Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Long-Term Stability, Sterility, And Cost-Effectiveness of 0.05% Chlorhexidine Gluconate as Antisepsis for Intravitreal Injection.","authors":"Asad F Durrani, Bita Momenaei, Viren Soni, Matthew Tennant, Jason Hsu, James Vander, Marc Spirn, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Yih-Shiou Hwang, Gagan Kaushal, Sunir J Garg","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0071","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Commercially available chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) has a beyond-use date of 24 h. This study evaluated the stability and sterility of 0.05% CHG for 30 days after opening and compared its cost to povidone iodine (PI) for intravitreal injection antisepsis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> 0.05% CHG was aliquoted into 1-mL syringes and stored at room temperature or refrigerated. Turbidity, pH, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and sterility testing were performed. A cost analysis was conducted. <b><i>Results:</i></b> 0.05% CHG remained stable for at least 30 days. All samples had measured turbidity <0.5 nephelometric turbidity units. The pH of all samples remained between 5.0 and 7.0. HPLC demonstrated CHG concentration at day 30 relative to day 0 of 98.52% ± 4.16% at room temperature and 99.99% ± 3.38% at 2°C -6°C. The cost per week to perform 150 injections using 0.05% CHG was $463.25 when opening a new bottle daily compared with $16.73 for 5% PI. This cost decreased to $23.16 when utilizing a bottle of CHG for 30 days. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> 0.05% CHG remains stable and sterile for at least 30 days after opening. The ability to use CHG for at least 30 days after its opening significantly decreases its utilization expense.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"581-587"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142017841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Lotilaner Ophthalmic Solution, 0.25%, Following a Single Dose or Repeated Doses in Dutch-Belted Rabbits.","authors":"Christopher S Crean, Elizabeth Yeu, Sathi Maiti, Sesha Neervannan","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0074","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To evaluate the ocular and systemic pharmacokinetics of lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, following bilateral topical ocular administration of single and repeated doses in rabbits. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Dutch-belted rabbits (<i>n</i> = 34) were administered lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, eye drops, either in a single bilateral dose (Group 1) or twice a day bilaterally for 7 days and once on Day 8 (Group 2). The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution levels of lotilaner were assessed following the single dose in Group 1 and the last dose in Group 2. The drug levels were examined in various ocular tissues and whole blood. The maximal concentration of the drug (Cmax), time to maximal concentration, the terminal phase elimination half-life, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), and total clearance of the drug were determined. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the eyelid margins, lotilaner exhibited the highest observed concentrations at 0.25 hour (h), presenting a mean Cmax of 14,600 ng/mL in Group 1 and 20,100 ng/mL in Group 2. The highest AUC was in the eyelid margin at 242,000 h×ng/mL in Group 1 and 535,000 h×ng/mL in Group 2. In the eyelid margin, the observed clearance rate (0.634 mL/h in single dose, 0.288 mL/h in repeat dose) was the slowest among all ocular tissues in both groups, with the longest half-life of 152 h (∼6.3 days) observed in the repeat dose group. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, demonstrated rapid ocular tissue absorption into the eyelid margin tissue with a long half-life of almost a week. No adverse effects were observed following topical ocular administration in Dutch-belted rabbits.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"588-595"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141988188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Decades of Research in Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Diseases of the Posterior Segment of the Eye.","authors":"Sílvia L Fialho, Armando Silva-Cunha","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0096","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"545-549"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142108491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory Requirements of Biosimilars: Drug Development in Ophthalmology, Part 1.","authors":"Cheryl L Rowe-Rendleman","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0151","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"550-552"},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Rebamipide for Dry Eye on Optical Quality and Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Yu-Ling Yan, Jing-Yao Chang, Xin-Ru Ling, Chun-Yan Xue","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.0098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To evaluate the effects of rebamipide ophthalmic suspension on optical quality and efficacy of patients with dry eye under different conditions. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A comprehensive search across five databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wan Fang) was conducted for studies published through May 13, 2024, focusing on rebamipide for dry eye treatment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 11 studies including 334 patients with dry eye were included. Tear breakup time (TBUT) values of patients with dry eye increased significantly after 2 weeks (standardized mean difference [SMD] =1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.05, 2.09]), 4 weeks (SMD = 1.26, 95% CI = [0.77, 1.75]), and 12 weeks (SMD = 1.04, 95% CI = [0.37, 1.71]) of rebamipide treatment. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with dry eye wearing soft contact lens (SCL) exhibited higher TBUT values after 4 weeks of rebamipide treatment compared with those who received rebamipide alone. In addition, rebamipide significantly improved fluorescein staining score of patients with dry eye after 4 weeks of treatment (SMD = -0.34, 95% CI = [-0.63, -0.06]). However, 4 weeks of rebamipide treatment showed no significant effect on Schirmer I test values (SMD = -0.04, 95%, CI = [-0.43, 0.35]) and higher-order aberrations (SMD = -0.73, 95% CI = [-1.77, 0.30]). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> These results indicate a significant improvement in the efficacy of rebamipide treatment for patients with dry eye, particularly for those wearing SCL. The effect of rebamipide on visual quality was found to correlate with the underlying dry eye status.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Jin Sun Hwang, Hyun Beom Song, Geonhui Lee, Sangmoo Jeong, Dae Joong Ma","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.0064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To examine the potential protective effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ASC-EVs) on ARPE-19 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) stress and to evaluate their ability to delay retinal degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> ARPE-19 cells were pre-treated with ASC-EVs for 24 h, followed by exposure to 200 μM H₂O₂ for an additional 24 h. RCS rats received an intravitreal injection of phosphate-buffered saline in one eye and ASC-EVs in the other eye. <b><i>Results:</i></b> ASC-EV pretreatment significantly protected against H₂O₂ in the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and was also effective in the lactate dehydrogenase-release assay. It notably reduced early apoptosis (Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assay) and late apoptosis (Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling assay), while significantly decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species, glutathione levels, and superoxide dismutase activity. <i>NFE2L2</i>, <i>HMOX1</i>, and <i>NQO1</i> mRNA levels, along with Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 protein levels, were significantly elevated with ASC-EV pretreatment. Compared with ARPE-19-derived EVs, 11 miRNAs were upregulated and 34 were downregulated in ASC-EVs. In RCS rats, intravitreal injections of ASC-EVs led to significant preservation of the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor segments, along with increased nuclear Nrf2 expression and elevated HO-1 and NQO1 levels in the inner retina. Eyes that received intravitreal injections of ASC-EVs demonstrated significantly preserved electroretinography a- and b-wave amplitudes at 1 week post-injection, though this effect faded by 2 weeks. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> ASC-EVs mitigated apoptosis and oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells subjected to H₂O₂ exposure and temporarily slowed retinal degeneration in RCS rats via Nrf2 pathway activation by miRNAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Intravitreal Multi-Characteristic Opsin (MCO-010) Optogenetic Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of Leber Congenital Amaurosis.","authors":"Adnan Dibas, Subrata Batabyal, Sanghoon Kim, Michael Carlson, Samarendra Mohanty, Najam A Sharif","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.0084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a sight-threatening inherited retinal disorder (IRD) caused by numerous genetic mutations. Multi-characteristic opsin (MCO)-based optogenetic therapy allows the recruitment of residual cells of the retina in LCA for alternative vision transduction while being mutation-agnostic. Using <i>rd12</i> mice, we investigated the <i>in vivo</i> efficacy of an adeno-associated virus2 (AAV2)-transduced ambient light-activatable MCO (MCO-010) containing a metabotropic glutamate receptor-6 bipolar cell-specific promoter/enhancer. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Mice requiring > 40 s to reach and board a dimly lit hidden platform in a water-maze were selected and randomly divided into 2 cohorts. These mice were intravitreally (IVT) injected with either 1.7E9 gene copies/eye of MCO-010 or control AAV2 and re-tested in the water-maze. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), hematoxylin and eosin staining of retinas, and electroretinographic (ERG) studies were also conducted. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Safety of MCO-010 in <i>rd12</i> mice was confirmed by the lack of significant detrimental changes in the mouse behavior, b-wave amplitudes and in retinal thickness. <i>rd12</i> control mice performed relatively poorly in the water-maze test requiring ≥ 30-60 s to find and board the platform. MCO-010-treated <i>rd12</i> mice reached the platform much faster than the AAV2-treated <i>rd12</i> mice, with some mice only requiring < 5 s to achieve this goal (<i>P</i> < 0.01-0.0024). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> IVT MCO-010 treatment was well tolerated by <i>rd12</i> mice, and it prevented the decrease in retinal thickness, and preserved ERG parameters. It also significantly improved the vision in <i>rd12</i> mice relative to control AAV2-injected mice. MCO-010 therefore represents a novel and efficacious optogenetic therapeutic to treat LCA and other IRDs irrespective of the genetic defect(s).