Anne Gallez, Isabelle Dias Da Silva, Vincent Wuidar, Jean-Michel Foidart, Christel Péqueux
{"title":"Estetrol and Mammary Gland: Friends or Foes?","authors":"Anne Gallez, Isabelle Dias Da Silva, Vincent Wuidar, Jean-Michel Foidart, Christel Péqueux","doi":"10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-021-09497-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Estrogens have pleiotropic effects on many reproductive and non-reproductive tissues and organs including the mammary gland, uterus, ovaries, vagina, and endothelium. Estrogen receptor α functions as the principal mediator of estrogenic action in most of these tissues. Estetrol (E4) is a native fetal estrogen with selective tissue actions that is currently approved for use as the estrogen component in a combined oral contraceptive and is being developed as a menopause hormone therapy (MHT, also known as hormone replacement therapy). However, exogenous hormonal treatments, in particular MHTs, have been shown to promote the growth of preexisting breast cancers and are associated with a variable risk of breast cancer depending on the treatment modality. Therefore, evaluating the safety of E4-based formulations on the breast forms a crucial part of the clinical development process. This review highlights preclinical and clinical studies that have assessed the effects of E4 and E4-progestogen combinations on the mammary gland and breast cancer, focusing in particular on the estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties of E4. We discuss the potential advantages of E4 over current available estrogen-formulations as a contraceptive and for the treatment of symptoms due to menopause. We also consider the potential of E4 for the treatment of endocrine-resistant breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 3","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8566418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39369690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley M Fuller, Lin Yang, Alina M Hamilton, Jason R Pirone, Amy L Oldenburg, Melissa A Troester
{"title":"Epithelial p53 Status Modifies Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Basal-Like Breast Carcinogenesis.","authors":"Ashley M Fuller, Lin Yang, Alina M Hamilton, Jason R Pirone, Amy L Oldenburg, Melissa A Troester","doi":"10.1007/s10911-020-09477-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-020-09477-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Basal-like breast cancers (BBC) exhibit subtype-specific phenotypic and transcriptional responses to stroma, but little research has addressed how stromal-epithelial interactions evolve during early BBC carcinogenesis. It is also unclear how common genetic defects, such as p53 mutations, modify these stromal-epithelial interactions. To address these knowledge gaps, we leveraged the MCF10 progression series of breast cell lines (MCF10A, MCF10AT1, and MCF10DCIS) to develop a longitudinal, tissue-contextualized model of p53-deficient, pre-malignant breast. Acinus asphericity, a morphogenetic correlate of cell invasive potential, was quantified with optical coherence tomography imaging, and gene expression microarrays were performed to identify transcriptional changes associated with p53 depletion and stromal context. Co-culture with stromal fibroblasts significantly increased the asphericity of acini derived from all three p53-deficient, but not p53-sufficient, cell lines, and was associated with the upregulation of 38 genes. When considered as a multigene score, these genes were upregulated in co-culture models of invasive BBC with increasing stromal content, as well as in basal-like relative to luminal breast cancers in two large human datasets. Taken together, stromal-epithelial interactions during early BBC carcinogenesis are dependent upon epithelial p53 status, and may play important roles in the acquisition of an invasive morphologic phenotype.</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10911-020-09477-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38814464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Sadovnikova, Sergio C Garcia, Russell C Hovey
{"title":"A Comparative Review of the Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Genetics of Lactose Synthesis.","authors":"Anna Sadovnikova, Sergio C Garcia, Russell C Hovey","doi":"10.1007/s10911-021-09490-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-021-09490-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in the milk of most mammals and is unique in that it is only synthesized by epithelial cells in the mammary glands. Lactose is also essential for the development and nutrition of infants. Across species, the concentration of lactose in milk holds a strong positive correlation with overall milk volume. Additionally, there is a range of examples where the onset of lactose synthesis as well as the content of lactose in milk varies between species and throughout a lactation. Despite this diversity, the precursors, genes, proteins and ions that regulate lactose synthesis have not received the depth of study they likely deserve relative to the significance of this simple and abundant molecule. Through this review, our objective is to highlight the requirements for lactose synthesis at the biochemical, cellular and temporal levels through a comparative approach. This overview also serves as the prelude to a companion review describing the dietary, hormonal, molecular, and genetic factors that regulate lactose synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"181-196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10911-021-09490-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39024558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction to: Breast Cancer Response to Therapy: Can microRNAs Lead the Way?","authors":"Nina Petrović, Irina Nakashidze, Milica Nedeljković","doi":"10.1007/s10911-021-09480-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-021-09480-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10911-021-09480-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25372055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily L Duderstadt, Mary Ann Sanders, David J Samuelson
