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No genericity in sight: An exploration of the semantics of masculine generics in German 看不到通用性：德语中男性泛指语义的探索

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.5070/g6011192

Dominic Schmitz, Viktoria Schneider, Janina Esser

{"title":"No genericity in sight: An exploration of the semantics of masculine generics in German","authors":"Dominic Schmitz, Viktoria Schneider, Janina Esser","doi":"10.5070/g6011192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g6011192","url":null,"abstract":"Findings of previous behavioural studies suggest that the semantic nature of what is known as the ‘masculine generic’ in Modern Standard German is indeed not generic but biased towards a masculine reading. Such findings are the cause of debates within and outside linguistic research, as they run counter to the grammarian assumption that the masculine generic form is gender-neutral. The present paper aims to explore the semantics of masculine generics, relating them to those of masculine and feminine explicit counterparts. To achieve this aim, an approach novel to this area of linguistic research is made use of: discriminative learning. Analysing semantic vectors obtained via naive discriminative learning, semantic measures calculated via linear discriminative learning, and taking into account the stereotypicality of the words under investigation, it is found that masculine generics are semantically much more similar to masculine explicits than to feminine explicits. The results presented in this paper thus support the notion of a masculine bias in masculine generics. Further, new insights into the semantic representations of masculine generics are provided and it is shown that stereotypicality does not modulate the masculine bias.","PeriodicalId":164622,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139353606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A group of researchers are testing pseudopartitives in Italian: Notional number is not the key to the facts 一组研究人员正在用意大利语测试伪目标:概念数字不是事实的关键

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.5070/g6011145

F. Foppolo, Greta Mazzaggio, Ludovico Franco, M. R. Manzini

{"title":"A group of researchers are testing pseudopartitives in Italian: Notional number is not the key to the facts","authors":"F. Foppolo, Greta Mazzaggio, Ludovico Franco, M. R. Manzini","doi":"10.5070/g6011145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g6011145","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper focuses on pseudopartitive constructions headed by quantifier, collective, or container nouns (like a lot of senators, a group of students, a bottle of pills) followed by a singular or a plural verb. We compared these structures with superficially similar adnominal structures of the form NP1[−PL] prep NP2[PL] (e.g., the level of the lakes is/are) in Italian in an acceptability judgment study (Experiment 1), a forced-choice task (Experiment 2), and an eye tracking reading study (Experiment 3). Two major findings were consistent across all studies. First, verb agreement in pseudopartitives always patterned differently from controls. Second, albeit an overall preference for singular verbs was observed, a gradient difference emerged between adnominal controls and pseudopartitives, and among pseudopartitives headed by different nouns. We explain such variability in terms of the availability of a measure interpretation (e.g., pills in the measure of a bottle vs. a bottle containing pills) which is linked to the type of the pseudopartitive’s head noun. While in non-pseudopartitive adnominal structures only one parse is allowed by the grammar, in pseudopartitives a given head noun may admit or block a structural configuration in which the plural feature of the embedded constituent (e.g., of students, modifying a group) can determine the plurality of the subsequent verb. We conclude that verb agreement in pseudopartitives is a grammatical phenomenon and, as such, it refers to speakers’ grammatical competence and cannot be reduced to agreement attraction of the plural intervener.","PeriodicalId":164622,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132855436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

He was run-over by a bus: Passive – but not pseudo-passive – sentences are rated as more acceptable when the subject is highly affected. New data from Hebrew, and a meta-analytic synthesis across English, Balinese, Hebrew, Indonesian and Mandarin 当主语受到高度影响时，被动句(而非伪被动句)更容易被接受。来自希伯来语的新数据，以及英语，巴厘语，希伯来语，印度尼西亚语和普通话的元分析综合

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.5070/g6011177

Ben Ambridge, Inbal Arnon, Dani Bekman

{"title":"He was run-over by a bus: Passive – but not pseudo-passive – sentences are rated as more acceptable when the subject is highly affected. New data from Hebrew, and a meta-analytic synthesis across English, Balinese, Hebrew, Indonesian and Mandarin","authors":"Ben Ambridge, Inbal Arnon, Dani Bekman","doi":"10.5070/g6011177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g6011177","url":null,"abstract":"Several recent experimental studies have investigated the hypothesis that the passive construction is associated with the semantics “[B] (mapped onto the surface [passive] subject) is in a state or circumstance characterized by [A] (mapped onto the by-object or an understood argument) having acted upon it”. (Pinker, Lebeaux & Frost, 1987). In the present work, we extend this method to a new language, Hebrew, and conduct a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-analytic synthesis which draws together the findings of similar studies conducted for English, Indonesian, Mandarin and Balinese. For Hebrew, we found that native adult speakers’ (N=60) acceptability ratings for passives with each of 56 different verbs were significantly predicted by verb-semantic-affectedness ratings provided by a separate group of 16 native adult speakers. Both for Hebrew and across languages, we found that (a) these semantic-affectedness ratings predict verbs’ acceptability in both passive and non-passive constructions, but (b) the effect is bigger for passives than non-passives. These findings raise the possibility that a passive construction that denotes undergoer-affectedness may approach the status of a semantic universal. ","PeriodicalId":164622,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125407434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Syntactic and semantic interference in sentence comprehension: Support from English and German eye-tracking data 句子理解中的句法和语义干扰:来自英语和德语眼动数据的支持

