Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries最新文献

{"title":"Experiments on vented H2/CH4/air explosion in a chamber with a hinged panel: Effects of hydrogen volume fraction","authors":"Shikai Huang , Jin Guo , Liang Mei , Fang Wang , Changjian Wang , Jin Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosion venting technology is an effective means of reducing explosive hazards, and hydrogen volume fraction (χ) is one of the important parameters affecting its effectiveness. The vent covers, as a key part of the explosion venting application, consist of two types: inertia-free (e.g., membranes) and inertial (e.g., panels). χ has been extensively studied using inertial-free vent covers, but very limited work has been done using an inertial vent cover. Hence, the effects of χ, ranging from 0 to 1.0, on the vented H<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub>/air explosion were studied in a chamber with a hinged aluminum panel, and the explosion overpressure during venting was simulated by FLACS software. The results show that the flame bubble becomes larger and brighter with increasing χ. However, the time for the flame to travel through the vent (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) and the opening angle of the hinged panel at the time of <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>t</mi><mrow><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> constantly decreases as χ increases from 0 to 1.0. In the tests with χ ≤ 0.6, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> caused by acoustically enhanced combustion becomes the pressure peak with the highest amplitude in the internal pressure profile, but the pressure peak <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> induced by the external explosion dominates the internal pressure trace for χ > 0.6. In comparison to the H<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub>/air deflagration experiments using an inertialess vent cover, the shape of the external fireball is quite similar for smaller χ in the current study with an inertial vent panel. However, the use of the inertial vent panel results in a more flattened external fireball for larger χ. The highest amplitude of the external pressure peak (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) and the maximum reduced overpressure (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) increase with increasing χ. Whether the studies are performed with inertial and inertialess vent covers or FLACS simulations, the formation time (Δt) of <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> decreases linearly with increasing χ, but <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> increases linearly with <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>S</mi><mi>l</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow></math></span>. The explosion overpressure simulated by FLACS is relatively close to the experimental results, and in particular, the simulated <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> agrees very well w","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproduction of the pressure load due to the thermal runaway in a flameproof enclosure by gas explosions","authors":"Inka Peschel ,&nbsp;Stefanie Spörhase ,&nbsp;Amiriman Kianfar,&nbsp;Detlev Markus,&nbsp;Stefan Essmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries usage is rapidly growing due to their superior performance compared to other battery chemistries. However, they involve the risk of thermal runaway, which can cause catastrophic accidents. A large number of studies investigated the behaviour of cells undergoing thermal runaway. In hazardous areas, lithium-ion batteries may be used under specific conditions, for example in flameproof enclosures. However, there are few studies on this topic, limiting the information on how flameproof enclosures must be designed to contain a thermal runaway event and mitigate the risk. Notified bodies conducting type tests of flameproof enclosures usually do not have the capability to work with lithium-ion batteries in thermal runaway. However, gas explosions are regularly employed to test the enclosure's ability to withstand pressure. In order to replace the lengthy destructive tests with batteries in the future, it is envisioned to reproduce the pressure load due to the thermal runaway of a battery on the flameproof enclosure by a gas explosion. This work is the first step towards this goal. To this end, the temporal pressure development inside a flameproof enclosure during a thermal runaway of 18650 lithium-ion cell is reproduced by gas explosions. The cell was heated to thermal runaway in an air-filled flameproof enclosure and the resulting pressure was measured as a function of time. Initially, preliminary tests of different cell chemistries identified NMC811 and LCO as giving the highest load on the flameproof enclosure employed in this study. Due to its better reproducibility, NMC811 was selected as the load to be reproduced. Various combustibles in air were then ignited in the same flameproof enclosure without the cell. The highest pressure and the pressure rise time were varied by the type of combustible and its concentration in air. The burnable gases used were hydrogen, methane, propane, ethylene and acetylene in different mixtures with air. The results show that the pressure evolution due to the thermal runaway of the NMC811 cells can be reproduced by gas explosions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105539"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143167117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety assessment of explosion fragment projection in a wind field","authors":"Yinghui Liu ,&nbsp;Qing Peng ,&nbsp;Zhongze Fan ,&nbsp;Yonghuang Zheng ,&nbsp;Haifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Dan Wu ,&nbsp;Yueguang Wei ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Risk assessment plays a crucial role in the arrangement design of storage vessels with flammable fuels or explosible chemicals. Underestimating