{"title":"A Method to Pre-Screen Rat Mammary Gland Whole-Mounts Prior To RNAscope.","authors":"Emily L Duderstadt, Mary Ann Sanders, David J Samuelson","doi":"10.1007/s10911-021-09484-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-021-09484-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNAscope is a quantitative in situ gene expression measurement technique that preserves the spatial aspect of intact tissue; thus, allowing for comparison of specific cell populations and morphologies. Reliable and accurate measurement of gene expression in tissue is dependent on preserving RNA integrity and the quantitative nature of RNAscope. The purpose of this study was to determine if the quantitative nature of RNAscope was retained following processing and carmine staining of mammary gland whole-mounts, which are commonly used to identify lesions, such as hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We were concerned that handling and procedures required to visualize microscopic disease lesions might compromise RNA integrity and the robustness of RNAscope. No effect on the quantitative abilities of RNAscope was detected when mammary gland whole-mounts were pre-screened for lesions of interest prior to RNAscope. This was determined in comparison to tissue that had been formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) immediately after collection. The ability to pre-screen whole-mounts allowed unpalpable diseased lesions to be identified without labor-intensive serial sectioning of tissue samples to find diseased tissue. This method is applicable to evaluate mammary gland whole-mounts during normal mammary gland development, function, and disease progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10911-021-09484-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38889058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development and Pathology of the Equine Mammary Gland.","authors":"Katherine Hughes","doi":"10.1007/s10911-020-09471-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10911-020-09471-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An understanding of the anatomy, histology, and development of the equine mammary gland underpins study of the pathology of diseases including galactorrhoea, agalactia, mastitis, and mammary tumour development. This review examines the prenatal development of the equine mammary gland and the striking degree to which the tissue undergoes postnatal development associated with the reproductive cycle. The gland is characterised by epithelial structures arranged in terminal duct lobular units, similar to those of the human breast, supported by distinct zones of intra- and interlobular collagenous stroma. Mastitis and mammary carcinomas are two of the most frequently described equine mammary pathologies and have an overlap in associated clinical signs. Mastitis is most frequently associated with bacterial aetiologies, particularly Streptococcus spp., and knowledge of the process of post-lactational regression can be applied to preventative husbandry strategies. Equine mammary tumours are rare and carry a poor prognosis in many cases. Recent studies have used mammosphere assays to reveal novel insights into the identification and potential behaviour of mammary stem/progenitor cell populations. These suggest that mammospheres derived from equine cells have different growth dynamics compared to those from other species. In parallel with studying the equine mammary gland in order to advance knowledge of equine mammary disease at the interface of basic and clinical science, there is a need to better understand equine lactational biology. This is driven in part by the recognition of the potential value of horse and donkey milk for human consumption, particularly donkey milk in children with 'Cow Milk Protein Allergy'.</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"121-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8236023/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38338934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Breast Cancer Response to Therapy: Can microRNAs Lead the Way?","authors":"Nina Petrović, Irina Nakashidze, Milica Nedeljković","doi":"10.1007/s10911-021-09478-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-021-09478-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of death among women with malignant diseases. The selection of adequate therapies for highly invasive and metastatic BCs still represents a major challenge. Novel combinatorial therapeutic approaches are urgently required to enhance the efficiency of BC treatment. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) emerged as key regulators of the complex mechanisms that govern BC therapeutic resistance and susceptibility. In the present review we aim to critically examine how miRNAs influence BC response to therapies, or how to use miRNAs as a basis for new therapeutic approaches. We summarized recent findings in this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing the challenges still ahead for the successful implementation of miRNAs into BC treatment while providing insights for future BC management.The goal of this review was to propose miRNAs, that might simultaneously improve the efficacy of all four therapies that are the backbone of current BC management (radio-, chemo-, targeted, and hormone therapy). Among the described miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-16 emerged as the most promising, closely followed by miR-205, miR-451, miR-182, and miRNAs from the let-7 family. miR-21 inhibition might be the best choice for future improvement of invasive BC treatment.New therapeutic strategies of miRNA-based agents alongside current standard treatment modalities could greatly benefit BC patients. This review represents a guideline on how to navigate this elaborate puzzle.</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"157-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10911-021-09478-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38768001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Sadovnikova, Sergio C Garcia, Russell C Hovey
