Journal of forensic and legal medicine最新文献

{"title":"Decoding ant activity patterns in a rare anesthetic drug fatality: A case report","authors":"Nirmal Nagar ,&nbsp;Ayesha Goyal ,&nbsp;Binaya Kumar Bastia ,&nbsp;Yatiraj Singi ,&nbsp;Dipen Dabhi ,&nbsp;Kirti Nagar","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Postmortem activity by necrophagous insects, particularly ants, usually produces yellowish, hard, small excoriated skin lesions with serpiginous margins that lack bleeding. However, in rare cases, they can cause extensive bleeding and produce unusual skin lesions, particularly in deaths due to asphyxia, which may raise suspicion of foul play. This can also make it difficult to differentiate between postmortem and antemortem injuries during forensic examinations.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>A 26-year-old Indian male anaesthesiology resident was found dead in his hostel room, having allegedly self-administered a lethal dose of propofol following his night shift. The autopsy revealed numerous small, irregular lesions with serpiginous margins and extensive postmortem bleeding on the exposed areas of the body, displaying patterns that were unusual for typical ant activity.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The observed bleeding patterns, including droplet, stripe, and pool formations, as well as their combinations, are influenced by factors such as the cause of death, blood fluidity, body position, pooling of blood, and ant species. In this case, these patterns initially raised suspicions of foul play. However, a thorough postmortem examination by expert forensic pathologists, who had prior knowledge of such findings, and the exclusion of any external or internal injuries led to the conclusion that the lesions resulted from postmortem ant activity rather than antemortem trauma.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This case report examines the various patterns and forensic challenges associated with postmortem ant activity in a death caused by asphyxia due to a fatal propofol overdose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 102901"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence in forensic mental health: A review of applications and implications","authors":"David B. Olawade ,&nbsp;Folasayo I. Ayoola ,&nbsp;Titus Oloruntoba Ebo ,&nbsp;Akinsola J. Asaolu ,&nbsp;Eghosasere Egbon ,&nbsp;Aanuoluwapo Clement David-Olawade","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This narrative review explores the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic mental health, focusing on its applications, benefits, limitations, and ethical considerations. AI's capabilities, particularly in areas such as risk assessment, mental health screening, behavioral analysis, and treatment recommendations, present promising advancements for accuracy, efficiency, and objectivity in forensic evaluations. Predictive models and natural language processing enhance the precision of high-stakes assessments, enabling early intervention and optimized resource allocation. However, AI's integration in forensic mental health also brings significant challenges, particularly regarding data quality, algorithmic bias, transparency, and legal accountability. Limited access to high-quality, representative data can hinder reliability, while biases within AI models risk perpetuating existing disparities. Ethical concerns surrounding data privacy and the “black box” nature of many AI algorithms underscore the need for transparency and accountability. The review highlights future directions for responsible AI use, including improving data standards, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and establishing robust regulatory frameworks to safeguard ethical and fair AI applications in forensic settings. Balancing technological innovation with ethical considerations and legal obligations is essential to ensure AI supports justice and upholds public trust. This review calls for ongoing research, policy development, and cautious implementation to harness AI's potential while protecting individuals' rights within the justice system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102895"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the specificity of the 36-InDelplex panel among species","authors":"Melis Isik ,&nbsp;Faruk Asicioglu ,&nbsp;Lora Koenhemsi ,&nbsp;Gonul Filoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insertion-deletion polymorphisms are insertions or deletions of nucleotide bases in the human genome. They have emerged as a promising alternative to Short Tandem Repeats and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. This study aimed to evaluate the human specificity of the newly developed 36-InDelplex panel that consists of 34 autosomal InDel loci, the sex marker Amelogenin (AMG-XY), and one InDel locus on the Y chromosome across various animal species.</div><div>DNA samples extracted from the leftover blood of 57 animals of a university veterinary hospital that were originally collected for diagnostic purposes, were analysed. DNA isolation was conducted using the E.Z.N.A.