Journal of Nanomedicine Research最新文献

{"title":"A review on saponins from medicinal plants: chemistry, isolation, and determination","authors":"A. Ashour, M. Aziz, Al Sadek Gomha Melad","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2019.07.00199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2019.07.00199","url":null,"abstract":"It has been estimated that out of 4,22,000 flowering plants reported from the world, more than 50,000 are used for medicinal purposed.1 Since ancient times, bioactive medicinal plants are used in traditional or folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Recently using of phytochemicals is considered to be safer and congenial to the biology of the human body. Medicinal plants are the main source for the preparation and extraction of various modern drugs and pharmaceuticals like saponins. Signs of progress of Phytochemistry have been supported enormously by the rapid development and accumulation of chemical methods of screening of various medicinal plants for particular biochemical usage. The pharmaceutical and medicinal values of the applied medicinal plants are in the bioactive phytochemical constituents that produce specific physiological action on the human body. Some of the most important bioactive constituents are saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Triterpenoid saponins are surface active glycosides of triterpenes that possess a wide, biologically active group of terpenoids and include a large chemical diversity of secondary metabolites with more than different 100 carbon skeletons identified from terrestrial, marine living organisms, and medicinal plants.2 Triterpenoids as a saponin have its own characteristics like cause hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC’s), form persistent froth if shaken with water, and it is soluble in water, alcohol and a mixture of both. These naturally occurring compounds form the backbone of modern medicine or drugs. Saponins are a class of bioorganic compounds found in particular abundance in the plant kingdom. More specifically, they are naturally occurring glycosides described by the soap-like foaming, and consequently, they produce foams when shaken in aqueous solutions. Structurally saponins are having one or more hydrophilic glycoside sugar moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpene molecule.3 Literature shows that saponins exhibit a biological role and medicinal properties such as hemolytic factor4 anti-inflammatory,5 antibacterial,6 antifungal,7 antiviral,8 insecticidal9, anticancer,10 cytotoxic11 and molluscicidal action.12 In addition, saponins are reported to exhibit cholesterol-lowering action in animals and human.13,14 Waheed et al.15 isolated a novel steroidal saponin glycoside from Fagonia indica that can induce cell-selective apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cells. Saponins were considered as a starting precursor for the semi-synthesis of steroidal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Sheng et al.16 reviewed the clinical significance of triterpenoid saponins in the prevention and treatment of metabolic and vascular disease. The above medicinal researches and applications reflect the increasing of the interest of saponins as a bionatural source material, but understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of saponins and its medical action is not easy task for many chemists, phy","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77230913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A uncanny potential of plants for metal nanoparticles synthesis","authors":"Mohit Rawat, Jagpreet Singh, Harman Kaur","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00191","url":null,"abstract":"In this era, metal nanoparticles have captivated researchers because of their impending applications in numerous fields such as biomedical, catalysis, electronics etc.1–4 The properties of nanoparticles can be tuned by their size, synthesis process, reaction parameters, which make them the special candidate for every field. Generally, these nanoparticles are synthesized by two methods top down and bottom up. The top-down suggests the nanoparticles preparation by lithographic techniques, ball milling, etching, sputtering, etc. The most effective approach for the synthesis of nanoparticles is the bottom-up methods, in which nanoparticles are grown from simpler molecules and size or shape of nanoparticles can be controlled or modulated by changing the concentration of chemicals and reaction condition (temperature, pH etc.).5","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76029828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanosystems and magnetism","authors":"D. Jana","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00186","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) generally consist of two components a magnetic material, most often iron, nickel and cobalt, (ferromagnetic one) and the other a chemical component having wide functionality, reactivity and stability.1–5 The typical size of such nanoparticles lies between 1–100 nanometer and may display superparamagnetism.6,7 In Figure 1, we schematically show the multifunctional character of various nanoparticles. In a common paramagnentic material, spins are not subjected to any exchange interaction and they do not show any hysterisis or domain like a ferromagnet. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the spins tend to align to it generating a weak attractive interaction. However, in a superparamagnetic material, spins are substituted by small ferromagnetic domains characterized by positive exchange interaction. In the presence of an external magnetic field, these domains tend to align to it generating a strong attractive interaction. Thus, superparamagnetism is another characteristic form of magnetism that does appear in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. Besides their magnetic response is significantly higher than paramagnetism. Moreover, magnetization in such smaller sized nanopartciles can randomly ip direction under the influence of temperature. Another significant characteristic feature is that it occurs below the Curie temperature of the material. Note that generally any ferromagnet or ferrimagnet material transforms to a paramagnet only above the unique Curie temperature dependent on the strength of exchange interaction and the underlying lattice structure. This particular magnetism occurs in those nanoparticles composed of single domain. Further due to the magnetic anisotropy of the nanoparticles, the relevant magnetic moment possesses two stable orientations