Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Impact evaluation of guidelines on antibiotic utilisation & appropriateness in Malaysian public primary care: an interrupted time series analysis.","authors":"Audrey Huili Lim, Norazida Ab Rahman, Su Miin Ong, Siti Raidah Mohamad Azman, Fairus Zana Mohd Rathi, Mastura Ismail, Peter Seah Keng Tok, Bee Kiau Ho, Sheamini Sivasampu","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2355666","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2355666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The National Antimicrobial Guidelines (NAG) 2014 and NAG2019 in Malaysia targeted rational and judicious use of antimicrobials. In this study, we assessed the change in antibiotic utilisation and appropriateness due to the guidelines that were implemented from 2011 to 2019.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Interrupted time series analyses on rates of antibiotic appropriateness and utilisation were performed using prescription data from public primary care clinics in Malaysia between January 2011 and December 2019. Rates of antibiotic utilisation, reported as Defined Daily Dose (DDD) per 1000 patients per day, were stratified by antibiotic classes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 16,081,492 prescriptions recorded during the study period, 4.98% (<i>n</i> = 800,899) contained antibiotics. NAG2014 resulted in a significant increase in antibiotic utilisation trend by 0.029 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) while NAG2019 had a substantial impact on antibiotic utilisation, decreasing DDD by 1778 and increasing appropriateness by 54.6% (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Variation in the number of antibiotic molecules being prescribed also decreased after NAG2019.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate that the introduction of NAG2019 led to a substantial improvement in antibiotic appropriateness. At the same time, antibiotic utilisation decreased. Further research is needed to ascertain and ensure the sustainability of these changes and to establish targeted improvement strategies focusing on reducing inappropriate and unnecessary prescribing.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2355666"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of bevacizumab on clinical outcomes and its comparison with standard chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Tehnia Naz, Anees Ur Rehman, Aleena Shahzad, Muhammad Fawad Rasool, Zikria Saleem, Rabia Hussain","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2354300","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2354300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Advances in targeted therapies have expanded the treatment options for colorectal cancer (CRC), allowing for more tailored and effective approaches to managing the disease. In targeted therapy, Bevacizumab is a commonly prescribed anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody that has a direct anti-vascular impact in cancer patients. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs), especially VEGF-A, are significant agents in promoting tumour angiogenesis<b>.</b></p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the impact of adding Bevacizumab to chemotherapy on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Comprehensive searches have been performed on electronic databases such as PubMed, and Google Scholar using the following terms: colorectal cancer, adenocarcinoma, Bevacizumab, chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibody.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the meta-analysis, 16 out of the 24 included studies were analysed. In the final analysis, incorporating Bevacizumab with chеmothеrapy demonstrated favourable outcomes for OS with a hazard ratio (HR = 0.689,95%CI: 0.51-0.83, <i>I</i>² = 39%, p <0.01) and for PFS with a hazard ratio (HR = 0.77 95% CI: 0.60-0.96, I² = 54%, <i>p</i> < 0.01). The subgroup analysis of PFS, categorised by study dеsign (prospеctivе vs rеtrospеctivе), reveals that the Hazard Ratio (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.62-0.97, <i>I</i>² = 21%, <i>p </i>< 0.01) and for OS with a hazard ratio (HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.52-0.86, I² = 17%, <i>p </i>< 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate that combining Bevacizumab with chemotherapy enhances clinical outcomes and results in a significant increase in PFS and OS in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Positive outcomes are demonstrated by a substantial 23% increase in PFS and 31% increase in OS in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who undergo Bevacizumab in conjunction with chemotherapy<b>.</b></p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2354300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pharmacies are not state-owned in Denmark and in Finland.","authors":"Katri Hämeen-Anttila, Anna Birna Almarsdottir","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2360481","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2360481","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2360481"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International comparison of availability for orphan drugs: focused on approved orphan drugs in South Korea.","authors":"Eun Young Shin, Young Jun Hong, Kyung Min Lim, Tae Hyang Kim, Jong Hyuk Lee","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2354299","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2354299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In this study, we aimed to comparatively analyse the indicators of availability to orphan drugs in South Korea, the United States of America, Europe Union, and Japan.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For 169 drugs designated as orphan drugs in South Korea between 2012 and 2021, information on the drugs designated as orphan drugs from each jurisdiction was extracted by country. Then, the availability indicators (approval time, drug lag time, and designation gap) were analysed for the drugs approved in each jurisdiction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The approval rate of drugs designated as orphan drugs were 11.22% and 6.31% in the USA and EU, respectively, which was lower than that of orphan drugs in South Korea and Japan. The highest number of approved drugs was in the USA (87 drugs), EU 27 drugs, Japan 22 drugs and Korea 21 drugs. Furthermore, the approval time significantly differed between South Korea and the other countries. South Korea had a significantly different drug lag time and designation gap compared with the USA and EU.