Journal of Medical Ethics最新文献

War crimes, sexual assault and medical confidentiality in Israel. 以色列的战争罪、性侵犯和医疗保密问题。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-109861

Zohar Lederman

引用次数: 0

No-fault compensation schemes for COVID-19 vaccine injury: a mixed bag for claimants and citizens. COVID-19 疫苗伤害的无过失赔偿计划：索赔者和公民的喜忧参半。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-109900

Sonia Macleod, Francesca Uberti, Enga Kameni

{"title":"No-fault compensation schemes for COVID-19 vaccine injury: a mixed bag for claimants and citizens.","authors":"Sonia Macleod, Francesca Uberti, Enga Kameni","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-109900","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jme-2024-109900","url":null,"abstract":"The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) presented a unique set of challenges. There was a global need for safe, effective vaccines against a new virus. In response to the development of vaccines for COVID-19 (some of which used novel technologies), there was a proliferation of no-fault compensation schemes (NFCS) for COVID-19 vaccine injuries. We identified 28 national vaccine injury NFCS operating in December 2019. Just 2 years later, over 130 countries had some NFCS coverage for COVID-19 vaccines. This rapid expansion was primarily driven by the creation of three multinational schemes. The COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) scheme covers vaccines given under the COVAX framework in 92 low and middle-income countries across the globe. The African Vaccines Acquisition Trust (AVAT) scheme covers vaccines administered under the AVAT framework in 36 African and Caribbean countries. The UNICEF scheme covers vaccines administered by UNICEF in 18 Asian countries.Because of the sudden expansion of no-fault compensation for vaccine injury, especially in developing economies, more research on the foundations, procedures and outcomes of NFCS is needed. In this article, we examine how these NFCS meet the needs of individual claimants and society more widely. To do so, we first review the rationales offered to support the creation of vaccine injury NFCS. We then argue that, in order to achieve their function as compensation mechanisms, NFCS should be accessible and offer substantive and procedural justice to claimants. Finally, we focus on transparency and accountability as necessary requirements to allow scrutiny over existing NFCS and their wider impacts.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"115-120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141419471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AI, doping and ethics: On why increasing the effectiveness of detecting doping fraud in sport may be morally wrong. 人工智能、兴奋剂与道德：为什么提高检测体育运动中兴奋剂欺诈的效率在道德上是错误的？

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109721

Thomas Søbirk Petersen, Sebastian Jon Holmen, Jesper Ryberg

引用次数: 0

UK doctors' strikes 2023-2024: still justified in the interests of public health, even in time-critical outpatient contexts. 2023-2024 年英国医生罢工：即使在时间紧迫的门诊情况下，为了公共卫生的利益，罢工仍然是合理的。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110264

Doug McConnell, Darren Mann

{"title":"UK doctors' strikes 2023-2024: still justified in the interests of public health, even in time-critical outpatient contexts.","authors":"Doug McConnell, Darren Mann","doi":"10.1136/jme-2024-110264","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jme-2024-110264","url":null,"abstract":"We respond to David Wilkinson's arguments against our view of the ethicality of doctors' strikes and our claim that the 2023-2024 UK doctors' strikes are morally permissible and arguably supererogatory.Wilkinson proposes that in specialist outpatient settings, striking doctors should help arrange their own cover to prevent disproportionate harm to patients and to abide by the principles of non-maleficence and fiduciary duty. This hasn't happened during the 2023-2024 UK doctors' strikes; therefore, in his view, these strikes are morally impermissible. We reject Wilkinson's proposal on the grounds that the risk of disproportionate harm is adequately mitigated by existing arrangements and his interpretations of non-maleficence and fiduciary duty are overly demanding.We agree with Wilkinson that strikes put particularly high pressure on covering doctors in chronically under resourced specialisms. But this doesn't justify calling off or depowering doctors' strikes because, without effective strikes, under-resourcing is likely to continue and, ultimately, cause even more harm.Wilkinson argues that doctors cannot justifiably strike in the interests of public health because they don't have a broad duty to public health. We think they do have such a duty; however, we argue that doctors can justifiably strike in the interest of public health whether they have such a duty or not.Finally, we defend our claim that doctors' strikes can be supererogatory from Wilkinson's objections that there may be no such thing as supererogatory action and that our view absurdly entails that strikes can be supererogatory despite placing unfair demands on others.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"137-138"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141603777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Leveraging artificial intelligence to detect ethical concerns in medical research: a case study. 利用人工智能检测医学研究中的伦理问题：案例研究。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109767