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.5070/g60111266

Daniela Mertzen, Dario Paape, Brian Dillon, Ralf Engbert, Shravan Vasishth

{"title":"Syntactic and semantic interference in sentence comprehension: Support from English and German eye-tracking data","authors":"Daniela Mertzen, Dario Paape, Brian Dillon, Ralf Engbert, Shravan Vasishth","doi":"10.5070/g60111266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g60111266","url":null,"abstract":"A long-standing debate in the sentence processing literature concerns the time course of syntactic and semantic information processing in online sentence comprehension. The default assumption in cue-based models of parsing is that syntactic and semantic retrieval cues simultaneously guide dependency resolution. When retrieval cues match multiple items in memory, this leads to similarity-based interference. Both semantic and syntactic interference have been shown to occur in English. However, the relative timing of syntactic vs. semantic interference remains unclear. In this cross-linguistic investigation of the time course of syntactic vs. semantic interference, the data from two eye-tracking during reading experiments (English and German) suggest that the two types of interference can in principle arise simultaneously during retrieval. However, the data also indicate that semantic cues are evaluated with a small timing lag in German compared to English. This cross-linguistic difference between English and German may be due to German having richer morphosyntactic marking than English, resulting in syntactic cues dominating over semantic cues during dependency resolution. More broadly, our cross-linguistic results pose a challenge for the cue-based retrieval model’s default assumption that syntactic and semantic cues are used simultaneously during long-distance dependency formation. Our work also highlights the importance of collecting cross-linguistic data on psycholinguistic phenomena which can potentially advance theory development.","PeriodicalId":164622,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136249104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pragmatic violations affect social inferences about the speaker 语用违规影响对说话人的社会推断

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.5070/g601197

Andrea Beltrama, A. Papafragou

引用次数: 1

A-maze of Natural Stories: Comprehension and surprisal in the Maze task 自然故事迷宫:迷宫任务中的理解和惊奇

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.5070/g6011190

Veronica Boyce, R. Levy

引用次数: 1

Assessing the replication landscape in experimental linguistics 评估实验语言学中的复制景观

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.5070/g6011135

Kristina Kobrock, Timo B. Roettger

引用次数: 0

Underpinnings of explicit phonetic imitation: perception, production, and variability 显性语音模仿的基础:感知、产生和变异性

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.5070/g601123

Jessamyn Schertz, Fatima Adil, A. Kravchuk

{"title":"Underpinnings of explicit phonetic imitation: perception, production, and variability","authors":"Jessamyn Schertz, Fatima Adil, A. Kravchuk","doi":"10.5070/g601123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g601123","url":null,"abstract":"This work tests the relative role of perception- and production-based predictors, and the relationship between them, in imitation of artificial accents varying in voice onset time (VOT), using a paradigm designed to target distinct sub-processes of imitation. We examined how explicit imitation of sentences differing systematically in voice onset time (VOT) was influenced by the type of VOT manipulation (lengthened vs. shortened) and by the presence vs. absence of voice-related variability in exposure. In contrast to previous work, participants imitated shortened as well as lengthened VOT, albeit with both qualitative and quantitative differences across the two manipulation types. The presence of voice-related variability inhibited imitation, but this inhibition was mitigated by a preceding session with no voice-related variability (i.e., sentences were acoustically identical except for VOT). We then tested the extent to which individual performance on the accent imitation task was related to performance on three other tasks: 1) discrimination of the target accents, 2) imitation of words in isolation drawn from a VOT continuum, and 3) discrimination of these same words. Performance on the accent discrimination task and the word-level imitation task, but not the word-level discrimination task, were independently predictive of accent imitation. Results are consistent with a conceptualization of explicit imitation as the sum of automatic phonetic convergence processes overlaid with distinct, controlled perceptual and articulatory factors that pattern differently across individuals. Phonetic imitation should not be considered as a monolithic skill, and models predicting variation in imitative ability must consider not only the potential sources of individual variability, but also at what level these sources of variability exert their influence. ","PeriodicalId":164622,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124155376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Multiple constraints modulate the processing of Chinese reflexives in discourse 多重制约因素调节着汉语反身语篇的加工

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.5070/g6011149

Jun-Hyun Lyu, E. Kaiser

引用次数: 1

Pragmatic representations and online comprehension: Lessons from direct discourse and causal adjuncts 语用表征和在线理解:来自直接语篇和因果助词的教训

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.5070/g6011198

John Duff, Pranav Anand, Adrian Brasoveanu, Amanda Rysling

引用次数: 0