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings show that to fundamentally improve the access to treatments for rare disease, a policy of regulatory science that can comprehensively support the early stages of research and development and commercialisation is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2354299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing opioid stewardship in low-middle-income countries: challenges and opportunities.","authors":"Rojita Jadhari, Nabin Pathak, Rajeev Shrestha, Sunil Shrestha, Bhuvan Kc, Siew Hua Gan, Vibhu Paudyal","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2345219","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2345219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increased utilization of opioids in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) presents a growing threat of opioid-related abuse, misuse and diversion. Pharmacists, as integral members of healthcare teams, are responsible for dispensing and monitoring opioid use and hold a pivotal role in opioid stewardship within LMICs. This commentary describes the potential and multifaceted roles of pharmacists in opioid stewardship in resource-constrained settings and highlights appropriate strategies for promoting responsible opioid utilization. Opioid stewardship involves prioritising evidence-based prescribing, management and practices for pain management. It includes measures such as incorporating prescription drug monitoring programmes for appropriate opioid prescription, implementing safe disposal through drug take-back programmes, promoting non-opioid pain management, addressing the opioid addiction stigma, tapering opioid dose, educating patients and caregivers, establishing drug information centers, providing rehabilitative services and integrating collaboration with communities and experts. The combined difficulties of restricted access to healthcare resources and services coupled with low levels of literacy worsen the susceptibility to opioid abuse, misuse, and diversion in LMICs. Early detection, assessment and implementation of interventions to optimise opioid use are imperative for ensuring safe and effective opioid utilization, thereby mitigating the risks of overdose and addiction. The involvement of pharmacists in promoting safe and effective opioid utilization through education, monitoring, collaboration, and policy advocacy serves as a critical component in bridging existing gaps in opioid stewardship within LMICs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2345219"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141283952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory histories of recently withdrawn ovarian cancer treatment indications of 3 PARP inhibitors in the US and Europe: lessons for the accelerated approval pathway.","authors":"Mahnum Shahzad, Huseyin Naci, Katharine M Esselen, Joseph A Dottino, Anita K Wagner","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2351003","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2351003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Withdrawals of drug indications may reveal potential inadequacies in the regulatory approval processes of new drugs. Understanding potential weaknesses of the regulatory approval process is paramount given the increasing use of expedited pathways. In this paper, we focus on three poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (olaparib, rucaparib and niraparib) for the treatment of women with heavily pretreated, recurrent ovarian cancer, which were eventually withdrawn.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We use a comparative case study approach to evaluate the regulatory histories of these drug indications in the US and Europe.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two drug indications benefited from the FDA's accelerated approval pathway, which explicitly lowers the bar for evidence of efficacy at the time of approval. Following accelerated approval, manufacturers are mandated to conduct post-marketing studies to confirm clinical benefit. The FDA granted accelerated approval to olaparib and rucaparib based on data on surrogate endpoints and converted the approval to regular approval after the submission of additional data on surrogate endpoints from one of two required confirmatory trials, that is, without data on clinical benefit. Niraparib directly received regular approval based only on data on a surrogate endpoint. By contrast, the EMA granted conditional marketing authorisation to rucaparib and was quicker to restrict usage than the FDA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The regulatory histories of these drug indications highlight the need to reform the accelerated approval pathway by ensuring that post-marketing requirements are followed, and that regular approval is only based on evidence of clinical benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2351003"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11151792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associated cost of acute poisoning: a retrospective study.","authors":"Waleed Salem, Pallivalappila Abdulrouf, Binny Thomas, Wessam Elkassem, Dina Abushanab, Haseebur Rahman Khan, Yolande Hanssens, Rajvir Singh, Hany A Zaki, Aftab Mohammed Azad, Moza Al Hail, Shaban Mohammed","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2325513","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2325513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Poisoning is a major public health issue and a leading cause of admission to the emergency department (ED). There is a paucity of data describing the epidemiology and cost of acute poisoning. Therefore, this study investigated the epidemiology, patterns, and associated costs of acute poisoning in emergency department of the largest tertiary care healthcare centre in Qatar.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study was a retrospective review of the health records of patients admitted to the ED due to poisoning between January 2015 and December 2019. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and costs associated with acute poisoning were assessed. Frequency and percentages were calculated for categorical variables and mean and SD for continuous variables. The relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and poisoning profile was assessed using the chi-square test. A micro-costing approach using the cost of each resource was applied for cost calculations.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The incidence of acute poisoning was 178 cases per 100,000 patients. Females (56%) and children below 14 years (44.3%) accounted for the largest proportion. Most of the exposures were accidental involving therapeutic agents (64.2%). The mean length of hospital stay was found to be 1.84 ± 0.81 days, and most patients (76.6%) were discharged within the first 8 h. A statistically significant difference was found between age groups and type of toxin (χ2 = 23.3, <i>p</i> < 0.001), cause and route of exposure (χ2 = 42.2, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and length of hospital stay (χ2 = 113.16, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Admission to intensive care units had the highest cost expenditure (USD 326,008), while general wards accounted for the least (USD 57,709).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Unintentional poisoning by pharmacological agents is common in infants and children. This study will assist in the development of educational and preventive programmes to minimise exposure to toxic agents. Further studies are required to explore the impact of medical toxicology services, and post discharge monitoring of poisoning.