Journal of Lightwave Technology最新文献

{"title":"Optical Voltage Sensor for DC/AC Measurement With High-Resolution and Temperature Compensation Based on an Optoelectronic Oscillator Using the Cascaded LiNbO3 Crystal","authors":"Beilei Wu;Yihua Cai;Haiyang Wang;Zishuo Zhang;Jianshuai Wang;Muguang Wang;Fengping Yan;Li Pei","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3710996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3710996","url":null,"abstract":"A voltage sensing system for DC and AC measurement based on an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with high-resolution and temperature compensation is proposed and experimentally validated. The sensing unit in the system is the lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) crystal, which can convert the applied voltage into a phase difference between two orthogonally polarized beams via the Pockels effect. The polarization-dependent characteristics of Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) are used to convert the voltage-induced phase shift to the phase difference between the optical carrier and sideband, which is then mapped to the phase shift of oscillating signal by closing an OEO loop. For DC measurement, the voltage-induced phase shift is converted to the frequency change of the oscillating signal based on the phase-matching condition of OEO loop. By monitoring the frequency variations of OEO oscillating signal using an electrical spectrum analyzer (ESA), the system achieves high speed interrogation with a sensitivity of 202.5 Hz/V and a high resolution of 4.9 × 10^-3 V. Furthermore, by implementing a dual-crystal structure to suppress the influence of natural birefringence of LiNbO₃, the impact of temperature can be greatly reduced. For AC measurement, the voltage-induced phase variation is mapped to the phase variation of the OEO oscillating signal, which can be retrieved by demodulating the sampled RF phase of the OEO oscillation signal using the Hilbert transform algorithm. The superior phase noise performance of the OEO enables the system to achieve a voltage sensing with a minimum detectable voltage of 3.36 × 10^-2 V/Hz^1/2 at 10 kHz. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the AC voltage detection utilizing an OEO for the first time. The proposed architecture establishes a novel approach for DC and AC voltage measurement with high resolution and stability to temperature disturbances, which may provide a promising solution for smart grid monitoring.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7781-7789"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonics-Assisted mmWave Communication System Based on Constant Envelope OTFS","authors":"Heng Lin;Yanyi Wang;Yingxiong Song;Wen Zhou;Jianjun Yu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3710567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3710567","url":null,"abstract":"Photonics-assisted millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems offer large bandwidth and strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, meeting the demands for 6G applications and attracting growing attention in contemporary research. Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation effectively addresses the significant impact of multipath propagation and the Doppler effect on the mmWave band, making it a promising candidate waveform for 6G networks. However, current OTFS modulation typically exhibit a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which adversely affects communication performance. In this paper, we propose a photonics-assisted mmWave communication based on constant envelope orthogonal time frequency space (CE-OTFS), in which a real-valued OTFS signal is phase-modulated to generate a CE-OTFS waveform with a PAPR of 0 dB. Additionally, we design a Doppler pre-equalizer for CE-OTFS to enable its operation in time-varying channels. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a net data rate of 3.653 Gbps and about a 1 dB improvement in received optical power sensitivity compared to constant envelop orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Furthermore, the Doppler pre-equalizer scheme yielding a bit error rate reduction by 61.5%. These results highlight its potential as a strong candidate waveform for future mmWave communications.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7372-7380"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2.5D Co-Packaged Optical I/O Chipsets on a SiON/Si Interposer for 4 × 100 G Optical Interconnection","authors":"Daibao Hou;Yuntian Yao;Xiaotian Cheng;Shuning Ding;Qiyou Wu;Haibo Li;Yonghong Hu;Wei Pan;Chao Huang;Huihui Zhu;Yongzhen Huang;Chenhui Li;Chaoyuan Jin","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3708975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3708975","url":null,"abstract":"Optical I/O technologies have emerged as a potential industrial solution for high-performance data interconnection in AI/ML computing acceleration. While optical I/Os are deployed at the edge of computational chips by co-packaged optics (CPO), flexible and high-performance integration architectures need to be explored to address system-level challenges. In this work, we present and experimentally demonstrate a SiON/Si-based optical interposer that integrates high-bandwidth and energy-efficient optical I/O chipsets. High-performance photonic and electronic components are co-packaged on the interposer, leading to low-loss, signal-integrity-friendly, and thermally efficient characteristics. The optical interposer incorporates low-loss SiON photonic circuits to realize scalable waveguide routing and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) with polarization-insensitive operation and high fabrication tolerance, while supporting flip-chip integration with InP-based active devices, including electro-absorption modulated lasers (EMLs) and photodetectors (PDs). Based on this architecture, a 400-Gb/s single-fiber optical transceiver is implemented and experimentally evaluated. Clear eye diagrams and high receiver sensitivity demonstrate reliable high-speed data transmission, which offers scalable, high-bandwidth optical I/Os in future high-performance computational clusters.