® Tissue DNA Kit. Amplification of the 36-InDelplex panel was performed, and Polymerase Chain Reaction products were analysed using the ABI PRISM® 3500 Genetic Analyzer and GeneMapper v.5.0 software. Data evaluation was performed using Microsoft® Excel.</div><div>Results revealed that the ID16 (rs16646) locus consistently generated peaks at 113.26 in all cat and dog samples, while the ID28 (rs2067147) locus produced a peak at 225.94 in one cow sample. These peaks, differing in size from those observed in human samples; indicate that the 36-InDelplex panel effectively discriminates animal DNA from human DNA. Additionally, peaks outside the expected loci ranges were detected in cow, sheep, goat, and dog samples, but no significant peaks were observed at other loci.</div><div>The findings demonstrate that the panel exhibits high specificity for human DNA with minimal cross-reactivity toward tested animal species, making it particularly valuable for forensic applications, especially given the frequent presence of animal biological materials at crime scenes. Although no positive results were observed in the tested species, further research with a broader range of species and larger sample sizes is essential to confirm these findings. A limitation of the study is the absence of primate samples, which could enhance the accuracy of specificity evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102890"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From post-mortem practice to forensic insight. A review of craniotomy studies","authors":"Arianna Vanni ,&nbsp;Roberta Fusco ,&nbsp;Nicol Rossetti ,&nbsp;Marta Licata","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Craniotomies have played a significant role in both historical and contemporary post-mortem practices, including autopsy, anatomical dissection, embalming and surgical training. The differentiation of these procedures in osteoarchaeological contexts remains a complex challenge due to the overlap in techniques and the varying conditions of skeletal remains.</div><div>This review presents studies analyzing craniotomies on osteological material, focusing on cut mark morphology, tool mark characteristics and contextual evidence to distinguish post-mortem interventions.</div><div>The findings highlight the advancements in forensic methodologies applied to archaeological remains, emphasizing the integration of historical records and modern analytical techniques.</div><div>Future research should aim to incorporate experimental archaeology and interdisciplinary approaches to enhance interpretations of past medical procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102894"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns and predictors of genital tract injuries among pre-pubertal and adolescent girls with child sexual abuse in Nigeria","authors":"Temitope Omoladun Okunola ,&nbsp;Olusola Peter Aduloju ,&nbsp;Babatunde Ajayi Olofinbiyi ,&nbsp;Oladele Simeon Olatunya ,&nbsp;Olusoji Abidemi Solomon ,&nbsp;Oluwole Dominic Olaogun","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Genital tract injuries are common following child sexual abuse. We aimed to describe the pattern of genital tract injuries and assess the predictors of genital tract injuries following child sexual abuse.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>ology: This was a cross-sectional study involving survivors of child sexual abuse in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The medical records of 386 children who received medical care on account of contact sexual abuse at Ekiti Sexual Assault Referral Centre, Ado- Ekiti, between June 2020 and August 2024 were reviewed and categorised according to Sommer's classification of genital injuries. Data were analysed with SPSS version 29. Binominal logistic regression was used to assess the predictors. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was taken as statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 386 participants, 184 (47.7 %) had genital tract injuries, 43 (11.1 %) had severe genital tract injuries, and 123 (31.9 %) had hymenal injuries. Genital tract injuries were mostly entry-point injuries. Predictors of genital tract injuries were prior sexual activity (OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.30–0.91, p = 0.002), use of force (OR 3.2, 95 % CI 1.64–6.26, p &lt; 0.001), use of inducement (OR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.29–0.89, p = 0.04), other body injuries (OR 4.78, 95 % CI 1.51–15.1, p = 0.008), and injury to the perpetrator (OR 2.79, 95 % CI 1.92–8.39, p = 0.04).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The prevalence of anogenital tract injuries is comparable between pre-pubertal and adolescent girls. Diverse factors may preclude genital tract injuries in child sexual abuse; the use of force during the act remains the pivotal predictor, while prior sexual activity halves the risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"114 ","pages":"Article 102892"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigative interviews with individuals who perpetrated sex crimes: A scoping review","authors":"Marta Sousa ,&nbsp;Cláudia Gouveia ,&nbsp;Andreia de Castro-Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Sónia Caridade ,&nbsp;Olga Cunha","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sex crimes (CS) are a global public health problem with profound negative consequences for victims, their families, and society. The perpetrator's testimony is crucial for case outcomes because sexual offenses are frequently underreported, often due to limited evidence and lack of victim testimonies. Therefore, perpetrator investigative interviews play a decisive role in criminal investigations. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and describe evidence-based investigative interview techniques for gathering testimony from SC perpetrators using a structured methodology. Studies were identified through manual reference checking and in five electronic databases: Scopus, B-On, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies focused on rape and child sexual abuse. Five studies presented interview protocols, while three focused on interview techniques that interviewers should employ to elicit more information. It was possible to conclude that both the presented interviews and the techniques share a similar general structure. Clinical, forensic, and criminal implications are elaborated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102889"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usability of the mandibular gonial angle measured retrospectively from computed tomography sections in sex estimation","authors":"Ender Şenol ,&nbsp;Ramazan Temürkol ,&nbsp;Ahsen Kaya ,&nbsp;Cenk Eraslan","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sex estimation is a crucial step in the identification process. This study investigates the forensic potential of the mandibular gonial angle measured on computed tomography (CT) scans for sex estimation. In our study, cranial and maxillofacial images were randomly selected from computed tomography scans with appropriate imaging quality. Cases with maxillofacial morphological deformity, nonadult cases, foreign bodies or motion artifact in radiological images, or a history of surgical intervention due to maxillofacial trauma were excluded. 240 males and 240 females subjects were included in the study. Participants were categorized into three age groups (20–39, 40–59, and 60–80 years) to compare sex-related differences. Statistical analysis was conducted using a two-way fixed-effects ANOVA to evaluate the effects of sex, age group and their interaction on gonial angle measurements. Normality of distributions was confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk test (p &gt; 0.05) and homogeneity of variances was verified by Levene's test (p &gt; 0.05). The ANOVA revealed statistically significant main effects for sex (p &lt; 0.001) and age group (p = 0.001) as well as a significant interaction effect (p = 0.048). Effect sizes were calculated using partial eta squared, showing a moderate effect for sex (η² = 0.061) and small effects for age group (η² = 0.029) and the interaction (η² = 0.013). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using Tukey's HSD test. Our findings indicate that female gonial angles are consistently larger than those of males across all age groups. This angular variation as observed in our analysis tends to increase with age. It was also concluded that this increase starts to show statistically significant sexual dimorphism after the age of 40 and that it becomes more dimorphic between the ages of 60–80.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102891"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The washing away of evidence: The effect of different washing treatments on body fluid identification and DNA profiling from stained clothing fabrics","authors":"Francisco Medina-Paz ,&nbsp;María Josefina Castagnola ,&nbsp;Vasilisa Yukhno ,&nbsp;Dayanara Ulloa ,&nbsp;Christian Stadler ,&nbsp;Gabriela Roca ,&nbsp;Sara C. Zapico","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Body fluids like blood, saliva, and semen are commonly found during investigations of crimes like homicides and sexual assaults. The identification of the biological fluid is valuable for the investigation of criminal cases to identify the perpetrator, being often decisive for the court's decision. Aware of the latter, suspects often clean their bodies and clothes after committing a crime to alter the evidence or avoid its detection. Little is known about the extent of serological testing of clothing fabric samples stained with body fluids after they have been washed. Most efforts regarding the identification of body fluids from washed clothes have been directed mostly towards the use of alternative light techniques and/or chemical assays, on the assumption that washing destroys or reduces to undetectable levels the concentration of components that serological samples use as an indicator to confirm the identity of a fluid. From another part, even though it has been demonstrated previously that DNA can be recovered from clothing laundered after the deposition of some body fluids, cleaned items are not routinely analyzed for DNA profiling. Herein, the present work shows the evaluation of the effect of four different washing treatments on 1) body fluid identification using immunochromatographic tests; 2) the yield of human DNA extraction; and 3) the integrity of the generated genetic profiles; on three types of body