Journal of Lightwave Technology最新文献

{"title":"High-Sensitivity Reconfigurable Random Lasing Temperature Sensor","authors":"Bismarck Costa Lima;Walter Margulis;Jean Pierre von der Weid","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3639554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3639554","url":null,"abstract":"A high sensitivity reconfigurable temperature sensor is presented. The sensor is a random laser driven by current pulses, injected into a semiconductor optical amplifier connected to a standard single-mode optical fiber. The pulses repetition rate defines the position of the addressed fiber section whereas the pulse duration defines its length. The wavelength selectivity of the backscattered light defines the random lasing wavelength, which acts as a temperature dependent fingerprint for the optical fiber. Temperature shifts of 0.028 °C with 50 cm spatial resolution are demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 7","pages":"2756-2761"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11275652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147588228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All Digital Dual Closed-Loop Differential Detection Scheme for Differential FOG Driven by Dual Source","authors":"Liangya Du;Yuanhong Yang;Junyuan Zhang;Shuai Li;Haicheng Yu;Yongbin Yang;Xinxin Suo","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3618105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3618105","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve linear response for a differential fiber optic gyroscope driven by dual source (DS-DFOG) and further suppress its drift and noise introduced by rapid temperature changes, an all digital dual closed-loop differential detection scheme is proposed and demonstrated comprehensively. This scheme consists of two parts: dual closed-loop detection circuit and frequency division differential processing algorithm. The former achieves synchronous closed-loop detection for two equivalent FOGs, while the latter obtains the rotation rate that eliminates temperature drift without increasing noise by differentiating the low-frequency signal and reconstructing it with the high-frequency signal. Based on this scheme, a DS-DFOG prototype was developed and the comprehensive validation experiment and performance test were conducted. The results proved that the key dispersion compensation coefficient <italic>η</i> in the differential algorithm model is a stable characteristic value of the assembled DS-DFOG. The developed DS-DFOG obtains a good linear response with scale factor nonlinearity 1.7 ppm, and provides up to a 12-fold suppression of temperature drift without increasing noise level. This provides a practical solution for constructing FOGs with superior performance and robust temperature adaptability.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 7","pages":"2762-2769"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147588252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Doped Hybrid Xerogels as Optical Fibre Sensors for Environmental pH Monitoring","authors":"B. Rosales-Reina;N. Whittaker;C. Elosúa;S. Reinoso;T. Sun;K. T. V. Grattan;J. J. Garrido","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3649966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3649966","url":null,"abstract":"A set of optical fibre sensors (OFSs) for pH detection have been prepared by doping hybrid xerogel (XG) matrices with pH indicators for environmental monitoring. The hydrophobic sol-gel siliceous materials were synthesised from propyltriethoxysilane (pTEOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and subsequently doped with phenolphthalein, bromophenol blue and cyanidin chloride, resulting in three photonic pH devices (OFS5pTEOSPH, OFS5pTEOSBP and OFS5pTEOSCY). Among them, OFS5pTEOSBP exhibited the best sensing performance, showing a reversible optical response in the pH range from 2 to 6 with an intensity ratio variation from 0.92 to 0.52. The developed sensors exhibit negligible dye leaching, good stability, reproducibility, reversible response, and low hysteresis, with response time from 5 to 190 s depending on the pH. Moreover, their applicability was validated through pH measurements in real soil samples.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 7","pages":"2783-2789"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147588270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Fiber Bragg Grating and Piezoelectric Vibration Sensors Using Multilayer Perceptron and Kolmogorov–Arnold Network Models for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis","authors":"Douglas Soprani;Kaio Santos;Leandro Macedo;Luis Gustavo G. Villani;Arnaldo Leal-Junior;Anselmo Frizera-Neto","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3634028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3634028","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a direct comparison between a purpose-built fiber Bragg grating (FBG) vibration sensor and a commercial piezoelectric (PZT) accelerometer for fault diagnosis in rotating machinery. Data were collected under matched experimental conditions and processed through unified pipelines. Handcrafted features from the time, frequency, and time–frequency domains were classified with Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN) models; feature selection used Sequential Forward Selection (SFS) and a Genetic Algorithm (GA). An unsupervised Laplacian Score (LS) + K-means pipeline was also employed to assess class separability without labels. Across pipelines, FBG was broadly comparable to PZT and, in some cases, showed a statistically significant advantage in both accuracy and variability (paired nonparametric tests), indicating greater sensitivity to the fault/operational factors captured by the features. In the supervised setting with five selected features, FBG variability—interquartile range (IQR)—was <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 4times$</tex-math></inline-formula> lower than PZT under MLP. With KAN–Neural and GA-selected subsets of 4–6 features, FBG variability remained <inline-formula><tex-math>$&lt; 2$</tex-math></inline-formula> pp while PZT reached <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 6$</tex-math></inline-formula> pp (non-overlapping IQRs), and FBG kept a higher median near 99%. In the unsupervised LS+K-means pipeline with 35 features, FBG achieved <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 95%$</tex-math></inline-formula> median accuracy versus <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx 85%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for PZT. Comparing model families, KAN matched MLP performance with fewer learnable parameters once feature dimensionality was reduced. Overall, the study (i) benchmarks feature-selection strategies and salient descriptors for FBG-based vibration data and (ii) provides a supervised/unsupervised comparison framework between FBG and commercial sensors, informing fiber-optic condition monitoring and data-driven modeling in industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 7","pages":"2790-2802"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147588276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvements for High Bandwidth Non-Modulated FOCS Measurement Setups","authors":"Philipp Peter Trampitsch;Reinhard Klambauer;Johannes Michael Mandl;Jürgen Plesch;Werner Schöffer;Alexander Bergmann","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3636740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3636740","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to demonstrate and improve the use of Fiber Optical Current Sensors (FOCS) for high-frequency measurement of electrical currents at high-voltage levels in the field. A non-modulated Sagnac interferometer utilizing the Faraday effect is built and tested. Unlike modulated systems, the only limitation on signal measurement bandwidth imposed by the measuring technique in this arrangement is the propagation time of light. Functional tests were successfully carried out in the laboratory. Current events with a bandwidth of <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx! 100 ,{mathrm{kHz}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> were recorded in the field. However, due to the non-common-path interferometer design and the broadband Super Luminescence Diode (SLD) light source, the system exhibits coherence limitations which affect fringe visibility if path length mismatches occur. The integration of a noise-modulated Distributed Feedback (DFB) laser was evaluated. To mitigate environmental drift and improve stability, spun fiber sensing heads were implemented and tested in extended field trials. These improvements demonstrate a feasible path towards robust high-frequency current monitoring using purely optical measurement principles.