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7391-7398"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ribbed Negative-Curvature Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fiber With Draw-Friendly Cladding for Short-Reach Applications","authors":"Yuhong Song;Qiang Fu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3706828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3706828","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-resonant hollow-core fibers with nested tubes have become a leading route to achieve low loss and good mode quality, but their fabrication typically relies on multi-zone pressurization to control several internal cavities, which increases process complexity and yield risk. Here we propose a ribbed negative-curvature hollow-core fiber as an alternative structure. The core is surrounded by a negative-curvature ring, while the conventional nested-tube layers are replaced by rib-like membranes supported by an outer glass frame, forming an effective multi-barrier anti-resonant cladding. The ribbed architecture could reduce the number of independently controlled internal pressure domains and is therefore more draw-friendly, with the potential to improve manufacturing robustness. To evaluate this concept, we design a fiber targeting a 125-μm outer diameter and mode-field matching to standard single-mode fiber, making it suitable for short-reach links around 1310 nm. Numerical results show low confinement loss across the O/C/L bands (< 0.7 dB/km) and strong higher-order-mode suppression achieved by detuning an inter-rib spacing, reaching HOMER > 10⁴ at 1310 nm. Macro-bend performance is also favorable, with bend loss below 3 × 10⁻⁴ dB/turn at a 10-mm bend radius. Finally, structural tolerance tests incorporating membrane-thickness drift, spacing nonuniformity, and localized rib contact lead to only small changes in confinement loss, supporting the draw-friendly nature of the proposed fiber design.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7706-7711"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Journal of Lightwave Technology Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3741256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3741256","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11731749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration of High-Gain L-Band Amplification for 20 Orbital Angular Momentum Modes With Low Differential Modal Gain","authors":"Jinkai Zhou;Shecheng Gao;Shaofeng Xie;Yaolin Wu;Wenhao Li;Jinpei Li;Xiaozhen Xie;Cheng Du;Jiajing Tu;Zhaohui Li","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3705402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3705402","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a high-gain L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) supporting orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing with low differential modal gain (DMG). The amplifier incorporates a custom ring-core erbium-doped fiber (RC-EDF) matched to the transmission fiber and employs a bidirectional cladding-pumping configuration. By optimizing the specific multi-mode pumping scheme and integrating matched fiber isolators, we achieved mode-equalized amplification for 20 OAM modes across the L-band. Experimental results show that an average modal gain of 23 dB is realized at an input signal power of 0 dBm per modal group, with a DMG below 0.9 dB. Additionally, the amplifier exhibits a pump power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.0%. This work provides a practical amplification solution for extending OAM-based optical communication systems into the L-band, paving the way for long-distance, high-capacity transmission networks.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7674-7683"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of CAZAC and Real-Valued Sequences Aided Frequency-Domain Equalizers for Self-Homodyne Coherent Optical System With Receiver Constraints","authors":"Gao Ye;Jinlong Wei;Jian Zhao;Linsheng Fan;Zhongliang Sun;Lingguo Cao;Jianyu Wang;Hao Shi;Jianwei Tang;Shunfeng Wang;Weisheng Hu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3706770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3706770","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by demands for higher data rates and power efficiency, optical self-homodyne coherent (SHC) systems utilizing training-aided frequencydomain equalizers (TAFDE) significantly reduce digital signal processing complexity in short-reach and metropolitan networks. However, these systems face critical limitations from optical receiver in-phase and quadrature (IQ) impairments, including skew, amplitude imbalance, and phase deviation. We establish a comprehensive closed-form IQ mixing model capturing conjugate symmetric interference and frequency-dependent (FD) imbalances to analyze impairment mechanisms on the zero-autocorrelation property of constant-amplitude zero-autocorrelation sequences. Analytical results demonstrate that Zadoff-Chu sequence-based TAFDE (ZCS-TAFDE) is highly susceptible to IQ impairments due to severe autocorrelation degradation. To resolve this limitation, we propose an m-sequence-based TAFDE (MS-TAFDE) scheme that fundamentally enhances impairment immunity. Experimental validation in a 28-GBaud polarization-multiplexed 16 quadrature amplitude modulation SHC system confirms that under identical IQ conditions, MS-TAFDE exhibits negligible optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) penalty at the 7% forward error correction threshold, whereas ZCSTAFDE incurs a 5 dB OSNR penalty with a mere 5 ps IQ skew. Numerical investigations indicate MS-TAFDE tolerates FD amplitude and phase deviations up to 15.58 dB and 83.6°, respectively, within a 1 dB Q-penalty boundary. Crucially, when multiple IQ impairments coexist, ZCS-TAFDE fails completely, whereas MS-TAFDE maintains robust equalization performance. Experimental findings align precisely with theoretical predictions based on our closed-form model. Ultimately, MS-TAFDE provides high-precision, low-complexity equalization amidst concurrent receiver IQ impairments, establishing a robust pathway for SHC implementation in high-speed optical interconnects.