fluids, two volumes, and three common types of fabric. Our results demonstrate that machine–laundering cotton, denim, and polyester, even if no detergent is used, reduces the concentration of the major components from blood, saliva, and semen making difficult the identification of the protein related to the body fluids identification by using immunochromatographic tests when fluids volume is lower than 50 μL. Importantly, for small volumes of body fluid used in this evaluation it was possible to isolate human DNA from blood–, saliva– and semen–stained cotton and denim fabric with quality and quantity good enough to obtain partial and even full STR profiles. Both washed and unwashed samples showed no correlation between LFI band intensity results and human DNA concentration. Our results suggest that body fluid identification and genetic profiling can still be performed after clothes with small stains are washed and discusses a protocol that is applicable to real-case scenarios by considering body fluids volumes, and washing treatments that simulate what would be found in common crime cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102893"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the complex terrain of childhood sexual assault allegations: Mimics of sexual assault in the paediatric population","authors":"La-Toniá Arthur","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reports of sexual assault are inherently distressing for all parties involved, and this emotional burden intensifies when the victim is a child.</div><div>Encountering a potential case of sexual assault, coupled with the complexity of childhood memory and communication, creates a challenging diagnostic landscape. Untrained or inexperienced physicians may misdiagnose or over-diagnose cases of childhood sexual assault, inadvertently triggering a cascade of mental and emotional distress for all parties involved. This paper examines the mimics of sexual assault. It sheds light on the critical need for sensitivity, education, and support for healthcare professionals and their patients when dealing with childhood sexual assault allegations, ultimately aiming to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and the emotional anguish that can follow. In addition, with the greater than 10-year backlog in sexual assault cases waiting to be tried in Barbados, the child may be an adult by the time a trial occurs and this skews the process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102880"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes & practices of urgent care providers in Barbados regarding forensic cases and evidence collection","authors":"La-Toniá Arthur","doi":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Emergency room (ER) urgent care professionals (UCPs) are often the first point of contact for cases inclusive of intimate partner violence, blunt trauma, penetrating trauma and sexual assault. These are potential forensic cases which put UCPs in contact with forensic evidence. UCPs care for both victims and perpetrators of a crime. It is important for UCPs to provide healthcare and be able to take actions when they encounter evidence that can be useful in a forensic investigation. In Barbados between 2019 and 2020 there were 36,833 emergency room visits, an average of 20 cases/year (0.05 %) were identified as forensic (1). The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge, behaviours, and attitudes of UCPs in ERs in Barbados regarding forensic science and evidence in order to put meaningful interventions in place.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>UCPs were recruited from a convenience sample from public and private ERs using a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. 105 UCPs met the inclusion criteria, they practiced in six ERs. The highest percentage of participants were doctors and nurses. UCPs who met the inclusion criteria were surveyed using a four-part questionnaire on demographics, knowledge, behaviours and attitudes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The average knowledge score of participants was 68 %. The highest mean knowledge scores were among doctors and nurses. The lowest knowledge score was on “what is forensic evidence”. On behaviours, 13 % accurately evaluated patients as potential forensic cases, 76.5 % of participants answered “never” to use of tamper evident bags and 90.6 % said their ER did not have evidence kits/trolleys, 13.3 % had received courtroom testimony training. Concerning attitudes 39 % of the respondents believed that victims and perpetrators deserve equal care, 68 % believed that victims have a right to refuse care and 67 % believed that forensic evidence was important in their practice.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Participants showed adequate knowledge about what forensic evidence means and how it can be applied to practice. Absence of evidence kits in the ER impacts visibility to UCPs. There is need for training in their use and what their presence implies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16098,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine","volume":"113 ","pages":"Article 102879"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}