antiparallel to each other separated by an energy barrier (KV). The competition between this energy barrier and thermal energy (KV~25kBT ) gives rise to a characteristic relaxation time ( T=T0 exp(KV=kBT )) in this nanometerial. The exchange bias between ferromagnetic/ferrmagnetic and antiferromagnetic interface is the key parameter in controlling the magnetization and other related phenomena in these systems.8–10 In fact, the particles can invert their magnetization by tunneling without the help of thermal energy. Under the application of an external magnetic field, these materials develop magnetization and as a function of the external field, the magnetization looks like reversible S-shaped increasing curve (L(x) = coth(x) -1/x ). The AC susceptibility measurements of these nanoparticles can identify the various time scales and frequency dependent susceptibility. Discussion","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"44 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85538300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future of graphene in bio-medical application","authors":"Ipsita Bhattacharya","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00185","url":null,"abstract":"stimuli.12 Graphene is also useful material for birth control and it prevents the sexually transmitted dieses reported by University of Manchester researcher’s team. The Graphene is one of the attractive material for cancer treatments. Recently a new microfluidic bio-chip based on graphene oxide being developed which can caught the tumor cells from blood and support their growth for further analysis.13 The graphene oxide (GO) is one of the efficient nano-carrier for drug delivery reported by Dai et al.14 The Genetic therapy using Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the promising approach to treat various diseases caused by genetic disorders, Parkinson’s disease, cystic fibrosis etc.15 Graphene is also useful for bio sensing and bio-imaging. Basically doped graphene, pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and chemically reduced GO (rGO) are useful for bio-sensing application. Using these material we can detect different kind of biomolecules such as thrombin, dopamine, oligonucleotide, ATP, amino acid etc.16–20 Here, I have explained few recent review work on graphene based nano-material and its application in medical domain. Hopefully, in near future I can contribute some work on graphene for medical application.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83212532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation & evaluation of paracetamol solid lipid nanoparticles by hot homogenization method","authors":"Ayesha Siddiqua Gazi, A. Krishnasailaja","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00184","url":null,"abstract":"The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are sub-micron colloidal carriers (50-100nm) which are composed of physiological lipid dispersed in water or in an aqueous surfactant solution.1 SLNs are colloidal drug carrier combines the advantages of polymeric nanoparticles, fat emulsion and liposomes simultaneously and avoiding some of their disadvantages.2 To overcome the disadvantages associated with the liquid state of the oil droplets, the liquid lipid was replaced by a solid lipid which eventually transformed into solid lipid nanoparticles.3","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87542332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MIF G-173C polymorphism and susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq","authors":"G. B. Alomashi, Hasan Khudhur","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00183","url":null,"abstract":"Human leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies, its characteristic by a spectrum of cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral diseases that depend largely on the species of the parasite involved and host immune response.1,2 Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis, about (1-1.5) million of cases every year, and about (50 to 70%) of all cases in the world.2,3 Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs each year more than 90% of cases occur in five countries in the old word (Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia) and two countries in the new world including Brazil and Peru.4 Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica considered as common causes of Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iraq.5 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is considered to be one of the first cytokines to be discovered, its consider an essential component of the immune response of host against microbial and induce activation and secretion of interleukins like TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL -1β, IL-12, IL-6 and IL-8 by immune cells.6 MIF increase survival of macrophage by inhibition activity of P53 and thus decrease activation-induced apoptosis.7,8 Finally, cDNA was cloned in 1989 in human, MIF genomic localization to chromosome 22q11 later mapped, the human MIF gene has three exons of 205, 173 and 183 bp, these are separated by two introns of 189 and 95 bp.6,9 Previous study refer to that MIF plays an essential role in resistance of host to Cutaneous leishmaniasis, were found human MIF activate infected macrophage to kill L. major at a concentration (1.5 -2.5μg/ ml) in vitro.10 Jesus et al in Brazil found that associated between MIF-173 C polymorphism and cutaneous leishmaniasis.11 Jesus suggest that the MIF-173C allele induce lower levels of MIF cytokine in serum, and this lower synthesis of MIF might behave correlation with susceptibility to leishmaniasis. The present study aims to investigate of MIF-173 C polymorphism with susceptibility to CL infection in Iraqi population in AL-Muthanna province. Material and methods","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83127822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicine: a hope for mankind","authors":"T. Qiao, J. Suriyaprakash","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00182","url":null,"abstract":"Quality. Current statistics unfold that due to the poor quality of the present system, 15 % of the patient admitted to the hospitals suffered from the adverse event.10-20 % of all adverse events are caused by a medication error. The outcome of the conventional health care R&D labs is lesser than the cost invested. Usually, the patient responds to the therapy is always lower than 50 % in most chronic disease such as; Migraine, Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoporosis, Alzheimer, Oncology, etc.2 Moreover, the present diagnostic system is based on the symptoms rather than prediction / prevention and lacking in early diagnosis/managing illness. To overcome these issues, development of the new technology is crucial. Hence, nanomedicine made the revolution in the healthcare by greatly improved directed therapies for treating cancer and cardiovascular disease using new nano-drug / gene delivery systems. The tiny implantable devices help to supervise the health precisely and nano-biosensor provides the data at the earliest stage of the disease.