Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Association of p16 ^INK4A Methylation With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Rairam Fernandes de Aguiar, Denis Francisco Gonçalves de Oliveira, Lucas Moreira de Araújo, Khalil Fernandes Viana, Douglas Matheus Lima Farias, Joyce Magalhães de Barros, Filipe Nobre Chaves, Alexia Nathália Brígido Assef, Thâmara Manoela Marinho Bezerra, Sthefane Gomes Feitosa, Karuza Maria Alves Pereira","doi":"10.1111/jop.70119","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Methylation of tumor-suppressor gene promoters, particularly p16 ^INK4A , is implicated in oral carcinogenesis. Although associations with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) have been reported, no systematic review has examined these conditions while assessing evidence certainty. This review evaluated whether p16 ^INK4A promoter methylation is associated with OSCC and OPMD.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Livivo, and Google Scholar were searched. Studies were selected by title/abstract and then full-text review. Eligible studies investigated p16 ^INK4A methylation in OSCC or OPMD with comparator groups. Data were meta-analyzed using random-effects models to obtain pooled odds ratios (OR). Heterogeneity, publication bias, sensitivity analyses, and prediction intervals were assessed. Evidence certainty was rated using GRADE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-four studies were included, comprising 1330 OSCC patients, 606 OPMD patients, and 681 healthy controls. Meta-analyses demonstrated a strong association between p16 ^INK4A methylation and OSCC when compared with healthy controls (OR = 11.59; 95% CI = 6.01-22.37; p < 0.0001), with surgical margins (OR = 3.24; 95% CI = 1.86-5.65; p < 0.0001) and with OPMD (OR = 3.72; 95% CI = 2.47-5.59; p < 0.0001). OPMD also showed increased methylation versus healthy controls (OR = 24.8; 95% CI = 7.4-83.14; p < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>p16 ^INK4A methylation is strongly associated with OSCC and OPMD; however, due to heterogeneity and low certainty of evidence, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Further standardized, well-designed studies are needed to clarify the role of p16 ^INK4A methylation in oral carcinogenesis.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42023410477.</p>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"591-600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146093411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sjögren's Disease and Cancer: Key Predictors From the Spanish Multicenter SjögrenSER-TRANS Cohort.","authors":"Olga Rusinovich-Lovgach, Zulema Plaza, Mónica Fernández Castro, Carlos Sánchez-Piedra, José Rosas, Victor Martínez-Taboada, Alejandro Olivé, Raul Menor Almagro, Beatriz Rodrígez-Lozano, Angel Garcia-Aparicio, Francisco Javier Lopez Longo, Sara Manrique-Arija, Jesús Alberto Garcia-Vadillo, Susana Gil Barato, Ruth Lopez-Gonzalez, Javier Narvaez García, Carlos Galisteo Lencastre, Jorge Gonzalez-Martin, Fernando Alonso, Jose Luis Andreu","doi":"10.1111/jop.70123","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify key clinical and therapeutic predictors of malignancy in a well-characterized, multicenter Spanish cohort of patients with Sjögren's disease (SjD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the SjögrenSER-TRANS registry, a national cohort of 437 SjD patients from 33 Spanish hospitals who fulfilled the 2002 AECG classification criteria. Clinical, serological, and treatment-related variables were systematically collected. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and clinical characteristics. Bivariate analysis (chi-squared for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables) was performed to identify associations with malignancy (p < 0.05), followed by multivariate logistic regression to determine independent predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Malignancy was identified in 30 patients (6.86%), with gynecological cancers (30%) and lymphomas (23.3%) being the most common types. Independent predictors of malignancy included older age (OR 1.042, 95% CI 1.007-1.079), glandular inflammation (OR 2.888, 95% CI 1.281-6.512), and rituximab use (OR 3.959, 95% CI 1.461-10.730).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the role of older age, glandular inflammation, and rituximab use as key risk factors for malignancy in SjD. However, the association with rituximab should be interpreted with caution, as indication bias cannot be ruled out. These findings emphasize the need for improved risk stratification and targeted surveillance strategies to facilitate early detection and enhance malignancy management in clinical practice. Prospective studies are warranted to refine monitoring protocols and optimize patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"583-590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imbalance of Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review.","authors":"Toniya Raut, Namrata G R Raut, Neetu Jain, Shashi Keshwar, Sunil Shrestha","doi":"10.1111/jop.70109","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The dynamic interplay between reactive free radicals (FR) and antioxidants (AO) can lead to either redox homeostasis or oxidative stress. Disruption of redox balance contributes to oxidative stress, a key factor in the pathogenesis of various conditions, notably oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). At low to moderate levels, FRs trigger adaptive mutations that initiate carcinogenesis and support neoplastic cell survival. In contrast, high concentrations of FRs exert cytotoxic effects, a mechanism exploited in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Antioxidants counteract FRs, mitigating cellular damage-a benefit demonstrated in several clinical trials involving OPMDs. However, their efficacy in OSCC remains contentious.