errors after electronic prescription modifications from 1.43% to 0.51% (<i>p</i>-value < 0.001) across all departments, which is highly significant. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction of 49.8% in the overall prescribing error rate. The overall reduction in total errors occurrences after implementing e-prescription modifications suggests a systemic improvement, even if individual departments showed mixed results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study emphasises the advantages of electronic prescribing system modification in improving patient safety and optimising healthcare operations. However, the variance in results across departments highlights the need for tailored modifications and continuous system optimisation. By addressing the specific needs of each department, hospitals can maximise the benefits of e-prescribing system and achieve more consistent reductions in prescribing errors in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2431177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The national budget impact of managed entry agreement strategies match with high-cost drugs to maximise drug cost saving: a study protocol.","authors":"Piyapat Owat, Chaoncin Sooksriwong, Hataiwan Ratanabunjerdkul, Tuangrat Phodha","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2428395","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2428395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Drug expenditure is an important part of health expenditure. Managed Entry Agreement (MEA) is a common strategy implemented in many countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European countries to control drug expenditures, especially for new and high-cost drugs. This study aims to explore the appropriate MEA technique for reaching the lowest cost of drug procurement under specified uncertainty of the high-cost drug.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The cost of drug procurement varied by the MEA techniques will be investigated in the quantitative analysis based on MEA taxonomies and uncertainty in terms of price, use, and effectiveness. Then, the content analysis will be employed to the qualitative analytical part to summarise the matching of appropriate MEA technique with the characteristics of high-cost drug to lower the cost of drug procurement and increase access to high-cost drugs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The rationales for each MEA technique selection are similar across their objectives. MEA can help reduce drug expenditures. Therefore, the budget in health care system could be sustainable and the patient access to high-cost drug could be increased. However, it might not be suitable for some circumstances and should not be implemented to determine drug price or used as regular reimbursement.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2428395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11616773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pharmaceutical policy accident: collision of shareholder capitalism and Chinese state capitalism driving the shortage of an essential antibiotic.","authors":"Nadya Wells, Vinh-Kim Nguyen, Stephan Harbarth","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2430441","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2430441","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An explosion in a Chinese factory in 2016 caused a global shortage of essential broad-spectrum antibiotic piperacillin-tazobactam. Hitherto, no detailed, policy-relevant analysis has been conducted on this major shortage event. Thus, we aimed to (1) investigate causes; (2) describe supply chain challenges; and (3) uncover policy gaps to support possible mitigation actions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Applying an analytical framework for security of medical supply chains, we investigated the changing roles of Pfizer-led and Chinese API suppliers. We identified demand surge, capacity reduction and co-ordination failures. Triangulating between scientific literature, corporate, and regulatory documents, we analysed the impact of Western and Chinese policy contexts on supply chain resilience.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We uncovered 'red flags': geographically dispersed manufacturing failures due to complexity of sterile production; undetected supply chain concentration and interlinkages; and Chinese policy-led API supplier consolidation. We found these warning signals were ignored in the absence of a co-ordinated policy framework to identify and mitigate emerging global supply risks. Firstly, policy makers lacked visibility on growing 'volume dependency' in the chain. Secondly, national policy makers lacked a global view of supply risk. Thirdly, we show antibiotic API manufacturing economics were impacted by a number of non-pharmaceutical policy decisions (e.g. state aid, environmental standards, procurement rules) which contributed to supply chain vulnerability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest possible policy gaps in governance of supply chain resilience. Firstly, disclosure of API suppliers including degree of dependency may better pre-empt bottlenecks, facilitating priority setting for public investments in re-shoring where global API supply currently relies on few, or single plants; secondly, a whole-of-government approach may counter the potential impact of non-pharmaceutical policies on supply chain resilience. Our findings confirm suggestions from previous studies that international data sharing would be beneficial considering the global shortage effects which can emerge from a single point of failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2430441"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11616744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparency and corruption risk in pharmaceutical procurement practices at public health facilities in Northeast Ethiopia: a multi-facility study.","authors":"Ewunetie Mekashaw Bayked, Mahlet Maru Menelik, Husien Nurahmed Toleha, Birhanu Demeke Workneh, Teklehaimanot Fentie Wendie, Mesfin Haile Kahissay","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2432446","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2432446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fraud in pharmaceutical tenders is a severe form of corruption that poses a significant threat to public health, patients, and the community. Due