Journal of neuroimmunology最新文献

{"title":"Corneal neuro-immune crosstalk in Fabry disease: An in vivo confocal microscopic study","authors":"Xuecong Zhou ,&nbsp;Yingsi Li ,&nbsp;Yawen Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Yan ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aims to assess the corneal nerve damage and corneal immune alteration by <em>in vivo</em> confocal microscopy (IVCM) in Fabry disease (FD)</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixty-two eyes from 31 patients with FD were analysed and compared with fifty eyes from 25 healthy controls in this prospective, cross-sectional, controlled, single-center study. After evaluating corneal sensation by the Cochet-bonnet esthesiometer, the IVCM was performed to evaluate the sub-basal nerve plexus (CSNP) including density, number, tortuosity and reflectivity of corneal nerve, and the inflammatory cells including mature/immature Langerhans cells (LCs) and leukocytes. The differences between FD and healthy controls, different genders (heterozygous and hemizygous), phenotypes (classical, nonclassical) and Mainz severity score index (MSSI) scores were compared</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A significant reduction of corneal nerve density, number and reflectivity, as well as an increase of tortuosity occurred in the FD group compared with healthy controls (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). The density of LCs was significantly increased in the FD group compared with the healthy controls in the central cornea (<em>P</em> = 0.016) and peripheral cornea (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). The more severe corneal neuropathy and higher density of LCs were found in hemizygous males than heterozygous females (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). As for the difference between distinct phenotypes and MSSI scores, we did not find significant difference in corneal nerve parameters and LCs density</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>IVCM provides parameters that reliably indicate corneal nerve damage and inflammatory activation in patients with FD</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578759"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of autophagy in chronic pain","authors":"Fu-qi Zhu ,&nbsp;Wen-jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Bao-zhu Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pain is the biggest factor affecting patients' daily life, and how to alleviate patients' pain and prevent it from developing into chronic pain has always been a key therapeutic goal for clinicians. There are three main causes of chronic pain, which are inflammation, nerve and tumor. And autophagy, as an important pathway to maintain homeostasis of the organism, not only affects the normal autophagy function, but also plays an important role in anti-inflammation, maintenance of nerve cell homeostasis, and inhibition of cancer occurrence and metastasis. Based on the above characteristics, we believe that autophagy has great potential in reducing and avoiding chronic pain. In this paper, after introducing chronic pain and autophagy-related genes, we delve into the pathological mechanisms of chronic pain generation, search for the relationship between autophagy and the three major causes of chronic pain, and find that autophagy may have a powerful therapeutic effect in reducing pain. We believe that autophagy can be a new target for the treatment of chronic pain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578757"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuronal inflammation-associated biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies","authors":"Ümit Atasever ,&nbsp;Canan Akünal ,&nbsp;Hayriye Soytürk","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Immune-mediated polyneuropathies such as acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy are challenging to diagnose and treat effectively.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the diagnostic value of certain biomarkers associated with neuronal inflammation in patients with inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Medical records of patients who presented to the Neurology Clinic of BAİBÜ Education and Research Hospital between December 2023 and October 2024 and underwent lumbar puncture (LP) for diagnostic purposes were retrospectively reviewed. CSF samples and clinical data of 20 AIDP patients, 18 CIDP patients, and 15 patients with pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), included as the unhealthy control group, were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The CSF levels of NfL, NfH, GFAP, SM, and BDNF in the AIDP group were significantly higher than those in the PTC group (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). In the CIDP group, CSF NfL, GFAP, and SM levels were significantly elevated compared to the PTC group (p &lt; 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in CSF NfH and BDNF levels between the CIDP and PTC groups. Furthermore, the AIDP group had significantly higher levels of NfH and BDNF in CSF compared to the CIDP group (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings suggest that in AIDP and CIDP patients, the elevation of CSF NfL, NfH, and GFAP levels may be associated with secondary proximal axonal damage. Additionally, SM could serve as an indicator of myelin breakdown and remodeling, while the compensatory effect of BDNF may support remyelination. In conclusion, these five biomarkers may represent promising targets for the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AIDP and CIDP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578756"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunity in Parkinson's disease - the role of adaptive and auto-immune responses and gut-microbiome axis","authors":"A.R. Satvik Iyengar ,&nbsp;Peter R. Dunkley,&nbsp;Phillip W. Dickson","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterised by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates referred to as Lewy bodies. PD is a progressive disease and the treatments available are aimed at addressing only its symptomatology. Immune dysregulation is one of the several mechanisms that are hypothesized to contribute towards PD pathogenesis. This review firstly addresses the interaction of innate and adaptive immune components