the safety distance between vessels may lead to a domino catastrophe caused by scattered fragments from an unexpected explosion: an individual explosion resulting in a chain of explosions. In this work, we proposed a general mathematical model to study the fragment trajectory after explosion, with a focus on how the trajectory is affected by wind. Considering the wind effect in the proposed model, we predicted the fragment trajectory and probability distribution by solving the equations of motion for a projectile in the quadratic-resistant medium. Our results show that the maximum projection distance of the fragment varies linearly with the wind speed and increases nonlinearly with the explosion energy. Also, the derived probability distribution of scattering fragments aids in estimating safety distances between vessels with explosive fuel, providing a guideline for the risk assessment for vessel arrangement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching process safety in the twenty-first century","authors":"Trygve Skjold","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge and competence related to process safety is relevant for a broad range of systems in industry and society where loss of containment of hazardous materials, fires, and explosions represent a hazard to people, property, and the environment. Process safety is an interdisciplinary subject, as well as an applied discipline that evolves with the development of industry and society, and it may not be straightforward to decide which topics to include in a curriculum on process safety, what level of detail to cover, and how courses and teaching should be organised to maximise learning outcomes and relevance for future employment. This paper summarises results from a survey targeting practitioners of process safety, from academia and various branches of the labour market. The main objective of the study was to explore global trends, practices, and priorities related to process safety, with a view to promote sharing of knowledge and best practices between stakeholders. Overall, the responses from academia and the labour market are reasonably aligned. The results reflect the global efforts to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources in conjunction with energy carriers such as hydrogen, ammonia, and batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105538"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multicriteria approach to assess the fire behaviour of polymers in electrochemical energy storage","authors":"Benedetta A. De Liso,&nbsp;Gianmaria Pio,&nbsp;Ernesto Salzano","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An innovative and multicriteria procedure based on the experimental characterization of solid materials exposed to fire was developed in this work. The validity and potentialities of this approach were tested for the evaluation of polymeric materials of potential use in electrochemical energy storage systems. To this aim, different experimental techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and cone calorimetry, were implemented to quantify fundamental-based key performance indicators (KPIs) accounting for environmental (e.g., toxicity), ignitability, and flame characteristics. The developed approach enabled us to thoroughly examine the implications of key variables, including sample thickness, thermal flux, and composition. Considering the analyzed scale, the flexibility in boundary conditions, and the variety of collected data, the use of bench-scale equipment such as the cone calorimeter is recommended for the implementation of the proposed procedure. Based on the combination of collected data an overall ranking in terms of sustainability was obtained, showing that PVC is the least-performing material among the ones investigated. Therefore, the presented methodology can be also intended as a powerful tool for the comparison of final products and materials, paving the way for a more informed decision-making process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105541"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond ALOHA- quickly predict accidental release of toxic chemicals using machine learning","authors":"Osama Hassan,&nbsp;Zohaib Atiq Khan,&nbsp;Muhammad Irfan,&nbsp;Muhammad Imran Rashid","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accidental releases of toxic chemicals pose a significant threat to both human safety and the environment. Simulating and preventing chemical leaks is a critical aspect of environmental and process safety. This study utilizes the Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) model to simulate chlorine gas leakage, focusing on four key parameters: wind speed, ambient temperature, gas pressure, and reactor hole diameter. In this study, we carried out over two thousand simulations by changing four specific parameters. The common ALOHA software is well-known for consequence modelling. Typically, the initial run takes around 30–40 min, while subsequent runs can be completed in about 2 min. This delay can be quite a challenge when used in industrial settings. To address this issue, we looked into using machine learning (ML) as a better alternative to traditional consequence modelling methods. Our goal was to cut down the estimation time to just 15 s for each simulation especially initial run. We trained the ML model using 80% of the simulation data. The leftover 20% was used for testing. The results, shown in a series of performance curves, indicate that our model has been effectively trained. It shows high accuracy in predicting chlorine levels across different conditions. In summary, these findings imply that ML models hold significant potential as a more efficient means for conducting in-depth consequence modelling in industrial environments. This study opens future research opportunities in replacing ALOHA with machine learning based models for very quick prediction of accidental release of toxic chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of electrostatic ignition hazards during