to the substantial financial volume in the pharmaceutical sector, vulnerable points in decision-making for market entry and purchase are at risk. As a result, the objective of this study was to measure the level of transparency and risk of corruption in pharmaceuticals' procurement practices in South Wollo, North-East Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>From October 1 to December 15, 2023, a multi-facility, cross-sectional study was conducted. The participants were pharmaceutical procurement committee (PPC) members. The World Health Organization's (WHO's) standardised interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data was entered, cleaned, processed, and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Both descriptive and inferential statistics (univariate and linear regression analyses) were computed. The relationship between the independent (health facility level) and dependent (level of transparency) variables was determined using beta with a <i>p</i>-value of less than 0.05 and a 95% CI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One hundred eighty-seven respondents, from 47 health centres (low, medium, and high volume) and 14 hospitals (primary, secondary, and tertiary), participated. The aggregate result showed that pharmaceutical procurement practice was very vulnerable to corruption, with a transparency level of only 33.0% (3.3 out of 10). The univariate analysis demonstrated a significant disparity in the mean transparency scores between health centres and hospitals. The linear regression also showed that for every one standard deviation increase in the facility level, there was an associated 0.39 increase in the transparency level of pharmaceutical procurement (β = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.02-0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The pharmaceutical procurement practice at the health facilities was generally found to be very vulnerable to corruption, which slightly increased with a decrease in facility levels and vice versa.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2432446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11616756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142780483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of knowledge, perceptions, and readiness of healthcare professionals towards clinical pharmacogenomics implementation in Qatar: a mixed-method study.","authors":"Shaikha Jabor Alnaimi, Fatima Ajaj, Ahmed Awaisu, Turfa Alhathal, Shaban Mohammed, Moza Alhail","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2429785","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2429785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pharmacogenomics implementation in clinical practice is anticipated to improve our understanding of individual variations in drug response and optimise the safety and efficacy of drug therapy. We aimed to assess the knowledge, perceptions, and readiness of physicians, pharmacists, and nurses in Qatar regarding the implementation of clinical pharmacogenomics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mixed-method study with an explanatory sequential design was conducted. Phase I was the quantitative phase which involved sending an online survey to physicians, pharmacists, and nurses. Phase II was the qualitative phase which involved conducting focus group discussions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 802 responses were collected, with a response rate of 20%. Only 15.4% of participants had previous pharmacogenomics-related training. The median knowledge score for healthcare professionals was 4 out of 10 denoting low level of knowledge. However, compared to other professions, pharmacists had a higher knowledge score (<i>p</i>-value <0.001) and Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) holders scored higher than BSc holders (<i>p</i>-value <0.001). Despite the low level of knowledge, perceptions of healthcare professionals were positive. In addition, the majority believed knowledge of pharmacogenomics is necessary and that counselling patients on pharmacogenomics requires specialised training pharmacogenomic principles in practice. The main themes extracted from the focus group discussions were knowledge, outcome expectations, preparedness, facilitators, barriers, public education, and implementation planning. Regarding readiness, most healthcare professionals reported that they are not currently confident in applying.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Healthcare providers have a low level of knowledge of pharmacogenomics. Despite this, the majority have positive perceptions towards its implementation in practice. Compared to other professionals, pharmacists with a PharmD degree scored higher in the knowledge assessment. Most healthcare providers report low confidence regarding the readiness for the implementation of pharmacogenomics and report a lack of knowledge, specialised training, and clinical guidelines as barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2429785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11600515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142739776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of community pharmacists' experiences and perceptions on gabapentin abuse in Jordan: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Rana Abu-Farha, Lobna Gharaibeh, Karem H Alzoubi, Rawand E Ahmad, Ammena Y Binsaleh, Sireen Abdul Rahim Shilbayeh, Faris El-Dahiyat, Abdulsalam M Halboup","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2430445","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2430445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gabapentin is increasingly recognised for its potential for abuse, raising concerns within healthcare communities. Community pharmacists are on the front lines in identifying and addressing instances of gabapentin abuse, making their insights invaluable. This study aims to assess community pharmacists' experiences and perceptions regarding gabapentin abuse in Jordan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2024 using a questionnaire-based approach. The questionnaire, developed in English, was uploaded to Google Forms and distributed through social networking platforms. It consisted of four sections: demographic information, pharmacists' experiences with gabapentin abusers, strategies to limit access to gabapentin, and perceptions of gabapentin abuse, which