and the role of adaptive immune responses, with a particular focus on T lymphocytes in PD. The review secondly examines the evidence for the involvement of the autoimmune system in PD, including the presence of autoantibodies and the association of autoimmunity with proteins linked with PD (α-synuclein and neuromelanin) and with infections. The review thirdly explores the connection between the gut microbiota the immune system and the impact of this relationship on the pathogenic processes of PD. Finally, this review discusses adaptive immunity based therapeutic strategies for PD, probable PD detection approaches based on autoimmunity, and the potential of gut-microbiome replenishment in PD treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578755"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bortezomib for the treatment of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a patient with psoriatic arthritis receiving adalimumab: A case report and literature review","authors":"Lohith Karigowda ,&nbsp;David Brown ,&nbsp;Chong Wong ,&nbsp;Kush Deshpande","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anti -<em>N</em>-methyl-<span>d</span>-aspartate receptor antibody (Anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a serious autoimmune disease that can occur in patients on anti–TNF-α therapy. Adalimumab is a fully human, recombinant monoclonal antibody that inactivates tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and is used to treat various autoimmune diseases. The use of Adalimumab has been reported to be associated with autoimmune demyelinating conditions and increases the risk of malignancies. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis associated with anti–TNF-α therapy responds to high-dose corticosteroids, plasma exchange procedures (PLEX), and subsequently, B-cell depletion by the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. A small subset of patients, however, remains refractory to steroids, plasma exchange and rituximab therapy. In these patients, Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, is a potentially effective treatment for those who fail second-line immune therapies.</div><div>Here, we report a case of severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a 39-year-old man with psoriatic arthritis who was on Adalimumab treatment for two years before symptom onset. He was refractory to high-dose steroids, plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), and rituximab. Four cycles of Bortezomib were administered 44 days after hospital presentation due to non-resolution of symptoms; following which, we observed gradual neurological recovery, and he was discharged after 94 days of hospital admission. This case demonstrates that Bortezomib may be useful in treating refractory cases of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in patients on Adalimumab.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578754"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mononuclear phagocytes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Untreated and treated with anti-CD20 therapy","authors":"Marie Mathilde Hansen ,&nbsp;Sahla El Mahdaoui ,&nbsp;Malene Bredahl Hansen ,&nbsp;Victoria Hyslop Hvalkof ,&nbsp;Mie Reith Mahler ,&nbsp;Signe Refstrup Husted ,&nbsp;Helle Bach Søndergaard ,&nbsp;Poul Jennum ,&nbsp;Jeppe Romme Christensen ,&nbsp;Marina Rode von Essen ,&nbsp;Finn Sellebjerg","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes, macrophages, and microglia, play key roles in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). While anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies effectively treat relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), their secondary effects on mononuclear phagocytes remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective and methods</h3><div>We analyzed blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mononuclear phagocytes in patients with RRMS treated with anti-CD20 therapy for 6 months, untreated patients, and controls. Flow cytometry was used to assess the prevalence, phenotype, and cytokine production by blood monocytes. Chitinase-1 (CHIT1) levels in CSF were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Blood monocyte frequencies were elevated in untreated and anti-CD20-treated RRMS patients compared with controls. CSF mononuclear phagocytes differed from blood monocytes and were classified as either CD16⁺ or CD16⁻, with CD16⁺ mononuclear phagocytes being enriched in all groups. However, the frequencies of CD16⁻ mononuclear phagocytes in CSF were higher in untreated and anti-CD20-treated RRMS patients compared to controls, and the expression of CD206 and CCR2 on CD16⁻ mononuclear phagocytes differed between untreated patients and controls. Blood monocyte cytokine production did not differ between untreated and anti-CD20-treated patients. CSF CHIT1 levels were elevated in both untreated and anti-CD20-treated patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The comparable blood and CSF mononuclear phagocyte phenotypes, along with persistently elevated CHIT1 concentrations in CSF of untreated and anti-CD20-treated patients with RRMS, suggest that residual innate immune activation is not normalized by 6 months of anti-CD20 treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PERM associated with thymic carcinoma with triple-autoantibody positivity: case report and literature review","authors":"Salvador Martínez-Medina ,&nbsp;Edgar Ricardo Olivas-Domínguez ,&nbsp;Rocio Nataly Romero-Armenta ,&nbsp;Andrea Avalos-Arias ,&nbsp;Rubén Martínez-Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) represents a severe Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) variant with brainstem and autonomic involvement. Although PERM is occasionally paraneoplastic—typically associated with antibodies such as anti-GAD, anti-GlyR, and anti-amphiphysin—its association with thymic carcinoma has not been previously described.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To report a case of PERM associated with thymic carcinoma and triple autoantibody positivity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and to review the literature on paraneoplastic and multiple-antibody PERM.