</p><p><strong>Methods and finding: </strong>This review explores the multifaceted roles of FRs and AOs in OPMD and OSCC, with emphasis on their contributions to carcinogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Tracking the FR-AO ratio during treatment may offer predictive insights into malignant transformation and facilitate early OSCC detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"520-531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145933572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Organ-Specific Fibrotic Biomarkers in Patients With Oral Submucous Fibrosis.","authors":"Nikita Baheti, Gargi Sarode, Abhirami Premarajan, Sachin Sarode","doi":"10.1111/jop.70116","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oral submucous fibrosis is a potentially malignant disorder with a high malignant transformation rate. Areca nut, being the chief etiologic factor, when chewed, is known to be swallowed and absorbed into circulation resulting in several systemic effects. This is the first kind of report presenting serum organ-specific fibrosis biomarkers suggestive of functional and fibrotic changes in the visceral organs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Various fibrotic biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), alanine aminotransferace (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and its ratio to platelet index (APRI), suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (ST2), Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The present study evaluated potential systemic fibrotic involvement, modest elevations in ST2 and KL-6 levels in advanced OSF compared to early cases; however, all values remained within normal physiological limits. No significant differences were found between the OSF and healthy groups across all biomarkers. There was no renal involvement, no significant association between liver fibrosis and its systemic biomarkers, and there was minimal vascular involvement. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that OSF may be a localized fibrotic disorder with no detectable systemic biomarker alterations in its early to moderate stages.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides an important step in bridging localized oral pathology and systemic disease monitoring. No significant systemic fibrosis was observed but methodology, findings, and recommendations offer a strong basis for future research. Despite the presence of evidence that favors a localized disease model for OSF in its early and advanced stages, systemic monitoring in future clinical paradigms is acknowledged.</p>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"601-604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145906254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Molecular Insights of Human Papillomavirus in Dentigerous Cysts and Odontogenic Keratocysts: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Nelli Agbulut, Mualla Özcan","doi":"10.1111/jop.70118","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>No studies to date have examined human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity in both odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) and dentigerous cysts (DCs) or performed HPV genotyping in these lesions. This research aims to compare HPV expression rates in DCs and OKCs to provide insight into the molecular behavior of OKCs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty DC and forty OKC cases were randomly selected and analyzed for HPV-DNA expression. Positive cases underwent HPV genotyping. Additionally an immunohistochemical staining for p16 was performed for each case.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Due to epithelial integrity loss or inflammation, 18 samples were excluded, leaving 32 DCs and 30 OKCs for evaluation. HPV was detected in five DC cases but absent in all OKC samples. The difference between DC and OKC groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.053). Genotyping identified HPV-16 in four cases and HPV-66 in one.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Despite OKCs' aggressive behavior, this study found no significant association between HPV and their pathogenesis. These findings suggest HPV is unlikely to contribute to OKC proliferation or recurrence, underscoring the need for larger studies to clarify its role in odontogenic cysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"567-573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145989580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on \"COVID-19 Dry Mouth Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Not Binding Directly to ACE2 but Interacting Electrostatically With Lipid Raft in Salivary Glands\".","authors":"Hironori Tsuchiya","doi":"10.1111/jop.70121","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"509-510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146003236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Expression of CHD1L, a Potent Oncogene Is Associated With Aggressive Head and Neck Cancer and Poor Survival Outcome.","authors":"Aishvarya Rukmani Panayappan, Chandra Pandi, Vijayashree Priyadharshini Jayaseelan, Paramasivam Arumugam","doi":"10.1111/jop.70114","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and has a significant impact on the lives of patients. This study aimed to examine the role and significance of Chromodomain Helicase/ATPase DNA Binding protein 1-Like (CHD1L) in HNSCC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CHD1L expression was analyzed using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-HNSCC) dataset, along with the clinical and clinicopathological features of HNSCC. Additionally, CHD1L mRNA expression was quantified using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The survival rate of patients with HNSCC was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Furthermore, in silico tools were employed to investigate CHD1L protein networks and functional pathways involved in HNSCC development.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>mRNA and protein expression studies, along with in vitro and in silico analyses, confirmed that CHD1L expression was significantly higher in HNSCC tissues than in normal tissues. Clinicopathological analysis revealed associations between CHD1L expression and HPV status, nodal metastasis, disease stage, and tumor grade. Elevated CHD1L levels are also associated with poor patient survival. Functional enrichment analysis showed that CHD1L was associated with HNSCC progression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CHD1L is significantly upregulated in HNSCC and associated with poor survival outcomes. This suggests that CHD1L may serve as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker for HNSCC. Further research is necessary to explore the functional role of CHD1L in the development and progression of HNSCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"546-554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145911992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Insights Into Epithelial Detachment in Odontogenic Keratocyst: The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Effects of Marsupialization.","authors":"Arthur Henrique Soares Pacheco, Marina Rocha Fonseca Souza, Alline Teixeira Valeriano, Savio Almeida Botrel, Laís Santos Câmara, Amanda Gabrielle De Sousa, Carolina Cavalieri Gomes, Vanessa de Fátima Bernardes, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Marina Gonçalves Diniz","doi":"10.1111/jop.70112","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a developmental odontogenic cyst characterized by a fragile epithelial lining attachment to the capsula and high recurrence rates. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and adhesion-related proteins (TLN1, FBLN1) may contribute to epithelial detachment, which could facilitate lesion recurrence. This study investigated the mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP9, TLN1, and FBLN1 in OKCs and their association with epithelial detachment, including the impact of marsupialization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR in samples from OKCs (n = 10), marsupialized OKCs (n = 5), and oral mucosa controls (n = 4). Gelatinase activity was assessed by gelatin zymography in fresh samples (OKCs n = 7; oral mucosa n = 4). Histological sections were digitally measured to quantify areas of epithelial detachment. Correlation analyses were performed between mRNA expression levels and epithelial separation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA levels were significantly higher in OKCs compared to oral mucosa (p < 0.05), with decreased mRNA levels after marsupialization. Gelatin zymography confirmed elevated gelatinase activity, particularly for MMP9, in OKC tissues. TLN1 and FBLN1 mRNA expressions were also elevated in OKCs, consistent with previous proteomic data, though not statistically significant. A significant correlation was observed between MMP9 mRNA expression and the total area of detached epithelium.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MMP9 may play a critical role in epithelial detachment in OKCs and could serve as a therapeutic target or prognostic marker. Marsupialization appears to modulate matrix metalloproteinases expression, suggesting a molecular mechanism for its clinical benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"532-538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145892548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Alterations in Osteosarcomas of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region: A Scoping Review","authors":"Iara Vieira Ferreira,&nbsp;Reydson Alcides de Lima-Souza,&nbsp;Moisés Willian Aparecido Gonçalves,&nbsp;Carlos Takahiro Chone,&nbsp;Arthur Antolini-Tavares,&nbsp;Albina Altemani,&nbsp;Fernanda Viviane Mariano","doi":"10.1111/jop.70103","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the rarity and aggressive nature of osteosarcomas (OS) in the oral and maxillofacial region, understanding their molecular alterations is essential to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and guide targeted therapies. This study aimed to map molecular alterations associated with oral and maxillofacial OS, providing an overview of the genetic mechanisms involved in their development and progression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A scoping review was performed following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Studies included observational research, case reports, and systematic reviews focusing on molecular alterations in oral and maxillofacial OS. A comprehensive search was conducted across four databases, and findings were synthesized and categorized by molecular characteristics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 20 studies involving 68 maxillofacial OS cases were included. The average patient age was 39.4 years, with a slight male predominance. The mandible was the most commonly affected site, and chondroblastic OS was the most frequent histological subtype. Genetic alterations were predominantly observed in the <i>TP53</i> gene, along with alterations in <i>MDM2</i>, <i>CDK4</i>, and other genes. Treatment primarily involved surgery, with or without chemotherapy. Local recurrence occurred in 11.1% of cases, and distant metastases in 16%. At the final follow-up, 69.7% of patients were alive.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study emphasizes the value of molecular techniques in improving the diagnosis and management of maxillofacial OS. However, further research is needed to fully understand the molecular complexity and optimize therapeutic strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"439-447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145742677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current In Vitro Models of Oral Lichen Planus for Investigating Pathogenesis and Facilitating Drug Discovery: A Narrative Review","authors":"Kanyaluck Jantakee,&nbsp;João N. Ferreira,&nbsp;Pirawish Limlawan","doi":"10.1111/jop.70101","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jop.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is highlighted as a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity with an unclear etiopathogenesis. It is also categorized as an oral potentially malignant disorder. This disease is primarily driven by T-cell-mediated immune responses, leading to keratinocyte apoptosis and persistent inflammation. Despite the availability of therapeutic options, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, treatment remains challenging due to variable patient responses and disease chronicity. In vitro models play a crucial role in OLP research by mimicking the local inflammatory environment and providing insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. While traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures have contributed to the understanding of OLP pathogenesis, they lack the complexity needed to mimic the disease. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) culture approaches, such as organotypic cultures, organ-on-a-chip devices, and microphysiological systems (MPS), offer enhanced physiological relevance by better mimicking immune-epithelial interactions and cytokine responses. However, no standardized in vitro model currently exists that fully recapitulates OLP's chronic inflammatory features and multifactorial pathology.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review addresses this critical gap by evaluating existing in vitro models, establishing validation criteria for developing reliable disease models, and identifying key challenges, including the absence of a fully functional immune system, lack of salivary immune components, and difficulties in maintaining stable long-term cultures. By synthesizing current evidence and limitations, we provide a framework for advancing bioengineered platforms and personalized medicine approaches to develop effective, patient-specific therapies for OLP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16588,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine","volume":"55 4","pages":"419-428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145742703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}