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78395826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self–assembling protein nanoparticles open a new avenue for next generation veterinary vaccines","authors":"Jianping Li, Zeinab H. Helal, Mazhar I. Khan","doi":"10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2018.07.00181","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines have been implemented for more than two centuries and have saved millions of lives, which is one of the most outstanding inventions in medicine. The concept of vaccine was conceived two centuries ago by the English physician Edward Jenner, “the father of immunology”. He had initiated the first protective vaccine against smallpox using live cowpox virus in 1798. Many effective vaccines have been developed in the past two hundred years. The majority of them was produced by traditional methods by attenuating live pathogens or by chemically inactivate whole pathogenic organisms. Live attenuated vaccines are highly protective but bear inherent safety concern due to the potential reactivation of virulent state. In contrast, chemically inactivated vaccines cannot regain the virulent state of derivative pathogens and are safe. However, they are poorly immunogenic, and induce weak protection. Besides, tediously laborintensive efforts are required for formulation preparation of killed vaccines.","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80621264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in circulating tumor DNA analysis for cancer diagnosis","authors":"Y. Hu, Shuya Li, Yanmin Gao, Hao Qi","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00180","url":null,"abstract":"People knew that the DNA molecule existed outside of cell even before finding out its famous double helix structure. Mandel and colleagues identified DNA molecule, termed as cell-free nucleic acids (cfDNA) later, in human bloodstream in as early as 1948.1 However, at that time no people realized how these DNA molecules associate with human diseases. Thing started turning around until 1964, DNA was found being released into sera for certain systemic lupus erythematosus patients.2 Since then, many clinical studies were carried out, more evidences demonstrated the strong correlation between cell free DNA and human diseases, especially for cancer.3,4 It was observed that even DNA could be isolated from blood of healthy people, but the amount of DNA significantly increased in the blood sample from patients with serious tumor. Particularly, as the earliest research, DNA fragments from mutant Kras gene were found in blood of pancreatic carcinoma patients5 and mutant N-ras gene fragment for myelodysplastic syndrome patients.6 These studies successfully demonstrated the direct correlation between circulating DNA and tumor. Recently it has been widely accepted that the levels of circulating nucleic acids strongly connected with tumor burden and malignant progression.7–11 For not being confused with cell-free DNA in healthy people, tumor cell related DNA circulating in human cardiovascular system were specially termed as circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA. Generally, it is widely considered that most DNA in circulation system is the debris of dead tumor cells. However, due to the complexity of cancer development, more fundamental studies are required to investigate questions, such as which processes contribute to ctDNA release from tumor cells12 and how the release process change the state of ctDNA in the circulation system. Besides being the debris left behind by dead cells, DNA is the key component of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a host immune defense system against invading pathogens. Recently, increasing studies have demonstrated that NETs got involved in cancer development at every stages.13–15 With the development of molecular oncology, more and more tumor specific gene mutations were identified,16 and detail information about relevant tumor specific mutation could be found in systematically organized database, such as My Cancer Genome (www. mycancergenome.org). Up to now, ctDNA has been investigated with numerous of prevalent tumors, including Breast,17,18 Colorectal,7,19 Hepatocellular carcinoma,20,21 lung,22–24 Melanoma,25,26 Ovarian,27 Pancreatic28 and so on. In comparison with other biomarkers, e.g. protein, ctDNA is more informative with more precise analysis methods.29 Due to its nature, ctDNA is becoming a remarkable clinical tool. Especially, the convenience in collecting blood sample grant the liquid biopsy application great potential through ctDNA analysis in cancer diagnosis. However, precise analysis of ctDNA is still a challenge for ","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90606883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When theory tells what is possible","authors":"J. Geneste","doi":"10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JNMR.2018.07.00179","url":null,"abstract":"Nobody should be shocked if we say that a human body is a system! Now, if we consider a human being as a system and therefore as a combinatorial game, we can easily assume that if the human is hit by any illness, we can assume that the illness is a player and has played the first turn. As doctors, if we want to cure the patient, we need to play in our turn and there will of course be a reaction of the illness which will be considered as another round and so on. In the end, what we target is winning the game so that the illness will lose! As an assumption we take that the illness plays the best as possible and is therefore the strongest adversary we can have. Now, we must know to which game we are going to play because depending on the game, the strategy will change and this will be, in our referential, the essential role of the doctor: which game to play to be the most efficient?","PeriodicalId":16465,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanomedicine Research","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79698785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}