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 7","pages":"2739-2746"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11267045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147588278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interferometric Optical Fiber Sensor With a Polyoxometalate-Doped Xerogel for the Detection of Ammonia and VOCs","authors":"C. Hernández-López;B. Rosales-Reina;S. Reinoso;J. J. Garrido;D. López-Torres;C. Elosúa","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2025.3623523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2025.3623523","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the development and evaluation of an interferometric optical fiber sensor (I-OFS) based on a Single Mode Fiber-No Core Fiber-Single Mode Fiber (SMF-NCF-SMF) structure and functionalized with a silica xerogel doped with a titanium (IV)-containing polyoxomolybdate (GeMoTi). The sensor behavior was tested under saturated atmospheres of ammonia, water, and various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including methylamine, ethanol, acetone, and toluene. The response was characterized in terms of wavelength shifts, which are highlightable for ammonia and methylamine due to their strong chemical interactions with the doped xerogel. The response and recovery times were evaluated for each analyte, pointing out ammonia as the compound with the fastest response time and most stable detection performance, while methylamine exhibited longer recovery due to stronger binding. Calibrations with ammonia concentrations from 56 to 313 ppm_m demonstrated linearity (R² = 0.98), low hysteresis (6%) and repeatability. These results support the hypothesis of using GeMoTi-doped xerogels to enhance the response of I-OFSs toward ammonia and related amines.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 7","pages":"2770-2775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11207683","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147588289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of Lightwave Technology Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3681852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3681852","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 6","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11479386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kerr-Effect-Based Online Characterization of Splitting Ratio in Integrated Phase Modulators for Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes","authors":"Jichao Jin;Yishi Liu;Xingfan Chen","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3653865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3653865","url":null,"abstract":"Multifunctional integrated optical modulators (MIOCs) are essential in fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs) and emerging on-chip photonic systems. Among their performance metrics, the splitting ratio requires high-precision characterization due to fabrication tolerances. The Kerr effect—traditionally treated as a bias error—has been largely overlooked in broadband FOGs. However, because the Kerr-induced phase error directly depends on the MIOC splitting ratio, it can serve as a diagnostic signal. This work extends the traditional Kerr-effect theory into a fully quantitative model applicable to both laser and broadband light sources. Based on this framework, we propose a novel method that converts the Kerr effect from a bias source into a metrological tool for in-situ, online measurement of the MIOC splitting ratio, without disassembling the gyro module. The proposed technique enables real-time performance monitoring of MIOC-based optical drivers and provides a new route for characterizing individual splitters in integrated photonic circuits. This approach establishes a unified theoretical and experimental basis for using nonlinear effects in precision photonic metrology.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 6","pages":"2491-2500"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blank Page","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3681854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3681854","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 6","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11479379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Actual Mean Wavelength of the Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope","authors":"Xilong Guo;Yuhao Ma;Kan Chen;Lei Wang;Xiaowu Shu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3651642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3651642","url":null,"abstract":"Scale factor stability is a critical parameter determining the precision of the interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG), with current advanced high-precision IFOGs requiring scale factor stability at the level of several parts per million (ppm). This study investigates the relationship between the IFOG scale factor and the <italic>mean wavelength</i> (MWL) of light, focusing on the <italic>mean wavelength in the wavenumber domain</i> (<italic>k</i>-MWL) and the <italic>mean wavelength in the wavelength domain</i> (<italic>λ</i>-MWL) to identify the key indicator and core mechanism determining the optical scale factor stability of the IFOG. The results demonstrate that, compared to the <italic>λ</i>-MWL, the <italic>k</i>-MWL exhibits a more direct and fundamental mathematical and physical relationship with the IFOG interference fringes. The <italic>k</i>-MWL can be considered the actual MWL that reflects the properties of the interference fringes and determines the IFOG scale factor. Additionally, a quantitative discrepancy exists between the <italic>k</i>-MWL and <italic>λ</i>-MWL, with variations ranging from tens of picometers to several nanometers across different spectral bands and bandwidths of light sources. Even under the same light source, spectral perturbations can induce variations in this discrepancy at the picometer level. This magnitude of discrepancy variation suggests that using the <italic>λ</i>-MWL as the metric for evaluating the IFOG’s MWL may misguide the reference standard and optimization direction for the high-precision IFOG scale factor, potentially hindering the achievement of ppm level stability. This study innovatively investigates the physical properties of interference fringes, combining clear mathematical derivations to establish <italic>k</i>-MWL as the actual mean wavelength determining the optical scale factor of the IFOG from the fundamental physical perspective of the interference process. It reveals the intrinsic relationship between high-precision IFOG scale factor stability and the <italic>k</i>-domain MWL, optimizes the optical model of the IFOG, effectively reduces scale factor error terms, and establishes a more accurate reference standard for optimizing scale factor stability in the high-precision IFOG.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 6","pages":"2482-2490"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}