{"title":"A Comparative Review of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Regulating Lactose Synthesis.","authors":"Anna Sadovnikova, Sergio C Garcia, Russell C Hovey","doi":"10.1007/s10911-021-09491-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-021-09491-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Milk is critical for the survival of all mammalian offspring, where its production by a mammary gland is also positively associated with its lactose concentration. A clearer understanding of the factors that regulate lactose synthesis stands to direct strategies for improving neonatal health while also highlighting opportunities to manipulate and improve milk production and composition. In this review we draw a cross-species comparison of the extra- and intramammary factors that regulate lactose synthesis, with a special focus on humans, dairy animals, and rodents. We outline the various factors known to influence lactose synthesis including diet, hormones, and substrate supply, as well as the intracellular molecular and genetic mechanisms. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of various in vivo and in vitro systems for the study of lactose synthesis, which remains an important research gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"197-215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10911-021-09491-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39024557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Belén Giorello, Francisco Raúl Borzone, Vivian Labovsky, Flavia Valeria Piccioni, Norma Alejandra Chasseing
{"title":"Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment.","authors":"María Belén Giorello, Francisco Raúl Borzone, Vivian Labovsky, Flavia Valeria Piccioni, Norma Alejandra Chasseing","doi":"10.1007/s10911-020-09475-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-020-09475-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Years of investigation have shed light on a theory in which breast tumor epithelial cells are under the effect of the stromal microenvironment. This review aims to discuss recent findings concerning the phenotypic and functional characteristics of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and their involvement in tumor evolution, as well as their potential implications for anti-cancer therapy. In this manuscript, we reviewed that CAFs play a fundamental role in initiation, growth, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer, and also serve as biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"135-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10911-020-09475-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38781743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quentin Juppet, Fabio De Martino, Elodie Marcandalli, Martin Weigert, Olivier Burri, Michael Unser, Cathrin Brisken, Daniel Sage
{"title":"Deep Learning Enables Individual Xenograft Cell Classification in Histological Images by Analysis of Contextual Features.","authors":"Quentin Juppet, Fabio De Martino, Elodie Marcandalli, Martin Weigert, Olivier Burri, Michael Unser, Cathrin Brisken, Daniel Sage","doi":"10.1007/s10911-021-09485-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-021-09485-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDXs) are the preclinical models which best recapitulate inter- and intra-patient complexity of human breast malignancies, and are also emerging as useful tools to study the normal breast epithelium. However, data analysis generated with such models is often confounded by the presence of host cells and can give rise to data misinterpretation. For instance, it is important to discriminate between xenografted and host cells in histological sections prior to performing immunostainings. We developed Single Cell Classifier (SCC), a data-driven deep learning-based computational tool that provides an innovative approach for automated cell species discrimination based on a multi-step process entailing nuclei segmentation and single cell classification. We show that human and murine cell contextual features, more than cell-intrinsic ones, can be exploited to discriminate between cell species in both normal and malignant tissues, yielding up to 96% classification accuracy. SCC will facilitate the interpretation of H&E- and DAPI-stained histological sections of xenografted human-in-mouse tissues and it is open to new in-house built models for further applications. SCC is released as an open-source plugin in ImageJ/Fiji available at the following link: https://github.com/Biomedical-Imaging-Group/SingleCellClassifier .</p>","PeriodicalId":16413,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia","volume":"26 2","pages":"101-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10911-021-09485-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39002480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}