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature review of paraneoplastic and multiple-antibody PERM cases was conducted in English. The case report follows CARE guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>A 47-year-old Mexican-mestizo female patient was diagnosed with PERM secondary to stage IIIB thymic carcinoma. Brain MRI revealed hyperintensities in the mesial temporal and orbitofrontal regions. CSF analysis showed anti-GAD65, anti-amphiphysin, and anti-titin antibodies. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy resulted in marked clinical improvement.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The literature review demonstrated wide clinical and immunological heterogeneity. Most patients were female, typically presenting in later adulthood. Anti-GAD was the most frequent antibody, often coexisting with others in thymoma-associated cases. Presentations were consistently severe, often involving neuropsychiatric, autonomic, and brainstem symptoms, despite frequently unremarkable MRI findings. Coexisting antibodies in paraneoplastic cases were linked to more aggressive disease, while anti-GlyR positivity was associated with milder presentations and better treatment response. Early immunotherapy was generally beneficial.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This case highlights the need for timely oncologic and immunologic evaluation in atypical SPS presentations and underscores the therapeutic importance of early diagnosis and treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cranial neuropathies related to immune checkpoint inhibitors","authors":"Gabriel de Deus Vieira ,&nbsp;Vinícius de Oliveira Boldrini ,&nbsp;Luana Schlindwen ,&nbsp;Ed Cleso Pereira de Souza Filho ,&nbsp;Maria Eduarda Schulz ,&nbsp;Felipe Fanine de Souza ,&nbsp;Julia Petry Trevisani ,&nbsp;Pedro Higor Campezato ,&nbsp;Amanda Haag ,&nbsp;Marcus Vinicius Magno Gonçalves","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the last decade, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that function as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been used to treat various types of cancer. ICIs are often more effective than certain types of chemotherapy by reversing the exhaustion of CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and NK cells induced by tumor cells to evade the antitumor immune response, acting as a targeted therapy against various cancers, unlike previous chemotherapies. However, under this treatment, patients may experience immune-related adverse events affecting multiple organs and systems, including the nervous system. Thus, we reviewed the cranial nerve involvement as a manifestation of nervous system lesions in patients receiving ICIs for cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578752"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The contribution of mTOR to the immunopathology of bipolar disorder","authors":"Amanda Gollo Bertollo ,&nbsp;Vinicius Andrade Jordan ,&nbsp;Milene Zanella Capitanio ,&nbsp;Zuleide Maria Ignácio","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has a role in immune regulation and neuroplasticity within the brain, influencing various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder. mTOR signaling, via two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, modulates immune responses by regulating microglial activation, cytokine production, and T-cell function. Dysregulation of these pathways leads to neuroinflammation, a hallmark of several neurological conditions. In bipolar disorder, mTOR affects neuroplasticity by modulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and synaptic remodeling, essential for mood stabilization. Reduced mTOR signaling during depressive episodes and increased activity during manic phases have been observed, with potential links to the cognitive and emotional deficits characteristic of bipolar disorder. This review aims to compile the contribution of mTOR signaling to the immunopathology of bipolar disorder, focusing on its role in immune modulation, neuroinflammation, and neuroplasticity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578744"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological heterogeneity in Ménière's disease: CD4+ T cell subset profiling reveals three distinct Immunophenotypes","authors":"Huaili Jiang ,&nbsp;Yanxia Zhan ,&nbsp;Menglong Zhao ,&nbsp;Shujie Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Zhou ,&nbsp;Kanglun Jiang ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Cheng ,&nbsp;Xinsheng Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ménière's disease (MD) remains a heterogeneous disorder with unclear pathogenesis. While immune dysregulation has been implicated, the specific role of CD4+ T cell subsets and their clinical correlations in MD are poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We performed comprehensive immune profiling of 30 MD patients and 27 healthy controls using flow cytometry to analyze six CD4+ T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, TGF-β+, TNF-α+) and multiplex cytokine analysis of 16 inflammatory mediators plus IgE. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified distinct immune phenotypes, and cox regression analysis determined biomarkers of disease activity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Three distinct immunophenotypes were identified: Autoinflammatory (35.7 %, elevated Th1/TNF-α + cells), inactive (28.6 %, balanced profiles), and type 2-skewed (35.7 %, increased Treg/TGF-β + cells). MD patients showed significantly altered Th1/Th2/Th17 balance with elevated TGF-β + cells (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and decreased serum IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-17 a levels, while CCL3/CCL4 chemokines were increased. Cluster-specific immune-clinical correlations revealed distinct pathophysiological patterns. IL-2Rα (HR = 0.18, <em>p</em> = 0.007) and IFN-γ (HR = 0.26, <em>p</em> = 0.046) may represent biomarkers of disease activity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>MD exhibits significant immunological heterogeneity with three distinct CD4+ T cell-defined phenotypes. These findings support the development of personalized treatment approaches and suggest potential biomarkers of disease activity, advancing our understanding of MD pathogenesis through comprehensive immune profiling</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"409 ","pages":"Article 578743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}