Journal of Nepal Chemical Society最新文献

{"title":"Acute Oral Toxicity Analysis of Nano-Hydroxyapatite-Gelatin Suspension in Albino Wistar Rats","authors":"K. Malla, B. Malla, Rajesh Pandit, Shanta Pokharel, Ram Jeewan Yadav, Rameshwar Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62682","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroxyapatite (HAp),  a calcium phosphate-based bio-ceramic, was prepared from waste ostrich bone using the thermal decomposition method, and the nano-HAp was segregated by the water-in-oil microemulsion technique. A single acute dose of oral toxicity of nano-HAp in gelatin suspension was tested in eleven female Albino Wistar rats following the OECD 420 guidelines. The rats were divided into three groups: three for control, three for group I, and five for group II. The first group was given 300 mg of nano-HAp in gelatin suspension per kg of body weight, while group II was given 2000 mg per kg of body weight. Results show that no signs or symptoms of toxic effects were seen in the group during the 14-day study period. Furthermore, no significant change in their average body weight or other physical behaviors such as autonomic, respiratory, or somatomotor effects were observed in the rats. The macroscopic examination of internal organs and bodyweight observation have shown no symptoms of toxicity in either group. It could be concluded that the nano-HAp suspension in gelatin does not show any acute toxic effect. The lethal 50% dose (LD50) of the nano-HAp-Gel suspension has been estimated to be more than 2000 mg/kg of the body weight, suggesting that nano-HAp extracted from ostrich bone is safe to use for calcium supplements and other biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"55 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140442237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Equilibrium Configuration of Benzene and Aniline: A First-Principles Study","authors":"Krishna Bahadur Rai, R. Ghimire, Chandra Dhakal, K. Pudasainee, Bijay Siwakoti","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62675","url":null,"abstract":"The present work describes the equilibrium configuration of aromatic compounds like benzene and aniline molecules using the first principle (ab initio) calculation method implemented by the Gaussian 98 programs. The ground state energy for benzene and aniline molecules obtained using the DFT (B3LYP) calculation is lower than that obtained with the HF+MP2 method which, in turn, is lower than that obtained with the HF calculation. The calculated values of bond length, bond angle, and dihedral angle for these molecules with HF, HF+MP2, and DFT (B3LYP) levels of calculation agree with each other within 2%. The calculated C-C and C-H bond lengths of the benzene molecule are 1.394 Å and 1.084 Å at DFT (B3LYP) calculation and these values agree well with the experimental value of 1.395 Å and 1.084 Å for C-C and C-H bond. Also, the calculated value of bond angles and dihedral angles for benzene molecule are 120° and 180° respectively. For aniline molecule, the C-N and N-H bond lengths are found 1.378 Å and 1.003 Å respectively at DFT (B3LYP) calculation, which agrees with the experimental value of C-N and N-H bond lengths with values of 1.475 Å and 1.008 Å within 7% respectively. For the benzene molecule, there is a symmetrical charge distribution. The total dipole moment of the benzene molecule is zero, indicating that the centers of positive and negative charge coincide with each other such that the benzene molecule is non-polar whereas aniline is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 1.9828 Debye","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140444285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Activities of Essential Oil of Leaf of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King and H. Rob.","authors":"Arjun Thapa, Binita Maharjan, Samjhana Bharati, Timila Shrestha, P. L. Homagai, D. Bhattarai, Ram Lal Swagat Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62692","url":null,"abstract":"Modern medicine recognizes the therapeutic applications of medicinal plants, which are utilized in indigenous therapies. Ageratina adenophora (Banmara) is an invasive plant growing in tropical and subtropical regions, traditionally used for treating wounds, sleeping disorders, jaundice, ulcers, etc. Using Clevenger apparatus for hydro-distillation, the essential oil was extracted, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine its chemical constituents. GC-MS analysis of essential oil showed 14 possible compounds in which α-Muurolol (24.56%) was found to be most abundant. The essential oil exhibited a total phenolic content of 53.42 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry extract, while the total flavonoid content was determined to be 3.37 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of dry extract. Essential oil of A. adhenophora showed a high antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus of ZOI of 12 mm. The antioxidant assay revealed weak activity of essential oil of IC50 17.21 mg/mL, while the brine shrimp lethality assay revealed its LC50 value to be 64.56 μg/mL.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140443974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pH, Amount of Metal Precursor, and Reduction Time on The Optical Properties and Size of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Aqueous Extract of Rhizomes of Acorus calamus","authors":"Melina Tamang, K. Sapkota, Sabita Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62676","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles possess various unique characteristics compared to the corresponding bulk materials. Large band gap, non-toxic nature, and multi-applicability are the worthwhile characteristics of zinc oxide to be synthesized and studied. The size of nanoparticles can be controlled by varying the different experimental conditions. This paper reports the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by using an aqueous extract of rhizomes of Acorus calamus, where the bio-components present