</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142502484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"13-<i>cis</i> Retinoic Acid-Mediated Modulation of Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells Development: Implications for <i>In Vitro</i> Modeling of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.","authors":"Ning Wang, Kelan Yuan, Shuo Yang, Xiuming Jin","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> This study aimed to investigate the effect of 13-<i>cis</i> retinoic acid (13-<i>cis</i> RA) on human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) and explore the potential of using this experimental model as an <i>in vitro</i> approach for studying meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> First, HMGECs were cultured with 13-<i>cis</i> RA at different doses and times, and cell viability and proliferation rates were assessed to determine the appropriate stimulation concentration and time. Subsequently, during the proliferation stage, the expression of proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress genes and their products were evaluated. The meibum synthesis capacity was determined during the differentiation stage. Additionally, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (<i>PPARγ</i>) antagonist GW9662 was used as a control to assess the impact of 13-<i>cis</i> RA on <i>PPARγ</i>. <b><i>Results:</i></b> 13-<i>cis</i> RA significantly inhibited cell viability and proliferation in a time-dose response manner. Under the stimulation of 2 and 5 μM for 48 h during the proliferation stage, a significant decrease was observed in the expression of cell proliferation markers <i>Ki67</i>, antioxidant <i>SOD-2</i>, and <i>Nrf-2</i>. However, the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors <i>IL-1β</i>, <i>IL-8</i>, <i>MMP9</i>, and oxidative stress markers <i>NOX-4</i> and reactive oxygen species increased. During the differentiation stage, it suppressed meibum synthesis and the expression of meibocyte differentiation-related proteins adipose differentiation-associated protein 4 (<i>ADFP4</i>), elongation of very long chain fatty acid protein 4 (<i>ELOVL4</i>), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (<i>SREBP-2</i>), and <i>PPARγ</i>. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> 13-<i>cis</i> RA inhibited cell viability, promoted inflammation and oxidative stress, and suppressed meibum synthesis through the <i>PPARγ</i> pathway. Our study shed light on the effect of 13-<i>cis</i> RA on HMGECs and provided a promising direction for studying MGD <i>in vitro</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Atropine Administered Ocularly Using an Ultrasensitive Bioanalytical Assay.","authors":"Mohammed Bouhajib, Zia Tayab, Chantal Di Marco, Dennis Dong-Kyun Suh","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.0113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Previous pharmacokinetic studies conducted on atropine sulfate ophthalmical solution have utilized bioanalytical assays that lacked sufficient sensitivity to fully characterize the complete pharmacokinetic profile. To address these limitations, Pharma Medica Research Inc. has developed and validated an ultrasensitive bioanalytical method capable of accurately quantifying the active enantiomer, L-hyoscyamine, with a very low limit of quantitation of 0.500 pg/mL. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of L-hyoscyamine in healthy subjects using a highly sensitive bioanalytical assay. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Ten subjects were administered 0.3 mg of Isopto Atropine solution into the conjunctival sac of the eye. Blood samples were taken as early as 2 min and up to 24 h following administration. The plasma samples were assayed for L-hyoscyamine using a chiral method with an analytical range of 0.500-500 pg/mL. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using both a noncompartmental and compartmental approach. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The pharmacokinetics of L-hyoscyamine were fully characterized as there were no samples that were below the limit of quantitation following dosing. Using noncompartmental analysis, the mean C_max was 467.9 ± 159.4 pg/mL with a median (range) T_max of 0.5 (0.08-1) h. The mean area under the concentration-time curve was 1668.96 ± 436.02 h·pg/mL and the mean half-life was 3.91 ± 1.16 h. Overall, the study drug was well tolerated and no serious adverse events were reported. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Through the utilization of a proprietary ultrasensitive bioanalytical method, a comprehensive investigation into the pharmacokinetics of L-hyoscyamine has been successfully conducted. This advanced method offers significant potential for optimizing study designs and facilitating in-depth examinations of the pharmacokinetics of ocularly administered atropine formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142375553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Optejet Technology Minimizes Preservative-Mediated Cytotoxicity of Conjunctival Epithelial Cells Treated with Latanoprost <i>In Vitro</i>.","authors":"Ayesha Sultan, Deshea L Harris, Peter Lam, Julie Whitcomb, Pedram Hamrah","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.0085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a commonly used preservative to maintain sterility for multiuse eye drops such as latanoprost. One option to minimize the deleterious effects of BAK in eye drops may be to reduce the volume administered. The aim of this study was to assess the response of cells from the ocular surface to latanoprost+BAK administered by the Optejet technology, which dispenses a microdose (∼8 µL) ophthalmical spray. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Cultured human conjunctival epithelial cells were exposed to the following treatments: (1) no treatment, (2) drop form of latanoprost without BAK (∼35 µL), (3) drop form of latanoprost with 0.01% BAK (∼35 µL), (4) ophthalmical spray form of latanoprost with 0.01% BAK delivered by the Optejet technology (∼8 µL). After 5 h, cells were assessed for changes in cytotoxicity, morphology, and inflammatory marker expression. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Latanoprost+BAK delivered by a drop induced cytotoxicity, cytoplasmic shrinkage, and loss of cell-cell contact, and expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 and interleukin-6. In contrast, latanoprost+BAK delivered by the Optejet technology was both well tolerated and similar to no treatment controls and BAK-free latanoprost treatment. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> A microdose of latanoprost+BAK ophthalmical spray administered with the Optejet technology prevented the cytotoxicity associated with larger volumes found in eye drops. Precision dosing by the Optejet technology has the potential to decrease ocular surface disorder typically associated with eye drops containing preservatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}