Journal of Medical Ethics最新文献_第9页

Can large language models help solve the cost problem for the right to explanation? 大型语言模型能否帮助解决解释权的成本问题？

IF 4.1 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109737

Lauritz Munch, Jens Christian Bjerring

引用次数: 0

Smart mouthguards and contact sport: the data ethics dilemma 智能护齿和接触性运动：数据伦理困境

IF 4.1 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110104

Richard B Gibson, Anna Nelson

{"title":"Smart mouthguards and contact sport: the data ethics dilemma","authors":"Richard B Gibson, Anna Nelson","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-110104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2024-110104","url":null,"abstract":"The use of smart mouthguards in contact sports like rugby aims to enhance player safety by providing real-time data on head impacts. These devices, equipped with sensors, measure collision force and frequency, potentially identifying concussions that might go unnoticed during gameplay. The idea is that such enhanced monitoring will enable teams, physicians and other stakeholders to better protect players from the effects of on-pitch injury through immediate detection of head trauma and the long-term provision of player data. While we welcome the move towards a better understanding of the potential harm that contact sports athletes may experience, introducing a new avenue through which information about player performance and health can be collected brings several areas of ethical concern absent from traditional mouthguards. In this paper, we consider four noteworthy areas: device and data efficacy, player choice, the inherent issues of such data’s existence and the harmful consequences of this data’s usage and exposure. We argue that failing to identify and address the risks associated with smart mouthguards’ employment in the elite sporting sphere not only risks the mistreatment and misapplication of player data but may also jeopardise the acceptability of a novel health monitoring method that has the potential to prevent long-term debilitating diseases. There are no data in this work.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stoking fears of AI X-Risk (while forgetting justice here and now) 煽动对人工智能 X 风险的恐惧（却忘记了此时此地的正义）

IF 4.1 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110402

Nancy S Jecker, Caesar Alimsinya Atuire, Jean-Christophe Bélisle-Pipon, Vardit Ravitsky, Anita Ho

{"title":"Stoking fears of AI X-Risk (while forgetting justice here and now)","authors":"Nancy S Jecker, Caesar Alimsinya Atuire, Jean-Christophe Bélisle-Pipon, Vardit Ravitsky, Anita Ho","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-110402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2024-110402","url":null,"abstract":"We appreciate the helpful commentaries on our paper, ‘AI and the falling sky: interrogating X-Risk’.1 We agree with many points commentators raise, which opened our eyes to concerns we had not previously considered. This reply focuses on the tension many commentators noted between AI’s existential risks (X-Risks) and justice here and now. In ‘Existential risk and the justice turn in bioethics’, Corsico frames the tension between AI X-Risk and justice here and now as part of a larger shift within bioethics.2 They think the field is increasingly turning away from ‘big picture’ questions new technologies raise and focusing on narrower justice concerns of less significance. They compare our paper’s emphasis on justly transitioning to more AI-centred societies with the approach of environmentalists fretting about human protection against climate change while losing sight of the need to protect the planet and all living things. Corsico doubts there is much point to pressing for ‘justice on a dead planet’, so too Corsico questions our concern with just transitions. Presumably, that matters little if intelligent life on Earth is destroyed. Corsico’s recommends bioethicists return to big questions, like: ‘Should we develop AI at all, given AI X-Risk?’. Yet this question is increasingly moot. The genie is already out of the bottle . The Future of Life Institute’s 2023 call for a temporary pause on training AI systems more powerful than ChatGPT fell on deaf ears, in part because freely accessible source codes enable anyone to train systems and create AI applications.3 The focus now must be managing the genie. While we take AI X-Risk seriously, …","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The promise of xenotransplantation: a challenge 异种移植的前景：一项挑战

IF 4.1 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110263

Christopher Bobier, Adam Omelianchuk, Daniel J Hurst

引用次数: 0

Suicidal behaviour is pathological: implications for psychiatric euthanasia 自杀行为是病态的：对精神安乐死的影响