were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. A Chi-square test was employed to analyze the association between categorical variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 209 pharmacists (median age 29.0 years, IQR 8.0 years). Concerning gabapentin, 72.7% of pharmacists received requests to sell it in the past 6 months. Of these, about 75.7% encountered suspected gabapentin abusers, noting behavioural changes (95.9%), frequent refill requests (90.4%), and inconsistent medical histories (87.8%) as key indicators. Most suspected abusers were male (81.7%) and aged 21-30 years (74.8%).Common reasons cited by suspected abusers for requesting gabapentin included neuropathic pain (93.0%), low back pain (89.6%), and mood instability (73.0%). Pharmacists perceived an increase in gabapentin abuse (74.5%) and expressed a need for additional training (83.3%). Additionally, 83.7% recognised their pivotal role in identifying and addressing gabapentin abuse. Finally, significant associations were found between working in chain pharmacies and receiving gabapentin requests (<i>χ</i>² = 9.159, <i>p</i> = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pharmacists have an important role in detecting gabapentin abuse which necessitates adequate education. Pharmacists have concerns regarding this issue and believe stricter regulations are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2430445"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11600517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142739774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Jordanian medical students' perceptions and concerns about ChatGPT in medical education: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Adnan Abu Hammour, Khawla Abu Hammour, Hamza Alhamad, Razan Nassar, Faris El-Dahiyat, Majd Sawaqed, Aya Allan, Qusai Manaseer, Mohammad Abu Hammour, Abdulsalam Halboup, Rana Abu Farha","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2429000","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2429000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT into medical education is expanding, offering benefits such as efficient information synthesis. However, concerns about the accuracy, reliability, and proper use of these tools persist. Understanding medical students' perceptions of ChatGPT is crucial for optimising its use in educational settings.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate how medical students perceive ChatGPT for educational purposes and to assess its perceived advantages and disadvantages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was carried out using a questionnaire with five main domains to explore Jordanian medical students' perceptions, practices, and concerns regarding the ChatGPT. This study was conducted from May to July, 2023, and the data were collected using the convenience sampling technique through Google Forms shared within medical students' Facebook groups. Descriptive statistics summarised participant demographics, while logistic regression identified factors influencing ChatGPT usage. Variables with a <i>P</i>-value ≤ 0.05 in multiple regression were considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nearly two-thirds (N = 136, 61.5%) claimed to have knowledge of AI but not in clinical settings. Most participants (88.5%, N = 216) were aware of ChatGPT, with 86.9% (N = 212) agreeing that 'Medical students can benefit from using ChatGPT.' Additionally, 83.2% (N = 203) felt that 'ChatGPT helps students quickly and easily summarize complex information.' Conversely, 78.3% (N = 191) expressed concerns about ChatGPT's potential inaccuracies, with accuracy and reliability cited as primary concerns. Multiple logistic regression showed that younger students (OR = 0.902, <i>P</i> = 0.025) and those with lower proficiency (OR = 0.487, <i>P</i> = 0.007) used ChatGPT more frequently than others.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the use of the ChatGPT could be more beneficial for aiding students in developing medical knowledge, evidence-based academic regulations should guide its use. Future research should be conducted to examine the enablers and barriers to ChatGPT use in medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2429000"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11590191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical multinational corporations (MNCs) and their exit from low and middle income countries (LMICs): analysing the causes and consequences.","authors":"Muhammad Akhtar Abbas Khan","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2428992","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2428992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Pakistani pharmaceutical industry cannot ignore the contribution of pharmaceutical multinational corporations (MNCs) in terms of innovation and access to advanced treatments. The sale of a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant by an MNC to a Pakistani company has again sparked a debate on why MNCs are closing manufacturing operations in the country. National firms are currently giving MNCs a tough time in Pakistan. Besides competition, MNCs face mergers and acquisitions that hinder the expansion of existing facilities. In the recent past, there has been a noticeable shift in the market shares of multinational corporations (MNCs) and local companies. The market share of national firms has gradually increased, reaching 74.51%, while the market share of MNCs has decreased, falling to 25.49%. These local companies have increasingly partnered with foreign companies through joint ventures, which has had a positive impact on their growth and market share. Nevertheless, the federal government recently deregulated prices for non-essential medicines, so it is expected that MNCs will show their commitment to Pakistan by investing in the country. Investing in new molecules and infrastructure is necessary for MNCs in order to maintain their position in the market. Infrastructure investment is crucial for the smooth operation of pharmaceutical firms. This includes the construction of state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities, the establishment of research and development centres, and the upgrading of technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2428992"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11578402/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}