in aqueous extract acted as reducing agents. The size and band gap energy of zinc oxide nanoparticles were studied by varying different parameters such as pH, concentration of the metal precursor, and reduction time. The variations in the size of nanoparticles were studied by UV-visible spectroscopy. FTIR showed phenolic compounds, primary amines, and amides (proteins/enzymes) as the functional groups responsible for the reduction of metal precursors to form nanoparticles. The surface morphology of nanoparticles was studied by FE-SEM image. The FE-SEM image displayed the formation of various shapes and agglomeration of the nanoparticles. XRD pattern revealed that the average size of zinc nanoparticles is 10 nm. In vitro antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles has been assayed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The growth inhibitory activity of nanoparticles against different bacterial pathogens has also been determined","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140444105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-pesticidal, Antimicrobial, and Anti-inflammatory Potentials of n-Hexane Fraction of Zanthoxylum armatum DC and its Chemical Profiling","authors":"J. Baral, Achyut Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62679","url":null,"abstract":"Zanthoxylum armatum DC, commonly known as toothache tree, is utilized for treating inflamed gums. The plant’s volatile constituent possesses a robust fragrance and contributes to its tangy taste. This study investigates the bioactivities, including bio-pesticidal, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties as well as the chemical profiling of the n-hexane fraction based on GC-MS analysis. The evaluated activities involve contact toxicity, microplate alamar blue assay, against three different insects, five bacteria, and seven fungi, and oxidative burst assay. The NIST library serves as a standard reference database for constituent identification. Remarkable insecticidal activities comparable to the standard drug permethrin were observed, particularly against Rhyzopertha dominica (100%), Tribolium castaneum (60%), and Sitophilus oryzae (50%). The fraction exhibited significant antifungal activity against Fusarium lini (85%) and notable inhibition against B. subtillis (67.27%) and S. aureus (65.25%). Potent anti-inflammatory effects were noted with an IC50 value of 11.2±1.9 μg/ml, equivalent to standard ibuprofen at various concentrations. GC-MS analysis identified twenty compounds, with major ones including trans-13-octadecenoic acid (36.08%), cis-9 hexadecenoic acid (18.66%), and 2-propenoic acid 3 phenyl methyl ester (11.08%). The diverse bioactivities observed may be attributed to the varied nature of compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and their oxides. This research revealed the potential of Z. armatum as a potential bio-pesticide, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agent.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140444214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidiabetic and Antibacterial Activities of Syzygium cumini Seeds","authors":"Bidhya Bhattarai, Lekhanath Khanal, S. K. Kalauni","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62689","url":null,"abstract":"Bioactive compounds of plants have been used in treating various diseases from ancient times. In this study, Syzygium cumini seed extract was studied for its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-diabetic potentials. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH assay. Whereas, the antibacterial feature was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumonia by agar well diffusion method. The in vitro anti-diabetic potential was performed by the α-amylase enzyme inhibition method using CNPG3 (2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltotriose) as a substrate. The methanolic extract showed a total phenolic content of 128.8 ± 1.44 mg GAE/g and a total flavonoid content of 115.6 ± 8.01 mg QE/g. The extract scavenged free radicals where strong antioxidant activity was observed with IC50 values of 91.63 ± 6.54 μg/mL in the concentration range of 50-6.25 μg/mL. The DCM and EA fractions exhibited moderate antidiabetic potentials with IC50 values of 92.1 ± 0.5 μg/mL, 150.8 ± 0.8 μg/mL, and 42.2 ± 4.6 μg/mL in the concentration range of 400-25 μg/mL against acarbose standard having IC50 values of 6.02 ± 0.1 μg/mL in the concentration range 50-1.6 μg/mL. The methanolic extract having ZOI (19mm) showed antibacterial activity however standard neomycin demonstrated ZOI (22.5 mm) against S. aureus at the dosage of 50 μg/mL. Methanolic extract having ZOI (20 mm) demonstrated effective antibacterial activity when compared to standard neomycin with ZOI (15mm) against K. pneumonia at the dosage of 50 μg/mL.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"91 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Investigation of Two Schiff Bases Derived From 3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-5- thiol and Their Corresponding Oxovanadium(IV) Complexes","authors":"Bharat Sharma, Jhashanath Adhikari Subin, Khim Prasad Panthi, S. Pandey, Akeel Ahamad, M. L. Sharma","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53343","url":null,"abstract":"A triazole, 2-(4-amino-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenol, has been prepared from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid by routine multi-step chemical synthesis. It was then used in synthesizing two different Schiff base ligands (L1 and L2). Their respective oxovanadium (IV) complexes (ML1 and ML2) were consequently synthesized and characterized by different experimental techniques like elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and EPR spectrometry. The cyclic voltammetry measurements showed the electrochemically stable nature of the complexes. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the presence of monoclinic crystals with particle sizes of ca. 15-17 nm for both complexes. DFT calculations were performed for the determination of geometrical models, energetic stability, electronic properties, spectral features, and reactivity of the synthesized ligands and complexes. The spectral characterization of the complexes suggests a square-pyramidal geometry around VO (IV)group and was supported by computational results derived from the proposed models. This work shows that computational calculation along with experimental characterization provides better insights into new chemical compounds and their properties that could be performed in parallel as a regular tool.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79775880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Phytochemical and Biological Study of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers and Justicia adhatoda L. Plants Collected from West Rukum of Nepal","authors":"Biraj Oli, G. Ghimire, B. Dhakal, Neetu Amatya, Deepjyoti Adhikari, N. L. Bhandari","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53348","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants contained an impressive number of modern drugs and are believed to be a precious natural reservoir that has been continuously studied for its pharmacological activities against various ailments. Tinospora cordifolia and Justicia adhatoda are widely used shrubs in folk and ayurvedic systems of medicine. Phytochemical screening of different fractions of the extract of the bark of T. cordifolia and leaf, stem, and flowers of J. adhatoda was done and results show the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, terpenoids in both plants. The antibacterial potency of medicinal plant extracts has been tested against Bacillus subtilis ATC6051 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212 by disc diffusion assay. The leaves extract of J. adhatoda showed good antibacterial activities towards both the Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus subtilis bacteria, however, the extract of T. cordifolia was found not soo effective with those bacteria. The methanol extract of T. cordifolia stem showed the strongest 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with IC50 values 8.213μg/mL very close to standard ascorbic acid (22.451 μg/mL). Furthermore, results showed that T. cordifolia is a good source of antioxidants as compared to the J. adhatoda. The total phenolic content (TPC) was highest in methanolic extract of T. cordifolia (46.463 mg GAE/g extract) while the J. adhatoda had lower values (31.167 mg GAE/g extract) by taking gallic acid as a standard. The total flavonoid content (TFC) was highest in methanol extract of J. adhatoda leaves (13.030 mg QE/g extract) while T. cardifolia had lower values (2.112 mg QE/g extract) which were determined by taking quercetin as a standard. The result revealed that the TPC is higher in T. cordifolia and TFC value higher in J. adhatoda and that can be correlated with the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of phytoconstituents although the plants have been used for the similar ethnomedical purpose in society.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73979005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Hydrological Features and Water Quality Evaluation of Phewa Lake of Pokhara Valley Gandaki Province of Nepal","authors":"Sangita Poudel, A. D. Mishra, K. Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53342","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to investigate the hydrochemical characteristics and water quality of Phewa lake Pokhara. Water samples were collected and major hydrochemical features were analyzed viz., Transparency, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness(TH), dissolved oxygen (DO), microbial analysis (MA), nitrate (NO3¯), phosphate (PO43¯), ammonia(NH3), sulfate (SO42¯), chloride(Cl¯), iron(Fe2+/Fe3+), phosphorus (P) and dissolved solids (DS). The obtained values of the hydrochemical characteristic of lake water have been compared with the world health organization (WHO). The presence of phosphate concentration and the hardness in Phewa lake is higher than the WHO value indicating the problem of rapid eutrophication. This indicates that Phewa lake water has more magnesium and calcium soluble salt. Thus, the rapid eutrophication and higher concentration of organic matter could be a serious problem for lake sustainability. Various types of natural and anthropogenic activities like agricultural runoff, urbanization, discharge of domestic sewage, solid waste dump, and industrial effluent are the major problem for lake sustainability.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79056437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starch/ Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Blend Bioplastics: Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties","authors":"B. Shrestha, K. Chapain, Sambridhi Shah, R. Pandit","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i2.53349","url":null,"abstract":"Starch-based bioplastics are prepared from the waste of food materials and are widely used as the short-lived biodegradable plastic for household and food packaging applications. In this work, glycerol plasticized starch (extracted from potato peels)bioplastics blended with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) in various compositions (wt.-%) were prepared, and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and their physicochemical properties such as water absorption, biodegradable properties, and acid-base resistance were investigated. The FTIR spectra of starch-based bioplastics blended with PVA of the peak at 2924 cm-1 portrayed good compatibility between starch bioplastics and PVA. The water absorption test showed that the increase in starch proportion in starch/PVA blend increases water absorption capacity. The higher weight ratio of starch in starch/ PVA blend bioplastics degraded more rapidly than other bioplastics. Furthermore, the bioplastics of higher starch content resist acid and base for 45 and 42 hours respectively without being dissolved.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90596070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}