IF 4.1 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109522

Dominic Sisti, J John Mann, Maria A Oquendo

引用次数: 0

Who shall go first? A multicriteria approach to patient selection for first clinical trials of cardiac xenotransplantation. 谁应先行？心脏异种移植首次临床试验患者选择的多标准方法。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110056

Johannes Kögel, Michael Schmoeckel, Georg Marckmann

{"title":"Who shall go first? A multicriteria approach to patient selection for first clinical trials of cardiac xenotransplantation.","authors":"Johannes Kögel, Michael Schmoeckel, Georg Marckmann","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-110056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2024-110056","url":null,"abstract":"After achieving sustained graft functioning in animal studies, the next step in the progression of xenotransplantation towards clinical application is the initiation of the first clinical trials. This raises the question according to which criteria patients shall be selected for these trials. While the discussion regarding medical criteria has already commenced, ethical considerations must also be taken into account. This is essential, first, to establish a procedure that is ethically reasonable and justified. Second, it is a prerequisite for a publicly acceptable and comprehensible implementation. This paper outlines a multicriteria approach for the selection of patients in first-in-human clinical trials of cardiac xenotransplantation with four ethical criteria: medical need, capacity to benefit, patient choice and compliance (as an exclusion criterion). Consequently, these criteria identify a primary target group of patients who exhibit a high medical need for cardiac xenotransplantation, face a high risk of morbidity and mortality without an organ replcaement therapy, have a substantial chance of benefiting from xenotransplantation, thereby also enhancing the scientific value of the trial, and qualify for an allotransplant to have a real choice between participating in a first-in-human xenotransplantation trial and waiting for a human organ. A secondary group would include patients for whom only the first two criteria are met, that is, who have a high medical need and a good capacity to benefit from xenotransplantation but who have a restricted choice because they do not qualify for an allotransplant.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142145802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nrima - a particular Javanese value and its impact on healthcare. Nrima - 爪哇语的一种特殊价值观及其对医疗保健的影响。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109815

Agnes Bhakti Pratiwi, Retna Siwi Padmawati, Dick L Willems

引用次数: 0

Existential risk and the justice turn in bioethics. 生命伦理学中的生存风险与正义转向。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110282

Paolo Corsico

引用次数: 0

Bioethics and the value of disagreement. 生物伦理学与分歧的价值。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110174

Michael J Parker

{"title":"Bioethics and the value of disagreement.","authors":"Michael J Parker","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-110174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2024-110174","url":null,"abstract":"What does it mean to be a bioethicist? How should the role(s) of bioethics be understood in the context of a world of intense value conflict and polarisation? Bioethics is-in all its various forms and traditions-potentially well-positioned to contribute to addressing many of the most pressing challenges of value polarisation and conflict in diverse societies. However, realising this potential is going to require moving beyond currently foregrounded methods and developing new models for engaging with moral disagreement. This paper proposes an approach, 'adversarial cooperation,' drawing on the concepts of 'adversarial collaboration' from the sciences and 'antagonistic cooperation' from the humanities. Adversarial cooperation aims to combine the rigour and structured methodology of adversarial collaboration with the cultural sensitivity and expansive vision of antagonistic cooperation. The paper also addresses key challenges to adversarial cooperation, including ethical considerations, tensions between substantive and procedural values, the problem of misinformation and the need for decision-making amidst ongoing disagreement. Ultimately, adversarial cooperation suggests a reimagining of bioethical expertise, emphasising skills in mediation, the arts and humanities and participatory decision-making alongside established philosophical competencies. This implies a model of normative bioethical authority grounded in the ability to facilitate inclusive and trustworthy processes of moral deliberation. Realising the potential of adversarial cooperation will require significant changes in bioethics training and practice, as well as a commitment to reflexivity, humility and the amplification of marginalised voices. By embracing this approach, bioethics can play a vital role in navigating the complex moral landscapes of pluralistic societies.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142108136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Materiality and practicality: a response to - are clinicians ethically obligated to disclose their use of medical machine learning systems to patients? 物质性与实用性：对 "临床医生是否有道德义务向患者披露其使用医疗机器学习系统的情况？

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110371

Michal Pruski

引用次数: 0