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7334-7345"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-Fiber Wide-Range Vector Magnetic Field Sensor Based on a Fan-Shaped Refractive Index Modulation Long-Period Fiber Grating","authors":"Fang Wang;Jiali Zhu;Xinyi Zhao;Kecheng Li;Yong Wang;Kun Yu;Yufang Liu","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3710294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3710294","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrated a wide-range vector magnetic field sensor based on long-period fiber grating (LPFG) and magnetic-sensitive polymer coatings. Conventional magnetic-fluid-coated LPFG sensors usually exhibit good stability, but their measurable range is limited by magnetic saturation. The proposed sensor employs a CO<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> laser to inscribe a grating with asymmetric fan-shaped refractive index modulation in a single-mode fiber, and applies MSA coatings of different thicknesses to the grating and non-grating regions, respectively. Under a perpendicular magnetic field, the refractive index of the thin coating modulates the grating’s resonance. When the field intensity exceeds the saturation threshold of this index-change mechanism, the magneto-strictive deformation of the thick coating in the non-grating region induces a controlled curvature in the fiber. This bending effect provides an additional, complementary transduction mechanism, thereby significantly extending the linear measurement range. Experimental results show that the sensor can effectively work in the two intervals of 0–13.21 mT and 30–70 mT, and exhibits significant direction resolution at 70 mT magnetic field, the direction sensitivity is −233.87 <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{pm}/^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> in the range of 0–140<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>, −40 <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{pm}/^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> in 160–200<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>, 253.71 <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{pm}/^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> in 220–280<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and 47 <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{pm}/^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> in 300–340<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The sensor has a simple structure, high direction sensitivity, and good stability, and has application potential in the field of magnetic sensing.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7799-7806"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Picosecond-Level Time Transfer Over a 656–km Desert Overhead Fiber Link","authors":"Xinxing Guo;Bo Liu;Jiahao Wen;Xin Wang;Jiang Chen;ZiYue Chu;Tao Liu;Ruifang Dong;Shougang Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3708497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3708497","url":null,"abstract":"A field demonstration of high-precision time transfer was carried out over an approximately 656-km desert overhead fiber link between Aksu and Kuqa East in Xinjiang, China. Open-loop measurements show that, under a diurnal temperature variation of 16 °C, the round-trip delay fluctuation of the 656-km link reaches 449.8 ns. To address the large delay variation and limited compensation bandwidth, a high-resolution delay compensation and control scheme based on direct digital synthesis (DDS) is proposed, achieving picosecond-level phase-tuning resolution together with a wide dynamic delay-control range. After full-link closed-loop testing, the system achieves a time transfer stability of 4.8 ps at 1 s and 2.0 ps at 10 000 s. The measured time difference is 35 ps at the 95th percentile, and the combined standard uncertainty is estimated to be 25.3 ps. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first demonstration of high-precision time transfer over an overhead fiber link exceeding 600 km. These results verify the feasibility of high-precision time synchronization over long-haul overhead fiber links in extreme desert environments and provide a useful reference for the design and deployment of long-distance overhead fiber time and frequency transfer systems.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7585-7593"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser Exhibiting Stable Performance Across a Temperature Range of -50 °C to 50 °C Achieves a Laser Output Power of 2 kW","authors":"Mingye Yang;JinBao Chen;Jingming Wu;Peng Wang;Li Wang;Hanwei Zhang;Hanshuo Wu;Xiaolin Wang;Weihong Hua","doi":"10.1109/JLT.2026.3711183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2026.3711183","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing the operational adaptability and stability of laser systems across diverse environments critically relies on improving their performance over a broad temperature range. This paper presents an ytterbium-doped all-fiber laser oscillator capable of stable operation ranging from –50 °C to 50 °C, consistently delivering a 2kW laser output for 1 minute throughout this temperature range. The beam quality factor (M²) measured at room temperature is 1.30. The laser system demonstrates a power conversion efficiency ranging from 62.0% to 72.8% under wide-temperature operation, with no observed stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) or thermal-induced mode instability (TMI). Furthermore, output power was elevated to 3 kW within a temperature range of –10 °C to 20 °C.","PeriodicalId":16144,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","volume":"44 17","pages":"7695-7700"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}