Journal of Medical Ethics最新文献_第10页

Ectogenesis rescue case: a reply to Hendricks. 胚胎发育抢救案例：对亨德里克斯的答复。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109454

William Simkulet

引用次数: 0

Designing AI for mental health diagnosis: responding to critics. 为心理健康诊断设计人工智能：回应批评者。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110244

Edmund Terem Ugar, Ntsumi Malele

引用次数: 0

The unnecessary 'more'-compared to ROPA: a reply to Mangione. 不必要的 "更多"--与 ROPA 相比：回复 Mangione。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110285

Jolie Zhou

引用次数: 0

Epistemic injustice, healthcare disparities and the missing pipeline: reflections on the exclusion of disabled scholars from health research. 认识论上的不公正、医疗保健差距和缺失的管道：关于残疾学者被排除在健康研究之外的思考。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109837

Joanne Hunt, Charlotte Blease

{"title":"Epistemic injustice, healthcare disparities and the missing pipeline: reflections on the exclusion of disabled scholars from health research.","authors":"Joanne Hunt, Charlotte Blease","doi":"10.1136/jme-2023-109837","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jme-2023-109837","url":null,"abstract":"People with disabilities are subject to multiple forms of health-related and wider social disparities; carefully focused research is required to inform more inclusive, safe and effective healthcare practice and policy. Through lived experience, disabled people are well positioned to identify and persistently pursue problems and opportunities within existing health provisions that may be overlooked by a largely non-disabled research community. Thus, the academy can play an important role in shining a light on the perspectives and insights from within the disability community, and combined with policy decisions, these perspectives and insights have a better opportunity to become integrated into the fabric of public life, within healthcare and beyond. However, despite the potential benefits that could be yielded by greater inclusivity, in this paper we describe barriers within the UK academy confronting disabled people who wish to embark on health research. We do this by drawing on published findings, and via the lived experience of the first author, who has struggled for over 3 years to find an accessible PhD programme as a person with energy limiting conditions who is largely confined to the home in the UK. First, we situate the discussion in the wider perspective of epistemic injustice in health research. Second, we consider evidence of epistemic injustice among disabled researchers, focusing primarily on what philosophers Kidd and Carel (2017, p 184) describe as 'strategies of exclusion'. Third, we offer recommendations for overcoming these barriers to improve the pipeline of researchers with disabilities in the academy.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141086569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Non-voluntary BCI explantation: assessing possible neurorights violations in light of contrasting mental ontologies. 非自愿的生物识别（BCI）植入：根据不同的精神本体论评估可能的神经权侵犯。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109830

Guido Cassinadri, Marcello Ienca

{"title":"Non-voluntary BCI explantation: assessing possible neurorights violations in light of contrasting mental ontologies.","authors":"Guido Cassinadri, Marcello Ienca","doi":"10.1136/jme-2023-109830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-109830","url":null,"abstract":"In research involving patients with implantable brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), there is a regulatory gap concerning post-trial responsibilities and duties of sponsors and investigators towards implanted patients. In this article, we analyse the case of patient R, who underwent non-voluntary explantation of an implanted BCI, causing a discontinuation in her sense of agency and self. To clarify the post-trial duties and responsibilities involved in this case, we first define the ontological status of the BCI using both externalist (EXT) and internalist (INT) theories of cognition. We then give particular focus to the theories of extended and embedded cognition, hence considering the BCI either as a constitutive component of the patient's mind or as a causal supporter of her brain-based cognitive capacities. We argue that patient R can legitimately be considered both as an embedded and extended cognitive agent. Then, we analyse whether the non-voluntary explantation violated patient R's (neuro)rights to cognitive liberty, mental integrity, psychological continuity and mental privacy. We analyse whether and how different mental ontologies may imply morally relevant differences in interpreting these prima facie neurorights violations and the correlational duties of sponsors and investigators. We conclude that both mental ontologies support the identification of emerging neurorights of the patient and give rise to post-trial obligations of sponsors and investigators to provide for continuous technical maintenance of implanted BCIs that play a significant role in patients' agency and sense of self. However, we suggest that externalist mental ontologies better capture patient R's self-conception and support the identification of a more granular form of mental harm and associated neurorights violation, thus eliciting stricter post-trial obligations.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141906788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Treating infertility as a missing capability, not a disease: a capability approach. 将不孕症视为能力缺失而非疾病：能力方法。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-109877