Kannan Sridharan, Gowri Sivaramakrishnan

{"title":"Leveraging artificial intelligence to detect ethical concerns in medical research: a case study.","authors":"Kannan Sridharan, Gowri Sivaramakrishnan","doi":"10.1136/jme-2023-109767","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jme-2023-109767","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Institutional review boards (IRBs) have been criticised for delays in approvals for research proposals due to inadequate or inexperienced IRB staff. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), has significant potential to assist IRB members in a prompt and efficient reviewing process.Methods: Four LLMs were evaluated on whether they could identify potential ethical issues in seven validated case studies. The LLMs were prompted with queries related to the proposed eligibility criteria of the study participants, vulnerability issues, information to be disclosed in the informed consent document (ICD), risk-benefit assessment and justification of the use of a placebo. Another query was issued to the LLMs to generate ICDs for these case scenarios.Results: All four LLMs were able to provide answers to the queries related to all seven cases. In general, the responses were homogeneous with respect to most elements. LLMs performed suboptimally in identifying the suitability of the placebo arm, risk mitigation strategies and potential risks to study participants in certain case studies with a single prompt. However, multiple prompts led to better outputs in all of these domains. Each of the LLMs included all of the fundamental elements of the ICD for all case scenarios. Use of jargon, understatement of benefits and failure to state potential risks were the key observations in the AI-generated ICD.Conclusion: It is likely that LLMs can enhance the identification of potential ethical issues in clinical research, and they can be used as an adjunct tool to prescreen research proposals and enhance the efficiency of an IRB.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"126-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139972226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Medical authority and expectations of conformity: crystallising a key barrier to person-centred care during labour and childbirth. 医疗权威和对一致性的期望：将以人为本的分娩护理的主要障碍具体化。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109587

Anna Nelson

引用次数: 0

Acknowledging the dual-interest gestationalist approach. 承认双重利益妊高症方法。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110372

Teresa Baron

引用次数: 0

How ectogestation can impact the gestational versus moral parenthood debate. 异位妊娠如何影响妊娠与道德亲子关系的争论。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110416

James J Cordeiro

引用次数: 0

Moral parenthood and gestation: replies to Cordeiro, Murphy, Robinson and Baron. 道德父母和妊娠：对Cordeiro， Murphy， Robinson和Baron的回复。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2024-110605

Benjamin Lange

引用次数: 0

Keeping it in the family: reproduction beyond genetic parenthood. 保持家族血统：超越基因亲子关系的生殖。

IF 3.3 2区哲学

Journal of Medical Ethics Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2023-109814

Daniela Cutas, Anna Smajdor

{"title":"Keeping it in the family: reproduction beyond genetic parenthood.","authors":"Daniela Cutas, Anna Smajdor","doi":"10.1136/jme-2023-109814","DOIUrl":"10.1136/jme-2023-109814","url":null,"abstract":"Recent decades have seen the facilitation of unconventional or even extraordinary reproductive endeavours. Sperm has been harvested from dying or deceased men at the request of their wives; reproductive tissue has been surgically removed from children at the request of their parents; deceased adults' frozen embryos have been claimed by their parents, in order to create grandchildren; wombs have been transplanted from mothers to their daughters. What is needed for requests to be honoured by healthcare staff is that they align with widely shared expectations about what people's reproductive potential ought to be, what marital relationships ought to result in, and which kinds of ties are desirable between parents and children. Costly and invasive technologies are not considered excessive when they are used to support the building of appropriate families. However, deviations from dominant reproductive norms, even if technologically simple and convenient to the participants, are unlikely to receive support. In this paper, we offer examples of such deviations and explore their implications. If reproduction is important as a way of creating genetic relationships, should reproductive material in storage be offered to genetic relatives other than the people from whom it originated? And if parents are allowed to have reproductive material collected from their offspring, or even to use it to create babies, should offspring likewise be allowed to use their parents' reproductive material? We tackle these questions and suggest ways in which interests in genetic ties could be operationalised in a more coherent and less-invasive manner than they currently are.","PeriodicalId":16317,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Ethics","volume":" ","pages":"111-114"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140012742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0