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2325513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11089918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140916058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in prescription and cost of Sativex, a cannabinoid-based medicine, in treating patients with multiple sclerosis in England.","authors":"Farideh A Javid, Anam Alam, Emily Williams, Sidhra Sajid Malik, Usama Mohayuddin, Syed Shahzad Hasan","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2342318","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2342318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Cannabis-based medication has recently been made available in the NHS for reducing pain and spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The currently available preparation of Sativex (nabiximols) contains a combination of botanical cannabis extracts with cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) with almost equal amounts in addition to minor cannabinoids and terpenoids and is delivered via an oro-mucosal spray. The present study aims to examine the use and trends in prescribing cannabinoid-based Sativex to control pain in patients diagnosed with MS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Primary care prescribing data for cannabinoid-based Sativex (2013-2022) from the Prescription Cost Analysis were extracted and analysed. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine prescription trends and prescription costs (average change per year).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a general increasing trend in the number of prescriptions each year, from 4.42 items dispensed per 100,000 people in 2013 to 5.15 in 2022. Overall, prescription items for cannabinoid-based Sativex increased by 0.34% per year (95% CI:-3.98, 4.67, <i>p</i> = 0.860) on average between 2013 and 2022. On average, a 2.43% (95% CI: -5.78, 0.92, <i>p</i> = 0.133) increase per year was observed for the costs of cannabinoid-based Sativex from 2013 to 2022.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggested that cannabinoid-based Sativex should be considered an option due to its effectiveness, acceptable tolerance, and safety profile in the prescribing of Sativex.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2342318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11080669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140897973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Nepal's medicines pricing policy: evidence synthesis and stakeholders' consultation.","authors":"Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Santosh Dulal, Narayan Prasad Dhakal, Madan Kumar Upadhyaya, Birna Trap","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2346222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20523211.2024.2346222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objectives of this paper are to (a) explore stakeholders' opinions regarding Nepal's existing medicines pricing practices/situation and (b) build and present a set of medicines pricing policies for Nepal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A review of the literature and field visits to community retail pharmacies, hospital pharmacies, wholesalers, and distributor outlets in Kathmandu were conducted to assess the medicines pricing situation. Following the literature review, preliminary meetings with stakeholders and field visits were held and a draft interview guide was prepared. Consultative sessions subsequently were undertaken in Kathmandu, Nepal, in January 2023 with representatives from the Department of Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Population, Association of Pharmaceutical Producers of Nepal, consumer groups, Transparency International, Medicines Importers Association of Nepal/ Pharmaceutical Distributors Association of Nepal, Nepal Chemist and Druggist Association, and Nepal Pharmaceutical Association. Notes were taken during these meetings regarding issues and concerns raised as well as experiences and recommendations for the future, as outlined in the interview guide.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The stakeholders in general stated that they do not have any objection to price regulation; however, they believe such regulation should be subject to periodic review. Both the importers and the Ministry of Health and Population have the view that an independent body/authority should be charged with regulating the prices of medicines. A set of policy options to be considered for use in Nepal include cost-plus pricing, external price referencing, internal reference pricing, and mark-up regulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Key issues related to pricing were identified and suggest that a set of pricing policies and updated regulations need to be considered to establish changes that are transparent, rational, and acceptable to the related stakeholders. Hence, suggestions made in this paper could be useful to inform a rational and fair pricing structure and to improve access to medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2346222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11060005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140861495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Actual practices of community pharmacists in the management of diabetes: a comparison of simulated patient-based study with perceived role of involvement.","authors":"Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye, Yabibal Berie Tadesse, Abera Dessie Dagnaw, Eyayaw Ashete Belachew","doi":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2326381","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20523211.2024.2326381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study evaluated the level of community pharmacy professionals' (CPPs) actual practices and contrasted it with their self-reported perceived involvement in diabetes management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A self-reported cross-sectional and simulated patient (SP)-based study were employed at community drug retail outlets (CDROs) in Northwest Ethiopia. SP-case scenarios were used to examine the actual practices of CPPs in diabetes management and were compared with self-reported perceived involvement. The data were managed and analysed using SPSS version 26.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>About 184 participants in the self-reported and 100 CPPs' actual practices using three SP visits were included. The overall actual practice (17.8%) was found to be significantly different compared with the perceived level of involvement (73.5%) (<i>p</i>-value <0.05). About 94.3% of CPPs dispensed requested medications to the SP without a prescription. Despite most participants being perceived to be involved, more than 76% of CPPs did not counsel the SP for lifestyle modifications, avoiding risky behaviours, adherence to treatment, routine blood glucose checkups, diabetic foot care techniques, or consultation with physicians for further management.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A significant discrepancy between actual practices and perceived CPPs' involvement in the management of diabetes was observed. The findings may suggest that exploring possible gaps may be crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":16740,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"2326381"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10984231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140336059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}