water spray cleaning processes above 50 MPa","authors":"F. Baumann,&nbsp;M. Himstedt,&nbsp;D. Möckel,&nbsp;M. Beyer","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pump pressures of a few tens to several hundred MPa are used for vessel cleaning processes with water. Where an explosive atmosphere is present, the pump pressure used must be limited to 50 MPa in order to avoid electrostatic ignition hazards due to brush discharges from charged droplet clouds to earthed installed parts. Pressures above 50 MPa are not considered in electrostatic regulations such as technical specification IEC TS 60079-32-1. This pressure limit originates from the performance limits of the cleaning technologies investigated in the past. The pump pressure above which an electrostatic ignition hazard exists is, however, unknown. This limitation works to impair the effectiveness of the cleaning processes. To satisfy the technical state of the art, tests were conducted in vessels of up to 44 m³ and pump pressures of up to 250 MPa. Based on the outcome of these extensive tests and on relevant references, an assessment method is described that takes account of the space charge densities present in the vessel when water is sprayed into it. The derived flow chart enables manufacturers and operators to safely carry out assessments of cleaning processes with water up to 250 MPa in explosive atmospheres, factoring in the vessel dimensions, cleaning technology parameters, and water type. This opens new possibilities for more economical cleaning processes and better-quality cleaning results while maintaining the same level of safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Quantitative risk assessment and risk reduction of worst-case accident scenario at fuel storage terminal” [J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind., Volume 88, April 2024, 105272]","authors":"Juwari Juwari ,&nbsp;Rendra Panca Anugraha ,&nbsp;Mabrur Zanata ,&nbsp;Nutfah Amirah Leksono ,&nbsp;Mahar Diana Hamid ,&nbsp;Teguh Cahyono","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105532","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental studies on the explosion characteristics of LDPE dust under the action of wire mesh","authors":"Kai Yang ,&nbsp;Manru Zhai ,&nbsp;Jihe Chen ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Li ,&nbsp;Tingrui Zhu ,&nbsp;Shuaishuai Huang ,&nbsp;Ruofan Huang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Lv ,&nbsp;Jing Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To expose the influence of wire mesh number and dust characteristics on the suppression of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) dust explosion, this paper investigates the effects of both the spread of flame behavior and overpressure distribution features of LDPE dust explosion by using a high-speed camera and a semi-open vertical glass pipe. The consequence indicates that the characteristics of wire mesh number and dust have a collaborative restraint effect on the LDPE dust explosion. Augment the mesh number of single-layer wire mesh will enhance the irregularity of the flame front, which can promote the explosion of dust clouds in the range of 1040 g/m³ ∼ 2080 g/m³ before the flame is fully quenched; dust particle size dispersed is the same, and the average flame speed with the enhanced mesh number and reduced; the higher the mesh number, the more significant the quenching effect of the wire mesh on the explosion flame, and the non-uniformity of the overpressure distribution in the pipe gradually increases; the bottom of the pipeline overpressure and the size of the particle is negatively correlated to the mesh number of the positively correlated, and increased and then decreased with the increase of the dust cloud concentration, and showed a significant change in the working conditions with a wire number of 60, a D₅₀ of 104 μm, and a dust cloud concentration of 1040 g/m³. Therefore, the coupling action of mesh number, dust particle size, and dust cloud concentration should be fully considered when the wire mesh is used for explosion suppression design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105537"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moderating electrostatic ignition of organic/mineral animal feed mixtures","authors":"José Serrano ,&nbsp;Fabrice Putier ,&nbsp;Laurent Perrin ,&nbsp;Olivier Dufaud","doi":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mixing inert materials with combustible powders can mitigate electrostatic ignition risks and prevent dust explosions. In the agri-food sector, adding mineral powders to complex organic blends (premixes) is of interest for both nutritional quality and process safety. This research investigates the influence of the minerals' chemical nature and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) on the Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of binary mixtures to better understand the inerting effects in premixes. DL-Methionine was mixed with CaCO₃, NaCl, and NaHCO₃, each featuring distinct PSDs and inerting mechanisms. Ignition tests were performed using the MIKE3 apparatus following ISO/IEC 80079-20-2 standards, complemented by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, dust cloud pyrolysis tests in a modified Godbert-Greenwald oven, and gas analysis by micro gas chromatography. The mineral's PSD exhibited the most significant effect on MIE moderation, although its efficacy depended on its chemical nature. For CaCO₃ and NaCl, finer PSDs (median particle diameters of 52 and 35 μm, respectively) effectively inhibited methionine ignition due to their high thermal stability (T_decomp &gt; 900K). NaHCO₃ was the most effective inerting agent, increasing the mixture's decomposition enthalpy by 80% and releasing 30% more CO₂ into the flame zone. These findings support the implementation of inherently safer measures in premix manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16291,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 105536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}