Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Intense Pulsed Light on Presumed Neuropathic Pain Associated with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Before-After Study.","authors":"Gautier Hoarau, Anne-Laurence Best, Sourour Zina-Meziou, Maya Benali-Abdallah, Mhamed Loukil, Magalie Bouvet, Emmanuel Barreau, Antoine Rousseau, Marc Labetoulle","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0099","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) may cause chronic ocular surface pain (COSP) with a neuropathic component that can significantly impact quality of life and be poorly responsive to conventional treatments of MGD. Intense pulsed light (IPL) is an emerging treatment already acknowledged as improving refractory MGD, potentially modulating inflammatory mediators on the ocular surface. This study aimed to assess the impact of IPL on COSP associated with unresponsive MGD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A monocentric prospective study has been conducted from 2021 to 2023 on patients presenting with moderate MGD and COSP non-responsive to conventional treatments of MGD. Neuropathic pain components were suspected when severe discomfort (OSDI score above 33/100) was observed despite moderate objective signs. Three sessions of IPL were performed at a two-week interval. The primary outcome was change in OSDI at day 60. Secondary outcomes included OSDI modification at D120, DEQ-5, and Pentascore results at D60/D120, together with changes in clinical [Schirmer I, Fluorescein Break-up time (BUT), fluorescein staining, and MGD classification] and paraclinical tests [noninvasive BUT, tear meniscus height (TMH), and meibography]. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A significant improvement of COSP (<i>p</i> < 0.05 for changes in OSDI and Pentascore results) was observed 2 and 4 months after the last IPL session, together with an improvement in tear film stability, corneal epitheliopathy, meibomian gland obstruction, and TMH. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The results of this study suggest the beneficial effect of IPL on neuropathic component of COSP associated with MGD. The underlying mechanisms involved in that improvement, presumably related to downgrading of inflammatory effectors, remain however to be explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142583354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective Tissue Penetration of the Corneal Layers of Cyclosporin 2% Associated with Miglyol in Rabbits.","authors":"Gladys Gress, Fabien Lamoureux, Julien Bourgain, Ariella Ganem, Christophe Arnoult, Julie Gueudry, Marc Muraine","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0087","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a drug used to prevent immune rejection in corneal transplantation. Most grafts performed today are endothelial grafts which are complicated with poor penetration of CsA into the endothelium due to its hydrophobicity. To improve CsA penetration into the corneal a new ocular formulation of CsA 2% with Miglyol was developed and is commercially available. The purpose of this pharmacokinetic study was to determine the concentrations of CsA in all layers of the cornea, in particular in the endothelium after topical administration of CsA 2%-Miglyol in rabbits. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Sixteen rabbits were divided in 4 groups according to the time from the last instillation of CsA 2%-Miglyol to corneal sampling. Rabbit eyes received one drop of CsA twice a day for 5 days. Corneal tissue and plasma samples were collected at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. CsA concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Maximum concentrations (Cmax) of CsA were obtained in corneal tissues within 2 h after the last instillation of CsA 2%-Miglyol, except in the endothelium (12 h). Cmax were 59.75 ± 12.09 ng/mg, 15.66 ± 4.31 ng/mg, 5.17 ± 0.88 ng/mg, and 2.65 ± 0.47 ng/mg for the epithelium, endothelium, anterior stroma and posterior stroma. CsA concentrations remained high over a 24-h in all corneal layers. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The topical application of CsA 2%-Miglyol allowed a high concentration of CsA in the corneal endothelium. The good penetration of CsA into the endothelium suggests that this formulation can be effective to prevent endothelial graft rejection.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"17-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143007130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acknowledgment of Reviewers 2024.","authors":"","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.85690.revack","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.85690.revack","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":"41 1","pages":"39-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143189706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Atropine Administered Ocularly Using an Ultrasensitive Bioanalytical Assay.","authors":"Mohammed Bouhajib, Zia Tayab, Chantal Di Marco, Dennis Dong-Kyun Suh","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0113","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Previous pharmacokinetic studies conducted on atropine sulfate ophthalmical solution have utilized bioanalytical assays that lacked sufficient sensitivity to fully characterize the complete pharmacokinetic profile. To address these limitations, Pharma Medica Research Inc. has developed and validated an ultrasensitive bioanalytical method capable of accurately quantifying the active enantiomer, L-hyoscyamine, with a very low limit of quantitation of 0.500 pg/mL. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of L-hyoscyamine in healthy subjects using a highly sensitive bioanalytical assay. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Ten subjects were administered 0.3 mg of Isopto Atropine solution into the conjunctival sac of the eye. Blood samples were taken as early as 2 min and up to 24 h following administration. The plasma samples were assayed for L-hyoscyamine using a chiral method with an analytical range of 0.500-500 pg/mL. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using both a noncompartmental and compartmental approach. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The pharmacokinetics of L-hyoscyamine were fully characterized as there were no samples that were below the limit of quantitation following dosing. Using noncompartmental analysis, the mean C_max was 467.9 ± 159.4 pg/mL with a median (range) T_max of 0.5 (0.08-1) h. The mean area under the concentration-time curve was 1668.96 ± 436.02 h·pg/mL and the mean half-life was 3.91 ± 1.16 h. Overall, the study drug was well tolerated and no serious adverse events were reported. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Through the utilization of a proprietary ultrasensitive bioanalytical method, a comprehensive investigation into the pharmacokinetics of L-hyoscyamine has been successfully conducted. This advanced method offers significant potential for optimizing study designs and facilitating in-depth examinations of the pharmacokinetics of ocularly administered atropine formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142375553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacokinetics of a New Preservative-Free Bimatoprost 0.01% Ophthalmic Gel to Treat Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension.","authors":"Carl Erb, Fotis Topouzis, Hari Jayaram, Fanny Allan, Sylvie Nisslé, Francisco J Muñoz-Negrete, Ingeborg Stalmans","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0092","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ocular penetration and systemic accumulation of preservative-free bimatoprost 0.01% ophthalmic gel (PFB 0.01% gel). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In a preclinical study, pigmented rabbits received a single ocular administration of PFB 0.01% gel (<i>N</i> = 15) or preserved bimatoprost 0.01% or 0.03% ophthalmic solution [PB 0.01% (<i>N</i> = 15) or PB 0.03% (<i>N</i> = 15)]. The aqueous humor, iris, and ciliary body were analyzed for bimatoprost+bimatoprost free acid. In a Phase 1, randomized, open-label clinical study, healthy participants received PFB 0.01% gel (<i>N</i> = 20) or PB 0.01% (<i>N</i> = 20) daily in each eye (Days 1-15). Bimatoprost levels in human plasma were analyzed on Days 1 and 15. All serological analyses used validated methods. Adverse events were collected throughout and ocular assessments were performed on Days 1 and 15. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the preclinical study, Cmax (bimatoprost+bimatoprost free acid) for PFB 0.01% gel, PB 0.01%, and PB 0.03% was 50.2, 26.3, and 59.9 ng/mL; AUC_0.5-8 h was 134.0 ng·h/mL, 67.0 ng·h/mL, and 148.0 ng·h/mL. In the clinical study, systemic exposure to bimatoprost (AUC_0-last) on Days 1 and 15 was lower for PFB 0.01% gel (0.5248 and 0.5645 ng·min/mL) than PB 0.01% (0.8461 and 0.7551 ng·min/mL), with no systemic accumulation of bimatoprost in either group. There were no clinically important differences between groups in ocular or systemic tolerability in the clinical study and no serious adverse events. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> PFB 0.01% gel showed improved ocular penetration compared with PB 0.01%. Systemic absorption was comparable, with a favorable clinical safety profile, supporting PFB 0.01% gel as a potential treatment for glaucoma and ocular hypertension.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duration of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Suppression after Intravitreal Injection of Faricimab in Macaque Eyes.","authors":"Riko Matsumoto, Shumpei Obata, Masashi Kakinoki, Osamu Sawada, Ikuo Kawamoto, Mitsuru Murase, Masahito Ohji","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0138","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To evaluate the duration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) suppression in the aqueous humor of macaque eyes after intravitreal faricimab (IVF) injection. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Faricimab (6 mg/50 µL) was injected into the vitreous cavity of the right eye of 6 macaques. Aqueous humor samples (150 μL) were collected from both eyes immediately before injection and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 84, and 112 after injection. The VEGF concentrations in the aqueous humor were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The VEGF was undetectable until 4 weeks after IVF injection in 4 eyes and until 6 weeks in the remaining 2 eyes. The mean duration of complete VEGF suppression was 4.7 weeks (range, 4-6 weeks). The VEGF concentration did not decrease in the aqueous humor of the non-injected fellow eyes. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Faricimab effectively suppressed the VEGF concentrations in the aqueous humor of macaques for an average of 4.7 weeks after a single intravitreal injection. It did not reduce the VEGF concentrations in the aqueous humor of the fellow eyes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"33-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Effects of Human Placental Extracts Eye Drops in Experimental Dry Eye and Alkali Burn.","authors":"Hui Jin, Hyeon-Jeong Yoon, Enying Jiang, Jingting Liu, Hee Su Yoon, Ji Suk Choi, Jayoung Moon, Hong Qi, Kyung Chul Yoon","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.0121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To evaluate the efficacy of human placental extract (HPE) eye drops compared to that of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and human peripheral blood serum (HPBS) eye drops in a mouse model of experimental dry eye (EDE) and corneal alkali burns. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> EDE and alkali burn models were induced in C57BL/6 mice using desiccating stress and NaOH, respectively. In both the EDE and alkali burn models, treatment groups received CMC, HPBS, or HPE eye drops. In EDE model, tear volume, tear break-up time (TBUT), and total corneal fluorescein staining score (CFSS) were measured. ROS were detected with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Conjunctiva goblet cells were identified by periodic acid-Schiff staining, and corneal epithelial apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. In alkali burn model, the area and diameter of epithelial defects were assessed in each group. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the EDE model, tear volume, CFSS, and epithelial apoptosis were significantly improved in all treatment groups. Compared to the CMC group, the HPE group showed a better improvement in the production of tear volume, TBUT, CFSS, ROS, and conjunctiva goblet cell density. There were no significant differences in parameters between the HPBS and HPE groups except for TBUT at 14 days. In the alkali burn model, the HPE group had a smaller area compared to the control and CMC groups and a shorter diameter compared to the control group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> HPE eye drops were as effective as HPBS eye drops in improving the clinical signs and ocular surface oxidative damage of EDE and in promoting corneal epithelialization after alkali burn.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>N</i>-Methyl-d-Aspartate-Induced Excitotoxicity and Its Impact on the Renin-Angiotensin System in Retinal Tissue.","authors":"Abdul Malick Sahib Mohammed Irfan, Sharon Geoffrey, Htet Htet, Purushotham Krishnappa, Norhafiza Razali, Igor Iezhitsa, Renu Agarwal","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2024.0131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is expressed in neuronal tissue and plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases involving excitotoxicity as a pathophysiological mechanism. In retina, excessive excitatory neurotransmission via <i>N</i>-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors underlies neuronal apoptosis in conditions like glaucoma. However, it is not known if NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity alters retinal RAS expression. Hence, this study investigated the effect of NMDA exposure on the expression of RAS in rat retinas. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats received either phosphate buffer saline or NMDA (160 nmol). On day 7 posttreatment, retinal expression of RAS components including renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang II), Ang 1-7, Ang 1-9, MAS receptor, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), ACE2, and aldosterone was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction. Morphometric studies were done to assess morphological alterations. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Following the exposure to NMDA, an upregulation of ACE expression was noted at both the protein (2.03-folds; <i>P</i> < 0.001) and mRNA (1.86-folds; <i>P</i> < 0.01) levels in rat retinas. AT1R protein and mRNA expression were greater by 1.73 (<i>P</i> < 0.0001) and 2.28-folds (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), respectively. However, mRNA expression for ACE2, Ang 1-7, and Ang 1-9, showed a 1.51-(<i>P</i> < 0.05), 2.41-(<i>P</i> < 0.001), and 2.37-(<i>P</i> < 0.0001) fold decrease. Ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness and linear cell density in GCL were significantly lower in the NMDA-treated group (<i>P</i> < 0.05). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> NMDA exposure increases expression of the classical RAS and suppresses that of alternate RAS in rat retinas. These alterations are associated with retinal morphological changes indicating significant loss of neuronal cells in the GCL of rat retinas.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142813607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eyes on New Product Development.","authors":"Gary D Novack","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0170","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"615-616"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"13-<i>cis</i> Retinoic Acid-Mediated Modulation of Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells Development: Implications for <i>In Vitro</i> Modeling of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.","authors":"Ning Wang, Kelan Yuan, Shuo Yang, Xiuming Jin","doi":"10.1089/jop.2024.0027","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jop.2024.0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> This study aimed to investigate the effect of 13-<i>cis</i> retinoic acid (13-<i>cis</i> RA) on human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) and explore the potential of using this experimental model as an <i>in vitro</i> approach for studying meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> First, HMGECs were cultured with 13-<i>cis</i> RA at different doses and times, and cell viability and proliferation rates were assessed to determine the appropriate stimulation concentration and time. Subsequently, during the proliferation stage, the expression of proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress genes and their products were evaluated. The meibum synthesis capacity was determined during the differentiation stage. Additionally, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (<i>PPARγ</i>) antagonist GW9662 was used as a control to assess the impact of 13-<i>cis</i> RA on <i>PPARγ</i>. <b><i>Results:</i></b> 13-<i>cis</i> RA significantly inhibited cell viability and proliferation in a time-dose response manner. Under the stimulation of 2 and 5 μM for 48 h during the proliferation stage, a significant decrease was observed in the expression of cell proliferation markers <i>Ki67</i>, antioxidant <i>SOD-2</i>, and <i>Nrf-2</i>. However, the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors <i>IL-1β</i>, <i>IL-8</i>, <i>MMP9</i>, and oxidative stress markers <i>NOX-4</i> and reactive oxygen species increased. During the differentiation stage, it suppressed meibum synthesis and the expression of meibocyte differentiation-related proteins adipose differentiation-associated protein 4 (<i>ADFP4</i>), elongation of very long chain fatty acid protein 4 (<i>ELOVL4</i>), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (<i>SREBP-2</i>), and <i>PPARγ</i>. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> 13-<i>cis</i> RA inhibited cell viability, promoted inflammation and oxidative stress, and suppressed meibum synthesis through the <i>PPARγ</i> pathway. Our study shed light on the effect of 13-<i>cis</i> RA on HMGECs and provided a promising direction for studying MGD <i>in vitro</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":16689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"659-667"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}