Michelle Jessica Bayefsky, Arthur Caplan

{"title":"Treating infertility as a missing capability, not a disease: a capability approach.","authors":"Michelle Jessica Bayefsky, Arthur Caplan","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-109877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2024-109877","url":null,"abstract":"Infertility patients and patient advocates have long argued for classifying infertility as a disease, in the hopes that this recognition would improve coverage for and access to fertility treatment. However, for many fertility patients, including older women, single women and same-sex couples, infertility does not represent a true disease state. Therefore, while calling infertility a 'disease' may seem politically advantageous, it might actually exclude patients with 'social' or 'relational' infertility from treatment. What is needed is a new conceptual framing of infertility that better reflects the profound significance of being infertile for many people and the importance of addressing infertility in order to improve their lives. In this paper, we argue that the capability approach provides this moral underpinning. The capability approach is concerned with what people are able to do, and whether they are able to act in a way that is in keeping with their own values and goals. The ability to procreate and build a family is a fundamental capacity and can be a major part of self-fulfilment, regardless of sexual orientation or family arrangement. Since the capability approach asks us to conceive of equality in terms of equal capabilities, it provides a strong ethical impetus for society to help those who cannot conceive on their own to do so with assisted reproduction.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141906789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are clinicians ethically obligated to disclose their use of medical machine learning systems to patients? 临床医生是否有道德义务向患者披露他们使用医疗机器学习系统的情况？

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-109905

Joshua Hatherley

引用次数: 0

Birth's transformative shift: a response to Waleszczyński. 出生的转变：对 Waleszczyński 的回应。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110307

Prabhpal Singh

引用次数: 0

AI and XAI second opinion: the danger of false confirmation in human-AI collaboration. 人工智能和 XAI 第二意见：人类与人工智能合作中错误确认的危险。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110074

Rikard Rosenbacke, Åsa Melhus, Martin McKee, David Stuckler

{"title":"AI and XAI second opinion: the danger of false confirmation in human-AI collaboration.","authors":"Rikard Rosenbacke, Åsa Melhus, Martin McKee, David Stuckler","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-110074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2024-110074","url":null,"abstract":"Can AI substitute a human physician's second opinion? Recently the Journal of Medical Ethics published two contrasting views: Kempt and Nagel advocate for using artificial intelligence (AI) for a second opinion except when its conclusions significantly diverge from the initial physician's while Jongsma and Sand argue for a second human opinion irrespective of AI's concurrence or dissent. The crux of this debate hinges on the prevalence and impact of 'false confirmation'-a scenario where AI erroneously validates an incorrect human decision. These errors seem exceedingly difficult to detect, reminiscent of heuristics akin to confirmation bias. However, this debate has yet to engage with the emergence of explainable AI (XAI), which elaborates on why the AI tool reaches its diagnosis. To progress this debate, we outline a framework for conceptualising decision-making errors in physician-AI collaborations. We then review emerging evidence on the magnitude of false confirmation errors. Our simulations show that they are likely to be pervasive in clinical practice, decreasing diagnostic accuracy to between 5% and 30%. We conclude with a pragmatic approach to employing AI as a second opinion, emphasising the need for physicians to make clinical decisions before consulting AI; employing nudges to increase awareness of false confirmations and critically engaging with XAI explanations. This approach underscores the necessity for a cautious, evidence-based methodology when integrating AI into clinical decision-making.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Response: arguments to abolish the legal age limits of access to information about the gamete donor by donor offspring. 答复：主张取消对捐献者后代获取配子捐献者信息的法定年龄限制。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110230

Inge van Nistelrooij, Nicolette Woestenburg

引用次数: 0